Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development developed by ______.

a. Erikson

b. Piaget

c. Vygotsky

d. Freud

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The task of the psychosocial stage initiative versus guilt involves the development of ______.

a. motivation and drive to achieve

b. learning what one is good at

c. purposefulness and pride in one’s accomplishments

d. independence and ability to engage in self-help skills

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. According to the initiative versus guilt stage, the primary purpose of play is to gain ______.

a. aggression

b. initiative

c. academic achievement

d. motor skills

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which behavior describes how children might establish a sense of initiative?

a. toileting independently

b. going out for a new sport and doing well in it

c. being able to go to their parents when they are afraid

d. writing their name

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Kevin’s parents have set the rule that he must clean up his toys every night as part of his bedtime routine. One night, he fell asleep before he cleaned up. He woke up crying after he realized that he didn’t put his toys away before bedtime. What stage is Kevin illustrating?

a. initiative versus guilt

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt

c. trust versus mistrust

d. industry versus inferiority

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Abigail’s teacher has witnessed a change in the complexity of Abigail’s play. Abigail used to love to stack blocks and then push them over. Recently, Abigail has begun to build houses with the blocks instead of just a stack to knock over. She asks her teacher to keep her houses each time she builds one so she can show her father when he picks her up. According to Erikson, what is Abigail developing?

a. initiative

b. industry

c. trust

d. collectivism

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Which attribute is an outcome of developing a sense of initiative?

a. aggressive behavior

b. emotional control

c. collectivism outlook

d. academic ability

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Studies show that children in which country demonstrate the most pronounced levels of helpful behavior?

a. Philippines

b. India

c. Kenya

d. the United States

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Children’s Participation in Household Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. A child in which society would participate most extensively in household and economic labor?

a. American

b. Tarong

c. Japanese

d. English

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Children’s Participation in Household Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. When children fail to develop a sense of initiative in early childhood, they develop an overly critical conscience, resulting in ______.

a. the inability to get along with peers

b. rigid moral values that cause difficulty in understanding other’s perspectives

c. lower academic performance

d. a reduction in motivation to exert the effort to master new tasks

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. When children demonstrate independence and act purposefully, they are primed to develop a healthy sense of ______.

a. perspective

b. self

c. direction

d. morality

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. A child who fails to develop high standards and the initiative to meet them most likely has a parent who is ______.

a. nurturing

b. compassionate

c. controlling

d. authoritative

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. At which age do children start describing themselves in concrete terms?

a. 8

b. 7

c. 6

d. 4

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. A child’s self-description is called ______.

a. self-esteem

b. self-concept

c. gender identity

d. gender norm

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which description would most likely be used by a 4-year-old?

a. “I am very smart.”

b. “I have blue eyes and blonde hair. I have a cat. I have a princess bed.”

c. “I am a good friend.”

d. “I am popular because I have a lot of friends. I am really good at playing the piano.”

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Which culture is most likely associated with children feeling sadness and shame in response to failure?

a. Indian

b. Chinese

c. Japanese

d. American

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. A general emotional evaluation of one’s own worth is called ______.

a. self-esteem

b. self-recognition

c. self-concept

d. empathy

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Taran’s father plays basketball with his friends using a hoop set up in the driveway. Taran has been watching them, and decides he wants to try playing. His dad shows him how to shoot the ball, then gives it to Taran. Taran throws it, and it falls far short of the basket. Taran is excited and tries again, with the ball falling short a second time. His dad is encouraging, and Taran tells him, “I’ll get it this time!” and makes another attempt. Which concept is Taran displaying?

a. gender identity

b. self-concept

c. self-esteem

d. gender norm

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. Which term means measuring one’s performance against that of other children?

a. prosocial behavior

b. social comparison

c. relational aggression

d. gender norm

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Oliver comes home from school really upset. When his mother asks him what’s wrong, Oliver says, “Tito is really good at drawing airplanes. I can’t draw one as good as him!” What issue does this describe?

a. prosocial behavior

b. social comparison

c. relational aggression

d. gender norm

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Between ages 4 and 7 children’s self-evaluations become linked with their ______.

a. performance

b. appearance

c. intelligence

d. behavior

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Noah is building a birdhouse with his mom. She has cut the pieces of wood for him, then showed him how to hold them so he could nail them together. Noah then tries nailing them together by himself, working quietly for a half an hour. At last he thinks the birdhouse is finished. When he picks it up, the roof and one of the sides falls off. Noah throws everything on the table, and says in a frustrated voice, “I’m not any good at this!” Which issue is Noah wrestling with?

a. parental discipline

b. social comparison

c. self-evaluation

d. gender typing

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. At which age do children start recognizing and naming emotions based on their expressive cues?

a. 2

b. 4

c. 6

d. 8

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Bhavini comes to Jayden’s house for a playdate. When Jayden opens up his case of model cars, he sees that some are missing, and he starts crying. Jayden’s mother comes into the room to find out what is wrong, and Bhavini tells her, “Jayden’s sad because his cars are gone.” Approximately what age is Bhavini?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. By age 5, most children understand that which factor can motivate emotion?

a. desire

b. discipline

c. rules

d. curiosity

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which approach influences the development and expression of self-conscious emotions such as pride and guilt?

a. behaviorism

b. psychoanalytic theory

c. theory of mind

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Children improve their understanding of emotion through ______.

a. relational aggression with siblings

b. pretend play with siblings and peers

c. study in academic programs

d. watching television shows on the subject

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Wyatt and Hailey are playing together outside in a dirt section of the yard. They are forming roads they can drive their trucks on, then they decide to each build a mountain they can push their trucks over. When they are finished, Wyatt realizes that Hailey’s mountain is bigger and has more roads than his does. At first, Wyatt is mad and wants to push Hailey’s mountain over. He thinks that Hailey would be sad if he did that, so he decides it might be more fun to drive on the mountain instead. What quality is Wyatt practicing in this pretend play?

a. acting out feelings

b. relational aggression

c. collectivism

d. implementation of self-control

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Opportunities for children to decode the causes of emotions occur when they ______.

a. interact with siblings

b. display relational aggression with siblings

c. study in academic programs

d. watch television shows on the subject

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Opportunities for children to anticipate the emotional responses of others occur when they ______.

a. interact with siblings

b. display relational aggression with siblings

c. study in academic programs

d. watch television shows on the subject

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. The most important resources for emotional management in children are ______.

a. teachers

b. parents

c. videos

d. books

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. The parents who are most likely to foster emotional regulation are ones who behave in which way when their children are distressed?

a. dismissive

b. hostile

c. responsive

d. neutral

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotional Understanding

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Most young children sleep how many hours each night?

a. 6–7

b. 8–9

c. 9–10

d. 10–11

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Carlos is a 4-year-old who gets 8 hours of sleep each night. Which behavior is Carlos likely to exhibit?

a. assertiveness

b. hyperfocus

c. anxiety

d. empathy

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Children experiencing difficulty with emotional management may be preoccupied with ______.

a. learning

b. self-regulation

c. social interactions

d. play.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Empathy means ______.

a. the ability to understand someone’s feelings

b. feeling sad for someone else

c. ability to offer tangible help

d. voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Prosocial behavior means ______.

a. the ability to understand someone’s feelings

b. feeling sad for someone else

c. ability to offer tangible help

d. voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Instrumental assistance means ______.

a. the ability to understand someone’s feelings

b. feeling sad for someone else

c. offering tangible help

d. voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which approach addresses development of perspective that allows for greater empathetic and prosocial behavior?

a. behaviorism

b. psychoanalytic theory

c. theory of mind

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Andrea sees her classmate pinch her finger and start to cry so she walks up to her and gives her a hug. This action represents ______.

a. instrumental assistance

b. prosocial behavior

c. selective sharing

d. social reciprocity

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Sharing a toy, giving another child a hug when he or she is crying, or asking a new child if he or she would like to play are all examples of ______.

a. instrumental assistance

b. prosocial behavior

c. selective sharing

d. social reciprocity

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. A child’s temperament is related to which type of influence on prosocial behavior?

a. biological

b. emotional

c. family

d. contextual

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which type of culture stresses relationships with others and sharing work?

a. individuality focused

b. aggressive

c. academically focused

d. collectivist

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. A statement that describes aggression in young children is that it ______.

a. indicates poor judgment

b. is cognitively abnormal

c. is common behavior

d. displays uncommon behavior

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. When does instrumental aggression typically occur?

a. when interacting with parents

b. during play

c. when the child is tired

d. during meal times

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Maddie really wants to paint at the easel. She walks up to Jeffrey who is painting and takes his paint brush. What type of aggression is Maddie engaging in?

a. focused

b. relational

c. inhibitory

d. instrumental

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Excluding someone from social activities, spreading rumors, or humiliating the person is called ______.

a. friendship aggression

b. social exclusion

c. friendship sabotage

d. relational aggression

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Parents who emphasize behavioral control and obedience over warmth engage in which type of parenting style?

a. uninvolved

b. authoritarian

c. authoritative

d. permissive

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authoritarian Parenting

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Harsh punishment is a common characteristic of which parenting style?

a. uninvolved

b. authoritative

c. permissive

d. authoritarian

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authoritarian Parenting

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Which parenting style results in a parent most likely responding to a child’s question of, “Why?” with the answer, “Because I say so”?

a. uninvolved

b. authoritarian

c. authoritative

d. permissive

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authoritarian Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be ______.

a. withdrawn, mistrustful, anxious, and angry

b. less knowledgeable about emotions

c. confident, cooperative, and have high self-esteem

d. more socioemotionally immature and show little self-control

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Authoritarian Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

52. Andrew’s parents are very strict. They expect Andrew to obey them, and he is NOT allowed to question what they say or he is punished. His parents yell at him often and when he disobeys, they spank him. What type of parenting style describes Andrew’s parents?

a. uninvolved

b. authoritative

c. permissive

d. authoritarian

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Authoritarian Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

53. What percentage of a sample of U.S. parents report spanking their young children?

a. 80%

b. 70%

c. 60%

d. 50%

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Physical Punishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Which characteristic is part of effective punishment?

a. instilling a feeling of guilt to prevent the behavior in the future

b. administering it in a loud and angry voice

c. accompanying it with an explanation about why the behavior needs correcting

d. instilling fear to ensure attention is being paid

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Physical Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Removing a child from a situation and social contact for a short period of time is called ______.

a. time out

b. self-control

c. distraction

d. redirection

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Physical Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Parents who allow their children to make their own decisions at an early age, often before they are able, engage what type of parenting style?

a. uninvolved

b. permissive

c. authoritative

d. authoritarian

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Permissive Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. What characteristic do preschoolers who are raised by permissive parents tend to exhibit?

a. anger and defiance

b. overwhelmed by challenging tasks

c. confidence

d. socioemotional immaturity

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Permissive Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. In Abigail’s house, her parents let her stay up and watch television until she falls asleep on the couch and they carry her to bed. She can play video games for as long as she wants. She chooses what the family has for dinner, because her parents got tired of her NOT eating when they planned the meals. What type of parenting style do Abigail’s parents exhibit?

a. authoritative

b. authoritarian

c. permissive

d. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Permissive Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

59. Parents who focus on their own needs rather than those of the child have which type of parenting style?

a. uninvolved

b. authoritarian

c. authoritative

d. permissive

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uninvolved Parenting

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. Which parenting style results in children showing less knowledge about emotions?

a. authoritarian

b. uninvolved

c. permissive

d. authoritative

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uninvolved Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Collette’s parents both work two jobs, and are often exhausted when they get home. They prefer to eat dinner in front of the TV, and when Collette asks for help with her homework, they tell her that she’s smart and can figure it out on her own. When there is an activity at school that involves parents, Collette’s parents tell her they cannot possibly go and that she shouldn’t even be asking them because she knows how hard they have to work. Which type of parenting style does this describe?

a. authoritarian

b. uninvolved

c. permissive

d. authoritative

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Uninvolved Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

62. Authoritative parenting can be described as ______.

a. being sensitive to children’s needs and having firm expectations of behavior

b. focusing on own needs rather than those of the child

c. having few rules and expectations

d. emphasizing behavioral control and obedience over warmth

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authoritative Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Jon’s parents are warm and sensitive. They hug him and praise him every day. His parents also are strict in rule setting. When Jon got his first bicycle, they sat down with him and talked about safety and the rules associated with bike riding. They asked Jon what he thought would be a fair distance to ride away from the house and together came up with a route he could take. What type of parenting style describes Jon’s parents?

a. uninvolved

b. authoritative

c. permissive

d. authoritarian

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Authoritative Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Methods that use reasoning to correct behavior are called ______.

a. inductive discipline

b. corporal punishment

c. pragmatic discipline

d. reactive punishment

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authoritative Parenting

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. Japanese mothers being more likely to use reasoning, empathy, and disapproval to discipline their children is an example of which influence on control of children’s behavior?

a. biological

b. contextual

c. psychological

d. cultural

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture, Context, and Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

66. How do parenting behaviors including discipline need to be evaluated?

a. strictly within guidelines of ethnicity

b. within a cultural and environmental context

c. as separate from culture and environment

d. as homogenous within a given ethnicity

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture, Context, and Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

67. Who is most likely to be a perpetrator of child maltreatment?

a. biological parents

b. boyfriend or girlfriend of a parent

c. caregiver hired by a parent

d. relative other than parents

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Which characteristic occurs in children who experience child maltreatment?

a. overly creative minds

b. poor coping skills

c. motor skill deficits

d. hyperactive behavior

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. Which risk factor for child maltreatment falls under the societal level?

a. views that value privacy

b. inadequate housing

c. lack of resources for support

d. low family income

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Which individual is NOT considered to be a mandated reporter of child maltreatment?

a. teacher

b. sibling

c. law enforcement officer

d. health care worker

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. Which characteristic is biological and determined by genes?

a. sex

b. gender

c. sexual preference

d. gender identity

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Stereotypes, Gender Differences, and Gender Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

72. Activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics that are considered appropriate for males or females are called gender ______.

a. stereotypes

b. roles

c. typing

d. norms

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Role Norms and Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

73. Which example demonstrates gender typing?

a. Jessica says that girls are smart and boys are stupid.

b. Andrea says that when she grows up she is going to take care of babies.

c. Connor says that when he gets married his wife is going to stay at home and clean.

d. Alexander thinks all boys are strong and fast.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Role Norms and Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Hard

74. Which example shows a gender stereotype?

a. Danny tells his mom that she’s a girl so she cannot lift the box because she is weak.

b. Jack only plays with boys on the playground during recess.

c. Olivia likes to play with boys and girls when she plays kickball in the park.

d. Hannah always chooses to play with dolls and avoids playing with cars.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Role Norms and Gender Stereotypes

Difficulty Level: Hard

75. Which statement accurately describes gender differences observed in young children?

a. Boys tend to be more compliance and cooperative with adults.

b. Girls tend to do better at verbal and mathematical computation tasks.

c. Boys tend to be better at fine motor skills.

d. Girls are more likely to use physical and verbal aggression.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Hard

76. Which type of behavior is more common in girls?

a. gender stereotyping

b. gender constancy

c. relational aggression

d. physical aggression

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

77. Which area shows the largest gender difference between boys and girls?

a. academic ability

b. athletic ability

c. aggression

d. attitude

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

78. Which area are boys better at than girls?

a. mathematical tasks

b. spatial tasks

c. fine motor skills

d. verbal analysis tasks

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

79. Which area are girls better at than boys?

a. mathematical tasks

b. spatial tasks

c. gross motor skills

d. intelligence tests

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. The view that males adapted to become aggressive and competitive to secure a mate and pass on genes follows which explanation of gender role development?

a. cognitive

b. contextual

c. biological

d. psychoanalytic

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

81. Which hormone is linked to aggression?

a. oxytocin

b. progesterone

c. estrogen

d. testosterone

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

82. Studies showing infants as young as 3–4 months being able to distinguish between male and female faces reflects which explanation of gender role development?

a. cognitive

b. contextual

c. biological

d. psychoanalytic

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Awareness of gender identity is a part of which theoretical perspective?

a. biological

b. cognitive-developmental

c. contextual

d. natural order

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

84. At which age are most children labeling themselves as boy or girl?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Transgender Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. Transgender children experience incongruence between their biological sex and their gender ______.

a. norm

b. identity

c. stereotype

d. role

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Transgender Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

86. Studies of transgender children who have delayed socially transitioning report increased rates of ______.

a. contentment

b. anger

c. confusion

d. depression

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Transgender Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

87. A child’s understanding that he or she will always be the same gender regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes, is called gender ______.

a. stability

b. constancy

c. schema

d. difference

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

88. Lauren told her grandma that she is a boy because she likes to wear “boy shirts” and wants to be a football player. Lauren has an incomplete understanding of gender ______.

a. stability

b. constancy

c. schema

d. difference

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Hard

89. David says that he is a boy but when he grows up he is going to be a girl. David has an incomplete understanding of gender ______.

a. stability

b. constancy

c. schema

d. difference

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Hard

90. A full understanding of gender constancy occurs by which age?

a. 3

b. 5

c. 7

d. 9

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. A concept or mental structure that embodies understanding of what it means to be male or female is called a ______.

a. stereotype

b. gender norm

c. gender schema

d. role

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

92. The cognitive explanation of what it means to be male or female that emphasizes information processing and environmental influences is called ______.

a. gender preferencing

b. theory of mind

c. gender schema theory

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

93. Mina and Kylie are playing a game in which they are pretending to be princesses. Cooper wants to play too, but the girls tell him, “No! You’re a boy!” Which concept are Mina and Kylie demonstrating?

a. gender preferencing

b. theory of mind

c. gender schema theory

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Hard

94. Elijah and Jack are pretending to be pirates. Hannah wants to play too, but the boys tell her, “No! You’re a girl!” Which concept are Elijah and Jack demonstrating?

a. gender schema theory

b. gender constancy

c. theory of mind

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Hard

95. Which theoretical perspective is consistent with a contextual explanation of gender role development?

a. social learning

b. psychoanalytic

c. ethological

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. Social learning and influences by parents, peers, and teachers are part of which approach to understanding gender development?

a. biological

b. cognitive

c. contextual

d. genetic

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Easy

97. For gender-consistent behavior, parents tend to encourage boys to ______.

a. help others

b. recognize emotions

c. provide assistance

d. play independently

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

98. For gender-consistent behavior, parents tend to encourage girls to ______.

a. demand attention

b. be assertive

c. provide assistance

d. play independently

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

99. Peers reinforce gender-typed behavior with praise, imitation, or participation as early as which age?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

100. A typical boy’s play style would include ______.

a. persuasion

b. physical force

c. acceptance

d. verbal requests

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

101. A typical girl’s play style would include ______.

a. threats

b. physical force

c. commands

d. verbal requests

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

102. Gabriel tells other children to get out of his yard in a mean voice. His friends cheer him on and praise him for being tough. When his sister asks him to stop being mean, he ignores her. Gabriel’s behavior is consistent with which explanation of gender role development?

a. cognitive

b. contextual

c. biological

d. psychoanalytic

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Hard

103. The finding that there are more male characters than female characters in media is an example of how media can influence ______.

a. transgender issues

b. emotional development

c. gender-typed behavior

d. peer group behavior

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

104. Which activity directly contributes to helping children coordinate their senses?

a. play

b. academic study

c. peer interaction

d. socialization

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Play and Peer Relationships

Difficulty Level: Hard

105. At which age do children start having the ability to join peer groups more easily and manage conflict more effectively?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

106. Which type of play do toddlers typically engage in?

a. parallel

b. nonsocial

c. associative

d. cooperative

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

107. Onlooker behavior is part of which type of play?

a. parallel

b. nonsocial

c. associative

d. cooperative

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. Children playing alongside each other but avoiding interaction with each other are engaging in what type of play?

a. parallel

b. associative

c. cooperative

d. sociodramatic

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

109. When children play alongside each other but exchange toys and talk about each other’s activities, they are engaging in what form of play?

a. parallel

b. associative

c. cooperative

d. solitary

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Easy

110. Penelope is sitting next to Ben in the block area. They are each building their own towers. They are quiet and using their own set of blocks. Penelope and Ben are engaging in what type of play?

a. parallel

b. associative

c. cooperative

d. nonsocial

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Hard

111. Natalie and Greta are pretending to be superheroes. They are on the playground finding victims to save, and are able to get five other children to join along. Natalie, Greta, and their peers are engaging in what type of play?

a. parallel

b. associative

c. cooperative

d. solitary

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Hard

112. Working toward a common goal is the most advanced form of play because it is ______.

a. parallel

b. associative

c. cooperative

d. sociodramatic

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Play

Difficulty Level: Medium

113. Rough-and-tumble play is different from aggression in that rough-and-tumble play ______.

a. avoids the use of any form of hitting

b. is more spontaneous than aggression

c. occurs only with parents

d. includes a play face, smiles, and laughter

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

114. Grace and Kara are pretending to be doctors. They put on scrubs and “operate” on a doll. They ask Ryan to be their nurse. He joins in the play and hands them pretend surgical instruments. Which two types of play does this example represent?

a. sociodramatic and cooperative

b. cooperative and associative

c. associate and sociodramatic

d. parallel and cooperative

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

115. Children in collectivist societies tend to play games that emphasize ______.

a. academics

b. cooperation

c. emotions

d. independence

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

116. Relationships with imaginary friends provide benefits similar to those with real friend, especially ______.

a. gross motor skill enhancement

b. companionship

c. improvement in academic skills

d. independence

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Taking on adult roles through play is an activity primarily seen in the United States and NOT typically observed in other societies.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Three-year-olds are able to accurately assess their abilities when describing themselves.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Children’s conceptions of themselves are described in great detail in all cultures.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Young children maintain their positive views about themselves because they do NOT compare their performance with that of other children.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Esteem

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Sleep has little effect on young children’s socioemotional functioning.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s emotions.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Children are incapable of prosocial behavior until they reach approximately 3 years of age.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The most common form of aggression seen in early childhood is instrumental aggression.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The most positive developmental outcomes are associated with the authoritarian parenting style.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authoritative Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Spanking is against the law in some countries.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Physical Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Sexual abuse includes inappropriate comments and inappropriate touch.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Children who are born premature are at lower risk for child maltreatment.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Boys and girls are more alike than they are different.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. According to the contextual perspective of gender role development, gender typing occurs through socialization.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Gender schema theory is an explanation tied to the contextual explanation of gender role development.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Mothers tend to show more discomfort with sex-atypical behavior in boys than fathers do.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Girls engage in more sociodramatic play than boys.

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Children from collectivist societies are more likely to play competitive games such as dodgeball, follow the leader, and hide and seek.

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Through peer interactions, young children gain skills that permit them to have more complicated and rewarding relationships in later childhood and adolescence.

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. A child who has an imaginary friend is displaying a cognitive deficit.

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Play and Children’s Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. According Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development, what benefits does play have on children’s development?

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Why do young children tend to view themselves positively? What purpose does this serve?

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self Esteem

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What effects can persistent sleep deficits have on young children?

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain the difference between instrumental aggression and relational aggression.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aggression

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is the difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting?

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Authoritarian Parenting and Authoritative Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Explain the effectiveness of strict parental control with affection common in African American families.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture, Context, and Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Explain the effects hormonal differences have on behavior.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Explanations

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. How can children develop less gender rigid and stereotypical behavior?

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cognitive Explanations

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Think about your favorite type of play when you were a child. Why was it your favorite? What skills do you think you gained from this type of play?

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Play and Peer Relationships

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Explain the importance of peer relationships.

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Peer Relationships

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Describe two examples of how children’s conceptions of themselves are influenced by their interactions with parents and their cultural context.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Discuss young children’s emerging sense of initiative, self-concept, and self-esteem.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Concept

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What is the developmental progression of prosocial behavior from the age of 18 months through 5 years of age?

Learning Objective: 8.2: Summarize the development of emotional understanding, regulation, and behavior in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What is the difference between physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect? What are the child outcomes related to child maltreatment?

Learning Objective: 8.3: Identify four parenting styles and their associations with child outcomes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Child Maltreatment and Effects of Child Maltreatment

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Describe difficulties transgender children face.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare biological, cognitive, and contextual theoretical explanations of gender role development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Transgender Children

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What are the benefits of sociodramatic play?

Learning Objective: 8.5: Explain the function of play and the form it takes during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Peer Relationships

Difficulty Level: Hard