Ch6 Test Questions & Answers Democracy & Human Rights Policy

Chapter 6

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following treaties was adopted the UN with U.S. leadership in 1948?

a. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

b. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

c. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

d. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

2. Which of the following treaties elaborates a variety of “positive” human rights?

a. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

b. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

c. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

d. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

3. Which of the following treaties elaborates a variety of “negative” human rights?

a. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

b. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

c. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

d. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

4. Which of the following is a “positive” human right?

a. Freedom of speech.

b. Freedom of religion.

c. Free medical care.

d. The right to privacy.

5. Which of the following helps explain U.S. reluctance to join multilateral human-rights treaties?

a. U.S. domestic protections meet or exceed the standards set by international law.

b. Major states like Russia continue to ignore human rights.

c. Washington has always preferred to act unilaterally.

d. None of the above.

6. Which of the following is not part of America’s “rights culture” as defined by Andrew Moravcik?

a. A preference for multilateral human-rights conventions.

b. Deep respect for the Constitution.

c. A preference for negative human rights.

d. A partiality for local government institutions.

7. Which of the following feared that treaties might supersede the Constitution?

a. John Foster Dulles.

b. John Bricker.

c. Joseph McCarthy.

d. William Knowland.

8. Which of the following declared a “crusade for freedom” in support of anti-communist guerrilla forces fighting communist regimes?

a. Bill Clinton.

b. George H.W. Bush.

c. Ronald Reagan.

d. Dwight Eisenhower.

9. Which of the following perspectives views human-rights policy on a case-by-case basis?

a. American exceptionalism.

b. Enlightenment cosmopolitanism.

c. Pragmatism.

d. Classical liberalism.

10. Which of the following have historically advocated universal application of human rights in the U.S.?

a. Presidents.

b. Congress.

c. The Supreme Court.

d. Nongovernmental groups.

11. Which of the following was not one of the “Four Freedoms” described by Franklin Roosevelt?

a. Freedom from want.

b. Freedom from slavery.

c. Freedom of speech.

d. Freedom from fear.

12. Which of the following was appointed to represent Washington in establishing the UN Commission on Human Rights?

a. Dean Acheson.

b. Clare Booth Luce.

c. Wendell Wilkie.

d. Eleanor Roosevelt.

13. Which of the following has been a barrier to U.S. influence in global human rights?

a. NSA surveillance revealed by Edward Snowden.

b. Domestic race relations.

c. U.S. retention of the death penalty.

d. U.S. sensitivity to diminished sovereignty.

14. Which of the following declared, “For too many years, we’ve been willing to adopt the flawed and erroneous principles and tactics of our adversaries, sometimes abandoning our own values for theirs”?

a. Jimmy Carter.

b. Barack Obama.

c. Ronald Reagan.

d. Bill Clinton.

15. Which of the following did critics point to as having been caused by Jimmy Carter’s failure to protect U.S. interests?

a. America’s defeat in Vietnam.

b. Cuban intervention in Angola.

c. The end of détente with the USSR.

d. Iran’s Islamic Revolution.

16. Which U.S. president propounded the Kirkpatrick Doctrine?

a. Jimmy Carter.

b. Barack Obama.

c. Ronald Reagan.

d. Bill Clinton.

17. In which of the following countries did human rights improve during the Reagan administration?

a. The Philippines.

b. Haiti.

c. South Korea.

d. China.

18. What did President George H.W. Bush do after China’s army suppressed pro-democracy demonstrators in Beijing in June 1989?

a. He cut off trade relations with China.

b. He severed diplomatic ties with China.

c. He sought to preserve U.S.-Chinese ties.

d. He went to Congress for a resolution to censure China.

19. Where did President George H. W. Bush justify U.S. intervention by citing human-rights concerns?

a. Panama.

b. Nicaragua.

c. El Salvador.

d. Guatemala.

20. Which of the following put forward a doctrine of democratic enlargement?

a. Jimmy Carter.

b. Barack Obama.

c. Ronald Reagan.

d. Bill Clinton.

21. Which of the following was fostered by the Clinton administration?

a. The International Criminal Court.

b. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

c. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal.

d. The Special Court for Sierra Leone.

22. During the George W. Bush administration where were human rights and democracy largely promoted?

a. The White House.

b. Congress.

c. The United Nations.

d. The State Department.

Fill in the Blank Questions

23. In 1976 Congress also passed _____________________ to the 1974 Trade Act, denying Soviet-bloc countries preferential trade status and investment guarantees if they prevented their citizens from emigrating.

a. the Jackson-Vanik amendment

24. America’s “rights culture” involves three dimensions: ________________________________________ in international human-rights instruments.

a. a deep respect for the Constitution, a partiality for local government institutions linked to popular sovereignty, and a preference for “negative human rights” over “positive human rights”

24. Senator John Bricker ______ unsuccessfully fought in the 1950s to amend the Constitution to prohibit ratification of ______________, arguing that a treaty should “become effective in the United States only through legislation which would be valid in the absence of the treaty.”

a. R-Oh, self-enforcing treaties

25. Secretaries of State John Foster Dulles and Henry Kissinger viewed human rights through the lens of __________________.

a. national interest

26. After the election of President _____________ in 1976 human rights assumed a central place in U.S. foreign policy.

a. Jimmy Carter

27. ____________________ is a “providential nationalism” that views America as a “city on the hill,” with values that are divinely supported and thus not subject to criticism.

a. American exceptionalism

28. In 1946, President Harry Truman appointed Eleanor Roosevelt to represent Washington in establishing the UN Commission on Human Rights that drafted ____________.

a. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

29. President Ronald Reagan propounded the Kirkpatrick Doctrine that ________________________________.

a. right-wing authoritarian regimes need not be held to the same human-rights standards as leftist totalitarian regimes.

30. After 9/11 the George W. Bush administration viewed human-rights promotion as ______________________________.

a. necessary to defeat terrorism and justified human-rights violations as necessary to conduct the War on Terror

31. The _________________________ was established in 2006 to replace the controversial Commission on Human Rights.

a. UN Human Rights Council

32. The ___________________ was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to try individuals accused of the worst violations of human rights.

a. International Criminal Court

33. There are limits to the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction— _____________________________________.

a. the accused must be a national of an ICC member or a state that accepts the court’s jurisdiction, the crime must have occurred on the territory of a member state or a state that accepts the court’s jurisdiction, or the UN Security Council must refer the case to the ICC prosecutor

34. U.S. initiatives were crucial to ending a civil war in 2005 in ________, then Africa's largest country, and supporting the eventual separation of ______________ in 2011.

a. Sudan, South Sudan

35. The first time any administration had labeled an ongoing conflict genocidal was in 2004 when the United States described the violence in _________ as genocide.

a. Darfur

36. In 2009 Sudan’s __________________ became the first sitting leader indicted by the ICC for war crimes and crimes against humanity

a. President al-Bashir