Ch8 Economic Systems Verified Test Bank

Test Bank

Chapter 8

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (one-third are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the four highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Apply” to “Create”).

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which is NOT a significant element in the economic system of the Nyanga of Central Africa?

a. Hunting

b. Gathering

c. Basket weaving

d. Farming

2. Which of the following is not a social function of surpluses?

a. Stabilization of social networks via distribution to the less fortunate

b. Distribution in ritual contexts

c. Appropriation through taxation to support government and public services

d. Hoarding to increase the divide between wealthy and poor

(UNDERSTAND; answer d; page 189)

3. The use of subsistence resources, including outcomes of production, is ___________.

a. subsistence

b. economic system

c. consumption

d. allocation

4. Cultural methods of allocating natural resources, the means of exploiting the resources through technology, the organization of work, and the production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services all define a(n) ________.

a. economic system

b. market system

c. exchange system

d. subsistence strategy

5. __________ is the system of extracting resources and utilizing labor and technology in order to obtain foods, goods, and services.

a. economic system

b. production

c. reciprocity

d. management

6. In __________ societies, individuals, groups, and states own land and resources.

a. industrial

b. foraging

c. pastoral

d. farming

7. In general, __________ people tend to produce and keep greater amounts of surplus than __________ people.

a. wealthy; poor

b. nomadic; sedentary

c. sedentary; nomadic

d. future-oriented; present-oriented

8. The legal age of work in the United States is __________.

a. 13

b. 14

c. 15

d. 16

9. In the International Labor Office’s (ILO) 2006 report on child labor, research found __________ in child laborers under the age of 14.

a. no difference in genders

b. twice as many boys as girls

c. twice as many girls as boys

d. no information on gender was collected in the report

10. In older children, possibly because __________, the ILO’s report found more boys than girls working as child laborers.

a. boys can earn higher incomes for their families

b. discrimination against girls in the workplace

c. concerns over the virtue of girls

d. girls begin to marry earlier

11. __________ has the highest number of child laborers.

a. The Asia-Pacific region

b. The Caribbean

c. Sub-Saharan Africa

d. Latin America

12. In contrast to developing countries, developed countries have only about __________ of children in the workforce.

a. 2 percent

b. 5 percent

c. 10 percent

d. 12 percent

13. Which is included as one of the ILO’s worst forms of child labor?

a. Mining

b. Bonded labor

c. Construction

d. Underwater work

14. Worldwide, an estimated 5.7 million children are engaged in __________.

a. forced or bonded labor

b. factory production

c. unpaid productive labor

d. household maintenance

15. Around the world, an estimated __________ children are forced to serve as soldiers in armed conflicts.

a. 50,000

b. 200,000

c. 300,000

d. 500,000

16. The decline of child labor as reported in 2006 was sharpest in __________.

a. Asia

b. sub-Saharan Africa

c. Latin America

d. the Caribbean

17. How is the relationship between labor and social status reflected in relative contributions to subsistence?

a. Individuals who contribute the most to subsistence always have the highest social status.

b. The relationship between labor and social status is contextual.

c. In societies where men have higher social status than women, men perform most of the subsistence work.

d. There is no relationship between labor and social status.

18. The exchange of goods and services of a specified value at a specified time and place is called __________.

a. generalized reciprocity

b. barter

c. exchange

d. balanced reciprocity

19. The giving and receiving of birthday gifts is an example of __________.

a. generalized reciprocity

b. balanced reciprocity

c. exchange

d. a redistributive network

20. Distribution of food, especially meat, in forager societies would be defined as __________.

a. barter

b. balanced reciprocity

c. generalized reciprocity

d. exchange

21. The usual type of reciprocity that occurs between people who are of the same status and not kin is __________ reciprocity.

a. negative

b. generalized

c. delayed

d. balanced

22. The __________ of the Pacific Northwest is an example of a redistributive network.

a. fur trade

b. potlatch

c. moka

d. market day

23. The Pacific Northwest potlatch feasts were held for all the following reasons except ______.

a. to celebrate life-cycle transitions

b. the building of new houses

c. the defeat of a neighboring village

d. the naming of new chiefs

(REMEMBER; answer c; page 192)

24. Potlatches are examples of negative reciprocity because, although the object was to give more over time than was received, __________ was/were the true commodity over which competition arose.

a. wives

b. rights to localized resources

c. social prestige

d. expanded kin networks

25. Describe the plight of sharecroppers in Syria, based on the excerpt from Fragments of Memory.

a. The plight of sharecroppers is based on balanced reciprocity.

b. The plight of sharecroppers is dependent on profit.

c. The plight of sharecroppers is dependent on surplus.

d. The plight of sharecroppers is bound to and dependent on landlords who extract most of the profits from the farmers.

26. In the excerpt from the novel Fragments of Memory, Hanna Mina describes the plight of __________ in his homeland.

a. child laborers

b. hunters and gatherers

c. miners

d. sharecroppers

27. __________ is an exchange of products in which a person trades one type of product for another type of product.

a. Barter

b. Balanced reciprocity

c. Negative reciprocity

d. Trade

28. __________ is the exchange of goods and services in which each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, thus making a profit.

a. Trade

b. Exchange

c. Negative reciprocity

d. Capitalism

29. In the excerpt from Fragments of Memory, why had the word “freedom” become frightening, meaning no money and no food?

a. The family was ruled by the landowner.

b. The family was free to do as it wanted.

c. The older sister was to be held by the landowner until the debt was paid.

d. The father was to be held by the landowner until the debt was paid.

30. Usually, __________ engage in barter.

a. related people

b. strangers

c. families

d. people who know each other

31. Which of the following is an example of negative reciprocity?

a. Capital

b. Redistribution

c. Barter

d. Economic systems

32. The Pacific Northwest coast potlatch is an example of a system of __________.

a. redistribution

b. rehabilitation

c. resolve

d. reconstruction

33. In contemporary societies, state governments organize networks of redistribution by __________.

a. collecting taxes

b. organizing potlatches

c. accepting donations

d. trade

34. What is another form of redistribution?

a. Trade

b. Markets

c. Negative reciprocity

d. Barter

35. A __________ is a system in which products are traded in impersonal exchanges between buyers and sellers using an all-purpose currency.

a. market economy

b. barter economy

c. trade economy

d. redistributive network

36. In a market economy, money can be used to turn nonmaterial items such as labor into __________.

a. material items

b. commodities

c. class systems

d. social divisions

37. Systems of exchange include __________.

a. sharecroppers, miners, and child laborers

b. workers, the state, and owners of capital

c. social divisions, class systems, and commodities

d. redistributive networks, barter, trade, and market transactions

38. Land, money, factories, and the like that support and supply the materials needed for production are referred to as _____________.

a. commodities

b. capital

c. redistributive networks

d. economic systems

39. In capitalist economies, __________ retain(s) the surplus value of labor.

a. owners of capital

b. workers

c. the state

d. the market system

40. Economies based on capitalism must __________ in order to survive.

a. remain stable

b. grow

c. raise prices over time

d. maintain steady prices

41. Capitalist economies favor __________ for the purposes of acquiring new capital, including land, raw materials, and inexpensive labor.

a. workers and state expansion

b. peaceful alliances

c. business interests and state expansion

d. high incomes and treaties

42. Capitalism as an ideology-based economic system arose __________, based on the principles of private property, individual rights, free trade, profit, and the amassing of wealth.

a. in China in the eighteenth century

b. in the Spanish Americas in the sixteenth century

c. in Europe in the sixteenth century

d. in the Middle East in the eighteenth century

43. What does the statement “Workers do not control the means of production” mean?

a. In capitalist societies, workers are banned from owning factories.

b. In capitalist societies, workers do not produce their own food.

c. In capitalist societies, group ownership of enterprises is ineffective.

d. In capitalist societies, workers cannot produce by themselves the goods they need for survival.

44. Poverty results from social and economic __________.

a. equalities

b. development

c. upheaval

d. inequalities

45. Policies in which countries establish colonies in distant places in order to exploit their resources and labor, and possibly to establish settlements of their own citizens abroad, are the defining feature of ____________.

a. mercantilism

b. colonialism

c. capitalism

d. imperialism

46. Conquered or dominated peoples were incorporated as __________ into European economic systems through colonialism.

a. consumers

b. customers

c. extractors of resources

d. partners

47. In capitalism, workers are dependent on __________ to organize and produce goods and services, sell their labor for wages or salaries, and produce a surplus value that the owners retain as profit.

a. consumers

b. owners

c. laborers

d. partners

48. Initially, during the fifteenth century, why did European explorers, traders, soldiers, missionaries, and settlers travel throughout the world?

a. To acquire new resources

b. To acquire slaves

c. To control and conquer lands and peoples

d. To expand their national wealth and power

49. European economic expansion was closely connected with __________.

a. voluntary labor

b. nation building

c. technological advancement

d. warfare

50. __________ was the most extreme exploitation of labor of indigenous peoples by colonial nations.

a. The North American fur trade

b. The copra trade

c. Slavery

d. The spice trade

51. In the mid-eighteenth century, the Spanish established __________ along the coast of California.

a. fortresses

b. naval bases

c. trading posts

d. missions

52. Another means of controlling indigenous labor was the imposition of __________.

a. land fines

b. food rationing

c. poll taxes

d. religious conversion

53. In 1832, the Spanish government relieved the Catholic Church of its authority over California missions, resulting in __________.

a. the release of Native Americans confined on them

b. little change since the missions continued to be run in the same fashion by secular overseers

c. claims of cruelty by Native Americans who appealed against the church to the Spanish government

d. a pretext for the Americans taking of California in order to protect Native Americans

54. After the United States gained control of California, Native American children were often __________.

a. kidnapped and sold as slaves

b. killed

c. required to pay poll taxes

d. used as labor

55. Industrialization began in northern Europe in the __________.

a. seventeenth century

b. mid-nineteenth century

c. late eighteenth century

d. mid-sixteenth century

56. The origins of industrial production originated in __________ in Great Britain.

a. water mills

b. glass production

c. sugar production

d. cottage piecework

57. By __________, manufacturing incorporated complex machinery and new sources of energy such as coal.

a. 1780

b. 1820

c. 1850

d. 1890

58. The new complex machinery and new sources of energy enabled workers to __________.

a. create more products in the same amount of time

b. create more products in more time

c. create less products in more time

d. create less products in less time

59. Which of the following is an example of how industrial production of farming has led to a decline in the number of varieties of crops?

a. The availability of meat resources has decreased over time.

b. By the 1990s, only six varieties of corn accounted for 46 percent of the crop.

c. The variety of soy products has decreased over time.

d. The availability of resources to grow more varieties of crops has decreased over time.

60. In the United States, one of the first industries to develop was __________ manufacturing.

a. automobile

b. steel

c. weapons

d. textile

61. Industrial agriculture is characterized by __________ general features.

a. six

b. three

c. two

d. nine

62. Mechanization has led to __________.

a. farmers being threatened by large, corporate-run farms or agribusiness

b. industrial agriculture

c. pastoralism

d. foraging

63. Genetic engineering has become standard, but controversial because of __________.

a. the potential danger due to manipulation of genetic codes for foodstuffs and introduction of harmful substances

b. disease-borne illnesses

c. bruising of produce

d. increased use of hormones

64. What has led to a sharp drop in the number of farms in the United States?

a. Intense capital investment and competition

b. Increased unemployment

c. Industrial agriculture

d. Increased competition

65. What has led to diets around the world becoming more limited and less nutritious?

a. Government programs

b. the subsidy of agriculture research

c. The concentration of foods grown for multinational companies

d. Capitalism and financial institutions

66. Due to lack of __________ in rural communities, many people migrate to cities or towns.

a. employment

b. transportation

c. medical facilities

d. food resources

67. __________ companies contribute to environmental exploitation.

a. Farming

b. Coal and oil

c. Horticultural

d. Timber, mineral, and oil

68. The __________ region has become a representative of global deforestation.

a. Amazonian

b. sub-Saharan

c. Central Asian

d. Western European

69. Which subsistence farming technique has been used for centuries to clear fields for planting and to control invasive species?

a. Plowing

b. Setting fire

c. Spraying with pesticides

d. Utilizing goats

70. A frequently overlooked issue in environmental degradation is __________.

a. a reduction in CO₂

b. air pollution

c. access to potable water

d. loss of animal habitats

71. Which of the following is an example of how conflicts between state agencies and indigenous peoples occur over traditional subsistence practices?

a. The state use of pesticides is accepted by the indigenous peoples

b. The traditional methods of the indigenous peoples are too difficult for the state to replicate.

c. The state supports deforestation of indigenous lands.

d. For centuries, subsistence farmers have used fire to clear fields for planting; however, the state views fire as destructive.

72. The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in __________.

a. 1999

b. 2000

c. 2002

d. 2005

73. The culture of consumption has grown __________.

a. among all economic classes in all parts of the world

b. among the developing nations

c. only in India

d. only in Brazil

74. In modern, industrial market economies, demand is __________ through an ideology that promotes the acquisition of material goods as the means of achieving pleasure and progress.

a. carefully measured

b. generally understood

c. artificially created and maintained

d. consumer driven

75. A comparison of the production, consumption, and leisure time of middle-class French people and Machiguenga horticulturalists in Peru showed that French men and women __________.

a. consume much more, work more, and spend less time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women

b. consume much less, work more, and spend less time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women

c. consume much more, work less, and spend less time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women

d. consume much more, work more, and spend more time on leisure than Machiguenga men and women

76. As service industries and information technologies increase, heavy industry declines, prompting some analysts to refer to Western nations as __________.

a. postindustrial

b. preindustrial

c. industrial

d. nonindustrial

77. Which of the following is an important difference between consumer spending in the developed versus the developing, world?

a. Developing nations produce goods for much less than developed nations, so consumers pay less.

b. When prices are scaled to incomes, there is little difference between consumer spending in the developing and the developed world.

c. Developing nations usually lack an industrial base, so they pay more for imported goods than developed nations do.

d. Developed nations produce goods for much less than developing nations, so consumers pay less

78. Countries deriving higher percentages of their gross domestic product from agriculture tend to have higher rates of __________.

a. poverty

b. hunger

c. unemployment

d. child labor

79. The __________ lifestyle is often a burden for the sick, elderly, and pregnant whose mobility may be limited.

a. foraging

b. agricultural

c. pastoralist

d. horticulturalist

80. A(n) __________ anthropologist might test a new product for a company or observe shoppers in a new setting.

a. forensic

b. biological

c. economic

d. archaeological

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. List and explain the three kinds of reciprocity and give an example of each.

(APPLY)

82. Explain potlatches on the Pacific Northwest Coast as a redistributive network and a form of negative reciprocity.

(ANALYZE)

83. What are the three basic components of capitalist production? Explain why each is necessary for capitalism to function.

(EVALUATE)

84. What are the similarities and differences between barter, trade, and market economies?

(ANALYZE)

85. Explain how trade with the British altered production of materials, concepts of value, and the rights and status of women in Tongan society.

(EVALUATE)

86. Explain how changes in economic systems lead to status differences and social inequalities.

(ANALYZE)

87. List and explain the general features that characterize industrial agriculture.

(ANALYZE)

88. Compare and contrast subsistence strategies among foraging, pastoral, horticulture, and agricultural societies.

(CREATE)

89. Outline the origins and history of industrial economies. Do industrial economies better the lives of people who participate in them or not?

(CREATE)

90. Given what you have read and learned about the causes and effects of the origins of food production, support or refute the idea that food production may have come about as an irreversible accident.

(CREATE)