Ch6 Colonialism And Cultural Transformations Full Test Bank

Test Bank

Chapter 6

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (over a third are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Analyze” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Thomas Jefferson’s letter to Meriwether Lewis assumes __________.

a. Native American groups would be hostile to the Lewis and Clark expedition

b. Native American groups would help the Lewis and Clark expedition

c. the territory the Lewis and Clark expedition would be passing through belonged to the United States

d. the territory the Lewis and Clark expedition would be passing through was a foreign nation

2. The longest lasting state in the world is __________.

a. China

b. Thailand

c. Iceland

d. Zimbabwe

3. In order to more fully control internal and influence external circumstances, state-level societies have procured wealth through __________.

a. industrialization

b. plantations

c. taxation

d. expansion

4. Early state societies in North Africa, the Middle East, China, Mexico, and __________ engaged in expansion through conquest.

a. England

b. Australia

c. Canada

d. Peru

5. Which of the following was one of the most important advantages that made European colonialism so successful?

a. The internal combustion engine

b. The ability to travel long distances

c. Christianity

d. Centralized, state societies

6. __________ are settlements of foreign nationals with controlling interests in indigenous territories.

a. Missions

b. Estates

c. Colonies

d. Imperial centers

7. Which of the following is an example of imperialism?

a. The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute.

b. The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions.

c. The Spanish created missions in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.

d. Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own.

8. Colonies are politically and economically __________ in relation to their home countries.

a. subordinate

b. dominant

c. disconnected

d. equal

9. Which of the following is an example of a maritime enclave?

a. The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute.

b. The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions.

c. The Spanish created missions in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.

d. Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own.

10. Which of the following is an example of missionism?

a. The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute.

b. The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions.

c. The Spanish created religious settlements in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centers.

d. Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own.

11. Which of the following is NOT true of colonies?

a. They are created by invasion.

b. They are maintained as colonies only until they are ready for independence.

c. A majority of the population is ruled by a minority from abroad.

d. They are ruled in accordance with the interests of the colonizing power.

12. Which of the following statements about imperialism is true?

a. It relies solely upon conquest through military means for territorial expansion.

b. It is the result of the use of all forces that contribute to the construction and maintenance of transcolonial empires.

c. It implies that only colonial politics were observed, since the imperial centers were too distant.

d. It relies solely upon commercial strategies as a means for territorial expansion.

13. The three main types of colonies are __________.

a. maritime enclaves, settlement colonies, and refueling stations

b. missions, settlement colonies, and forts

c. exploitation colonies, maritime enclaves, and settlement colonies

d. imperial conquests, settlement colonies, and maritime enclaves

14. In __________, the colonized country remains formally independent, but the colonizing country has some degree of influence over commercial and political policies.

a. settlement colonies

b. exploitation colonies

c. maritime enclaves

d. missionism

15. __________ result(s) from military invasions that support permanent settlement by the invaders’ citizens.

a. Settlement colonies

b. Exploitation colonies

c. Maritime enclaves

d. Missionism

16. __________ is/are dominated by military and merchant representatives of the home country who control economic resources there.

a. Settlement colonies

b. Exploitation colonies

c. Maritime enclaves

d. Missionism

17. __________ is a term for settlements designed for the purpose of religious conversion.

a. Settlement colonies

b. Exploitation colonies

c. Maritime enclaves

d. Missionism

18. Which of the following statements concerning missionism is NOT accurate?

a. Missionaries of multiple religious affiliations worked with one another for equal influence.

b. Religious missionaries have aided processes of state consolidation and cultural transformation.

c. European missionism was often accompanied by education and social, economic, and political control.

d. European missionaries believed it was the duty of indigenous peoples to work for the white man.

19. Resettlement policies in colonized areas were designed to do all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. make resistance to colonizers more difficult

b. move indigenous peoples off desirable land

c. accelerate the process of forced assimilation

d. share all land and resources with the indigenous population

20. From the beginning of the slave trade until its end, approximately how many Africans were taken from Africa as slaves?

a. 2 million

b. 7 million

c. 10 million

d. 13 million

21. The first colonial power to engage in slave trading along the coast of West Africa was __________.

a. England

b. Spain

c. France

d. Portugal

22. One result of slave-based economies in the New World was __________.

a. the accumulation of capital and resources that made the Industrial Revolution possible

b. the inhibition of colonial migration to the Americas for lack of jobs there

c. a focus on nonagricultural economic practices in the New World such as manufacturing

d. a more egalitarian distribution of wealth among world superpowers

23. The European colonial slave trade was based upon __________, which made it initially possible.

a. preexisting plantation-based economies of West Africa

b. the slave-based Kingdom of Benin

c. preexisting indigenous forms of slavery in West Africa

d. a market for slave labor in Europe

24. Which of the following is NOT a change experienced by areas of Africa affected by the slave trade?

a. A strengthening of patrilineal systems

b. Competition among elites for control of the slave trade

c. The disruption of community and kin networks for subsistence and labor

d. The ending of all “ethnic” or “tribal” conflicts, political instability, and civil wars in African countries

25. While __________ disintegrated as a result of elite competition for control of the slave trade, __________ gained strength as a result of cooperative control by elites.

a. the Yoruba; the kingdom of Kongo

b. the kingdom of Kongo; the Ashanti

c. the Ashanti; the Yoruba

d. the Yoruba; the Ashanti

26. The slave trade strengthened principles of __________ descent.

a. matrilineal

b. patrilineal

c. cognatic

d. bilineal

27. Which of the following is an example patrilineal descent?

a. A man leaves all of his property to his eldest grandson.

b. a woman leaves all of her property to her eldest grandson.

c. A man leaves all of his property to his youngest daughter.

d. A woman leaves all of her property to her youngest daughter.

28. In North America, early contact with English, French, and Dutch ships expanded into trade networks in which __________ was/were supplied by Native Americans.

a. food

b. furs

c. precious metals

d. ivory

29. One of the reasons that indigenous cultures often enthusiastically entered into trade relations was because __________ was/were available from European traders.

a. money

b. silver

c. metal goods

d. ceramics

30. Which of the following results did NOT occur within Native American tribes as a result of the trade system between European settlers and Native Americans?

a. The roles of women shifted as their labor was necessary to prepare pelts for the fur trade.

b. A shift in gender roles and concepts such as personal wealth and private property developed.

c. Conflicts arose as competition increased among indigenous peoples for remaining lands and resources.

d. Communities that were formerly permanent around trading outposts became increasingly nomadic.

31. As Native Americans entered into trade networks, ownership of lands became the trend, which often led to __________.

a. purchase of extra land by elites

b. conflict and warfare over land

c. shifts toward agriculture as the primary form of subsistence

d. recognition of Native American ownership by colonial governments

32. Trade relations that led to the settlement of formerly nomadic peoples near trading posts were most common in __________.

a. Spanish California

b. New England

c. the Gulf Coast

d. the Arctic and Canada

33. Most of the deaths of indigenous people in the Americas attributed to Euro-American contact were caused by __________.

a. food shortages and overconsumption by Europeans

b. warfare between indigenous tribes

c. an economic system shift away from subsistence farming to trapping

d. diseases of European origin

34. The population of North America has been estimated to have been as high as __________ before European contact.

a. 2 million

b. 7 million

c. 10 million

d. 12 million

35. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Native American population of the United States was approximately __________.

a. 1.2 million

b. 700,000

c. 400,000

d. 250,000

36. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor that resulted in depopulation as a result of contact between European and indigenous peoples?

a. The spread of diseases of North American origin

b. Warfare between indigenous tribes

c. European desires for settlement

d. Displacement of the indigenous peoples

37. The original goal of Spanish conquests was to __________, but later the goals shifted to __________.

a. locate a route to the Indies; finding gold and silver

b. find gold and silver; conquering land for establishing plantations

c. conquer land to establish plantations; capturing areas for diamond mining

d. find gold and silver; converting indigenous people to Christianity

38. The pre-Columbian population of Mexico is estimated to have been __________ in 1519.

a. 12 million

b. 16 million

c. 24 million

d. 30 million

39. The indigenous population of Mexico fell by __________ in the first fifty years after Spanish conquest.

a. 40 percent

b. 55 percent

c. 80 percent

d. 90 percent

40. Originally residing in __________, the Lakota were a loose alliance of nations at the time of their first contact with French traders.

a. South Dakota

b. Quebec

c. Minnesota

d. Michigan

41. What became the central economic activity for the Lakota nations by as early as the seventeenth century?

a. Farming and selling crops

b. Selling and trading firearms

c. Trapping and trading

d. Organizing warfare

42. A consequence of the enormous native loss of life due to conquest and disease in Spanish America was __________.

a. an economic depression caused by lack of labor

b. a shift to agriculture and away from mining

c. the importation of African slaves

d. land grants to any Spaniards who would settle in the Spanish Americas

43. How did the Lakota prosper from trade after they moved onto the plains?

a. They specialized in hunting buffalo for hides.

b. They acted as middlemen between American traders and Native groups further west.

c. They raised horses and traded them to the Americans.

d. They monopolized all trade with American traders and locked all other Plains Indians out.

44. The fact that the horse became a measure of wealth for the Lakota people illustrates which of the following?

a. Without a monetary-based economy, the Lakota used the horse as a means of currency.

b. As the Lakota territory grew in size, horses were required as a means for transportation.

c. European innovations and values influenced the Lakota to amass horses for trade.

d. The trade economy resulted in the replacement of the values of equality with the pursuit of wealth and status.

45. The economics of buffalo hunting for the skin trade resulted in __________ among wealthier men so that processing could keep pace with buffalo killed.

a. the hiring of workers

b. the acquisition of multiple wives

c. the use of factory-style processing methods

d. low-quality methods of hide tanning

46. As multiple wives were acquired by wealthy men, what was the resulting age disparity between women and their husbands?

a. The women became increasingly younger and the men became comparatively older.

b. There was no age disparity, as a man married a woman of his age.

c. Younger men became wealthy and married older women.

d. Younger men became wealthy and married younger women.

47. The __________ system in the Spanish colonies granted the use of land and the labor of any indigenous people on it to soldiers, priests, and settlers.

a. peonage

b. hacienda

c. feudal

d. encomienda

48. __________ were estates in the Spanish Americas directly owned by Spanish settlers.

a. Haciendas

b. Encomiendas

c. Mitas

d. Estates

49. In the Spanish Americas, indigenous people who __________ became free laborers with little choice but to accept work as sharecroppers or in mines.

a. committed petty crimes

b. were born after 1610

c. were dispossessed of their lands

d. moved to urban areas

50. How were the indigenous people treated by the missionaries during the Spanish colonization of the Americas?

a. They were educated in literature and theology by Jesuit priests.

b. They were taught the tenets of Buddhist philosophy.

c. They were treated brutally and forced into virtual slavery by Roman Catholic missionaries.

d. They were granted political freedom and asylum under the Spanish Crown.

51. According the U.S. Census figures, in 2010 the number of Native Americans has reached nearly 2.9 million or about __________ of the estimated pre-European contact population.

a. 20 percent

b. 25 percent

c. 33 percent

d. 50 percent

52. The Spanish used the traditional Incan __________ system to obtain conscripted labor for mines.

a. military

b. mita

c. census

d. tax

53. An emphasis upon the spiritual rewards of Christianity, along with the advantages of protection bestowed upon converts was the focus of which missionary group?

a. The British Protestants

b. The Spanish Roman Catholics

c. The Jesuits

d. The Knights Templar

54. The Jesuits believed that __________, and this drove them toward missionary ventures.

a. indigenous peoples were not really human

b. indigenous peoples suffered from intellectual deficiencies brought on by their religious leaders and the devil

c. all indigenous peoples were capable of limited understanding of Christianity

d. colonial ventures were immoral

55. Which of the following was NOT a method used by missionaries to gain control over the indigenous population?

a. Making conversion an economic and political advantage by giving money to converts at trading posts

b. Settling previously nomadic communities at permanent settlements near ports and trading posts

c. Favoring converted Indians through trade and military alliances

d. Absolving all converts of sin and teaching them to be proud of their culture and heritage

56. One introduction to Native Americans by missionaries was __________.

a. the eight-hour workday

b. religious holidays

c. the concept of sin

d. the concept of heaven

57. Missionary criticisms of premarital sexual relations, divorce, and nonstrict child-rearing practices tended to increase __________ in indigenous societies.

a. Christian conversions

b. matrilineal practices

c. loose kin ties

d. patriarchal dominance

58. Which of the following methods was NOT used by schoolteachers in an effort to reorient indigenous cultures?

a. Attempting to integrate native custom and European culture

b. Making children ashamed of their parents and their heritage

c. Encouraging children to identify with their teachers

d. Condemning indigenous religious ceremonies and practitioners

59. An 1887 order issued by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs stated, “The instruction of the Indians in the vernacular is not only of no use to them, but is detrimental to the cause of their education and civilization, and no school will be permitted on the reservation in which the English language is not exclusively taught” (Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1887, xxii). This quote illustrates which of the following?

a. English was taught to the Native Americans only as a means of creating a national standard for language.

b. European culture was considered superior to Native American traditions, knowledge, and language.

c. The existence of multiple Native American languages required the need for a standard language.

d. The reservation system and treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government was fair and just.

60. Mandatory boarding school attendance for the children of indigenous societies resulted in which of the following?

a. The loss of the concept of family

b. A cultural shift in gender roles

c. A loss of language and cultural knowledge

d. A decline in food supply due to loss of child labor

61. Colonial authorities recognized “native law,” or __________, in order to secure greater control over indigenous populations.

a. tribal courts

b. customary law

c. kangaroo courts

d. mediation proceedings

62. In Africa, both English and French colonial authorities __________, which forced men to seek work away from their villages, disturbing the cohesiveness of communities and kin networks.

a. demanded taxes in cash

b. confiscated land

c. banned pastoralism

d. turned agricultural lands over to women

63. In order to increase the markets for goods produced in home countries among indigenous peoples, colonizing nations had to __________.

a. demonstrate the benefits of the goods

b. create cash economies

c. pay more liberal wages to indigenous workers

d. create incentives for settlers to relocate to colonized areas

64. Which of the following was a negative result of the creation of cash economies in colonies?

a. The social cohesiveness of local communities was disturbed due to migration for work.

b. Indigenous peoples resorted to armed conflict in retaliation to a taxation system.

c. The roles of women in their communities shifted because there was no need for their services.

d. The desire for wealth led to warfare and conflict between indigenous tribes.

65. Which of the following principles was NOT used as a justification for colonial rule and land acquisition?

a. Indigenous land was considered “unoccupied wasteland” that could be appropriated to the government.

b. Indigenous people did not “own” their land because they did not transform it through labor.

c. Europeans could take lands they conquered simply by self-declared “right of discovery.”

d. Eradication and genocide of indigenous, pagan populations was a sacred mission of Christianity.

66. The British claimed lands based on their principle __________, which allowed them to take the lands of many indigenous communities who were not farmers.

a. that written deeds were the only relevant documents showing ownership

b. that some crops must be planted on private land

c. that to own land one must improve it through labor

d. that national governments have the right to seize any private property

67. Sir Hubert Murray’s statement in the 1933 that “we are not trying to make the brown man white; we are trying to make him a better brown man than he was before” is an example of __________.

a. pacification

b. white man’s burden

c. missionary opinion

d. manifest destiny

68. Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the concept of the “white man’s burden”?

a. Colonial governments have a duty of association and collaboration toward subject races.

b. Natives deserved to be civilized by the guidance and superiority of the white men.

c. Missionaries in the Americas were saving the natives and doing God’s work by saving them.

d. European colonizers have a duty to uphold the customs and traditions of the local indigenous people.

69. Which of the following examples was NOT a pacification tactic used by colonial administrators?

a. Establishing posts in interior districts in order to deepen their control and create multiple centers of influence

b. Permitting the preservation of indigenous customs so long as they did not contribute to disorder and resistance

c. Instilling fear and obedience by bringing swift and abrupt change to the lives of indigenous people

d. Demonstrating benevolence and creating goodwill by returning prisoners to their communities

70. __________ was the American belief that the United States must inevitably and naturally extend its borders all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

a. White man’s burden

b. Expansionism

c. Colonialism

d. Manifest Destiny

71. What did the U.S. government do when settlers ignored treaties and intruded on Native American lands?

a. It removed the settlers as quickly as possible.

b. It claimed Native American aggression had instigated the episode.

c. It claimed it could do nothing.

d. It unilaterally cancelled treaties by an act of Congress.

72. Which of the following is NOT an example of a land-grabbing tactic utilized by European colonizers?

a. Using the procedural legality of signing treaties with native leaders and establishing reservations

b. Giving Native Americans full financial compensation for their land territories

c. Resorting to intimidation and threat of military force, while offering no justification for their actions

d. Forcing native representatives to sign land-cession agreements in exchange for debt forgiveness

73. The 2006 federal court ruling concerning the Aboriginal Noongar people resulted in which of the following?

a. The Noongar people maintained their cultural identity and traditions even though they had been displaced from their lands.

b. The Noongar were allowed to take possession of their lands because native title supersedes “freehold title.”

c. The Noongar were financially compensated for being displaced from their lands when white settlement began.

d. The Noongar had title to 2,300 square miles of exclusively rural land.

74. The “Stolen Generation” refers to which of the following?

a. The local practice of taking half of all land and food from the Aboriginal population

b. The practice of placing Aboriginal children in institutions and denying them contact with their families

c. The practice of placing Aboriginal children into slavery if the parents could not pay land taxes

d. The loss of an entire generation of Aborigines due to contact with diseases of European origin

75. According to Nelson Mandela’s excerpt, which movement was noted as a step of great political significance?

a. The South African Indian Congress

b. The United Nations Treaty of Johannesburg

c. The American Civil Rights Movement

d. The Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws

76. Which of the following is the best example of xenophobia?

a. The Spanish attempted to convert Native Americans to Catholicism throughout North and South America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

b. In recent decades, Aboriginal populations have restored many aspects of their national identity.

c. India freed itself from colonial rule in 1947.

d. Throughout its history, the United States has shifted the borders of Native American reservations to exploit locally available resources.

77. Which large colonized country was one of the first to free itself from colonial rule in 1947?

a. Australia

b. Pakistan

c. Argentina

d. India

78. Which of the following was NOT an outcome for indigenous peoples as a result of the independence movement that preceded the postcolonial era?

a. All indigenous peoples obtained equal social, economic, and political rights in their new nations.

b. The indigenous people observed a loss of cultural diversity as indigenous ways were considered incorrect.

c. They remained marginalized groups under pressure to conform to nationalist practices.

d. Xenophobic reactions led to internal competition and intertribal genocide.

79. The postcolonial era, in which most colonized areas have received their independence, can be considered to have begun in __________.

a. the 1980s

b. late 1970s

c. the mid 1960s

d. the early 1950s

80. Which process has served to integrate national societies throughout the world in the postcolonial era?

a. The migration of peoples to foreign countries and to urban areas within their own countries

b. The beginning of separatist movements that advocate racial separation from the larger group

c. The practice of housing separate ethnic groups in specific urban areas or ghettos

d. Allowing all citizens of a particular country to vote in national elections

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. In what ways were the colonial strategies of Spain, England, and France different? How did these differences affect the policies of these nations toward indigenous peoples in the Americas?

(ANALYZE)

82. What are the three categories of colonies and what are their economic and political purposes? Give an example of each.

(APPLY)

83. Discuss the political, economic, and social impacts of the slave trade on Africa. How do these issues affect modern-day Africa?

(APPLY)

84. How did the fur trade alter Native American societies that participated in it? What were the reasons that Native American peoples were motivated to participate in the trade?

(ANALYZE)

85. Summarize the Spanish strategies used to conquer and administer colonies in the Americas to their economic advantage. How did the issues of landholdings, mining, intermarriage, and the mission system affect these strategies?

(ANALYZE)

86. What roles have missionaries played in colonialism? How have these roles varied over time and by religion?

(EVALUATE)

87. Define the term white man’s burden and describe its essential philosophical components. What connection do pacification and the idea of a “sacred trust” have to the idea of a white man’s burden?

(EVALUATE)

88. What means did the United States use to acquire Native American lands? What role did the reservation system play in this taking of land?

(ANALYZE)

89. How have postcolonial governments generally dealt with indigenous peoples? What do you think are the reasons for this? How can indigenous people regain their rights?

(CREATE)

90. Some argue that the media is destroying the traditions of non-Western peoples around the world. Compare the global media to colonialism. Do you agree that the media is responsible for this erosion of local traditions?

(CREATE)