Test Bank Answers Making A Living Chapter.7 4th Edition

Test Bank

Chapter 7

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include three of the higher levels of cognitive reasoning (“Understand,” “Analyze” and “Evaluate”).

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the opening narrative, the Quiche Maya account for the origin of __________.

a. beans

b. corn

c. squash

d. tomatoes

2. The subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on subsistence strategies is called __________.

a. symbolic anthropology

b. biometric anthropology

c. archaeology

d. economic anthropology

3. Which of the following is NOT a primary system of interest to economic anthropologists?

a. the way that groups organize their labor

b. The way tasks are allocated to different people in the community

c. The way that all humans require food to survive

d. The way that goods are distributed within the community and between communities

4. Two basic modes of substance involve __________ and __________ food.

a. finding; growing

b. fishing; hunting

c. preparing; cooking

d. hunting; gathering

5. __________ is/are method(s) of obtaining food.

a. Economies

b. Subsistence patterns

c. Carrying capacities

d. Agriculture

6. Hunter-gatherers are also called __________.

a. horticulturalists

b. agriculturalists

c. foragers

d. pastoralists

7. Which of the following is NOT a food-producing subsistence strategy?

a. Pastoralism

b. Foraging

c. Agriculture

d. Horticulture

8. __________ is a subsistence strategy that focuses on raising and caring for herds of domesticated animals.

a. Pastoralism

b. Horticulture

c. Agriculture

d. Foraging

9. Which of the following is a small-scale form of farming using simple technology?

a. Pastoralism

b. Horticulture

c. Agriculture

d. Foraging

10. __________ is intensive farming that invests great amounts of time, labor, and technology.

a. Pastoralism

b. Horticulture

c. Agriculture

d. Foraging

11. Which of the following factors does NOT lead to variation in subsistence strategies?

a. Available resources

b. Climate of the region

c. Topography

d. Continent

12. The __________ is the number of people who can be sustained by the resources and environment in which they live.

a. scale

b. sustainability

c. resource scarcity

d. carrying capacity

13. Which of the following subsistence strategies can result in the largest carrying capacity?

a. Foraging

b. Agriculture

c. Horticulture

d. Pastoralism

14. Which of the following subsistence strategies results in the least amount of mobility?

a. Foraging

b. Agriculture

c. Horticulture

d. Pastoralism

15. Which of the following subsistence strategies typically results in the highest amount of mobility?

a. Foraging

b. Agriculture

c. Horticulture

d. Intensive agriculture

16. You are an anthropologist observing a new society that no one else has explored. You are trying to determine the subsistence pattern of the group. The group is highly mobile and is constantly moving around their geographic area. The group members do not rely on domesticated animals like cattle. The size of the group remains small, usually not more than twenty people. Sometimes, when resources are plentiful, a number of different smaller groups will come together into a larger group for a few weeks. However, when the resources become scarce again, they will disperse into their smaller groups. Based on these observations, what type of subsistence pattern do you think that this group uses?

a. Foraging

b. agriculture

c. Horticulture

d. Pastoralism

17. The gathering together and then reallocation of food and resources to ensure everyone’s survival is called __________.

a. reciprocity

b. a leveling mechanism

c. redistribution

d. subsistence

18. __________ is/are cultural practice(s) designed to equalize access to food, resources, and social prestige through a community so that no one individual can amass greater wealth or greater prestige than other people.

a. Reciprocal networks

b. Social redistribution

c. Behavioral norms

d. Leveling mechanisms

19. Foragers are usually __________.

a. mobile

b. permanent

c. scattered

d. farmers

20. __________ is the application of animal studies and decision theory to human foraging.

a. Behaviorism

b. Optimal foraging theory

c. Economic anthropology

d. Experimental anthropology

21. Although situations vary, studies of foragers show they __________ compared to people in farming or industrial societies.

a. work much more

b. live longer

c. work less

d. consume more calories

22. While optimal foraging theory can provide a number of insights into foraging groups, what aspect of human society does optimal foraging theory arguably ignore?

a. Population size

b. Location

c. Genetics

d. Culture

23. According to Richard Lee’s research, Ju/’hoansi male workweeks were approximately __________, which included subsistence, tool maintenance, and housework.

a. 65 hours

b. 52 hours

c. 45 hours

d. 30 hours

24. Although Ju/’hoansi men spend more time and energy in subsistence work, women provide __________ of the calories consumed.

a. 73 percent

b. 55 percent

c. 49 percent

d. 36 percent

25. Because of resource variability over time, foraging populations ideally would not exceed __________.

a. the carrying capacity of the area in a bad year

b. the carrying capacity of the area in an average year

c. one person per 20 square miles

d. one person per 5 square miles

26. __________ is one strategy used by many foragers to limit population growth because it reduces women’s fertility.

a. Herbal tea

b. Limited meat intake

c. Prolonged nursing

d. Seclusion

27. Ownership of land __________ that is/are of utmost importance for foraging to remain successful.

a. reinforces resource access

b. contradicts the flexibility

c. distributes easy to acquire resource types

d. provides the permanent large land base

28. The Dobe Ju/’hoansi live in __________.

a. the Congo River basin

b. East African savanna regions

c. the Kalahari Desert of Botswana and Namibia

d. forested areas of northern Angola

29. Which of the following is the reason that meat is highly valued by Ju/’hoansi people?

a. Meat is a less highly concentrated source of protein than vegetable foods.

b. Uncertain success at hunting means that meat is a rarer food than vegetable resources.

c. Meat is not shared frequently in the Ju/’hoansi society.

d. The Ju/’hoansi prefer the taste of meat to the taste of vegetables.

30. Distribution of meat from large families is a __________ in the cases of both the Inuit and Dobe Ju/’hoansi.

a. first-come-first-serve process

b. emotionally charged and dangerous process

c. source of status and power acquisition

d. highly ritualized process

31. In Ju/’hoansi society, “insulting the meat” is a __________.

a. religious practice

b. way to avoid excess sharing of meat with others

c. leveling mechanism

d. method to evaluate the food value of acquired meat

32. An example of the importance of both male and female labor in foraging societies is shown by the Alaskan example of __________.

a. families that were headed by males or females depending on the personalities of the members

b. families making decision by democratic voting

c. families adopting children to balance gender composition

d. the practice of both male and female infanticide

33. __________ is the basis of social etiquette in most foraging societies.

a. Conflict avoidance

b. Family cohesiveness

c. Contact avoidance

d. Communal sharing

34. Although certain key resources may be considered to be owned by a person or family in foraging societies, for example acorn groves by the Miwoks of California, owners __________.

a. must grant formal requests by others to use the resource

b. must provide for the upkeep of the resource or risk loss of ownership

c. cannot sell any of the resource to others

d. must distribute excess foods from the resource with others when it is available

35. Pastoralists have faced difficulties in modern states because __________ is/are rarely compatible with governmental goals for development.

a. their need for large expanses of land

b. their extremely conservative worldviews

c. their notion of collective land ownership

d. their need for high quality farmlands

36. Pastoralism is different from __________ because pastoralism is a way of life in which the economy, settlement patterns, and social systems are all adapted to large-scale herding.

a. shepherding

b. animal husbandry

c. animal collection

d. industrial agriculture

37. Possibly the earliest domesticated animals were __________.

a. pigs in China

b. llamas in South America

c. cattle in Africa

d. goats in the Middle East

38. The two domesticated animals kept in North America before European contact were __________ and dogs.

a. goats

b. horses

c. chickens

d. turkeys

39. Pigs were first domesticated in __________.

a. Egypt

b. North Africa

c. China

d. Southern Europe

40. Pastoralism is __________ a self-contained subsistence strategy.

a. always

b. usually

c. rarely

d. defined as

41. What is one of the principal reasons why pastoralists cannot maintain their way of life?

a. They do not have sufficient animals.

b. They do not have sufficient access to water.

c. They do not have sufficient territory to graze their animals.

d. They do not own any land.

42. Pastoralists tend to be __________ egalitarian than foraging societies in their division of labor, because __________.

a. more; both men and women tend to the animals

b. less; men and boys typically tend to the animals

c. more; both sexes perform the same jobs

d. less; women do not take part in subsistence strategies at all

43. The Basseri are a pastoral society in __________.

a. Syria

b. Iran

c. Algeria

d. Turkey

44. The idea held by modern governments and economic planners that pastoralism retards national economic development is based on ___________ more than ___________.

a. ideology; fact

b. fact; ideology

c. historical periods; modern periods

d. religious perspectives; economic perspectives

45. Some pastoralists, such as the Bantu of Africa, have supplemented their subsistence strategy with __________ in the past.

a. trading spices from distant areas with local sedentary populations

b. raiding local sedentary populations

c. intermarrying with local sedentary populations

d. working for wages in cities

46. In pastoral societies, __________ tend to be individually owned while __________ is communally owned by family members.

a. dwellings; livestock

b. wives; land

c. animals; land

d. females; livestock

47. __________ is the practice among pastoralists of moving to new pastures on a seasonal basis.

a. Nomadism

b. Migration

c. A seasonal round

d. Transhumance

48. Horticulturalists in Africa often shift between two stable residences during __________.

a. food shortages

b. the dry and rainy seasons

c. intergroup conflicts

d. ritual periods

49. Both the Basseri and the Nuer prefer to __________ for food.

a. use animal products such as milk to killing animals

b. kill animals rather than using animal products

c. never kill animals and use only ones who die of natural causes

d. rely completely on animals

50. Individual ownership of animals tends to promote acquisition of differential wealth in pastoral societies, which is mitigated by __________.

a. the inability to acquire too much

b. social mores that demand generosity

c. very high bride prices to be delivered in animals

d. the possibility of multiple claims by individuals on an animal

51. How many sheep and goats are necessary to sustain a Basseri family?

a. 25

b. 50

c. 100

d. 200

52. Today __________ has/have forced almost all the Nuer to give up pastoralism and seek refuge outside Sudan.

a. a drought

b. Sudan’s relocation policies

c. a civil war

d. a crash in the market price of cattle

53. Which of the following is NOT a use that animal products are put to by the Nuer of southern Sudan?

a. Milk for food

b. Meat on ritual occasions

c. Payments for wives

d. Pets

54. Because farming requires regular access to land, farming societies tend to be __________.

a. nomadic

b. imperialistic

c. state-level societies

d. sedentary

55. Which of the following tools would you NOT expect to find in a horticultural society?

a. Digging sticks

b. Hoes

c. Handheld tools

d. Irrigation systems

56. Which of the following tools would you NOT expect to find frequently in an agricultural society?

a. Irrigation systems

b. Draft animals

c. Complex technology

d. Digging sticks

57. Agriculturalists tend to be __________, while horticulturalists may be __________.

a. sedentary; mobile

b. mobile; sedentary

c. states; bands

d. states; tribes

58. If a society owns large amounts of land and also a large amount of physical property (such as animal herds, stable houses, tools, and other household items), the society most likely uses what type of subsistence practice?

a. Foraging

b. Pastoralism

c. Horticulture

d. Agriculture

59. Horticulturalists try to produce enough surplus to __________.

a. be a buffer against a bad year

b. sell on the local market

c. last for three to four bad years

d. shift to full agriculture

60. Since horticultural societies rarely produce great surpluses of food, they usually use some of the population-control techniques employed by foragers. Which of the following is NOT a technique regularly used?

a. Infanticide

b. Ritual periods of sexual abstinence

c. Prolonged periods of breastfeeding

d. Adoptions

61. Slash-and-burn cultivation, otherwise known as __________, is a farming technique for preparing new fields by cutting down trees and bushes then burning them in order to clear the land and enrich the soil with nutrients.

a. crop rotation

b. field rotation

c. swidden cultivation

d. fertilizer-based horticulture

62. In many parts of the world, the spread of industrial agriculture is directly linked to __________.

a. the reduction in the amount of land farmed

b. increased utilization of indigenous agricultural plant types

c. very rapid urban growth

d. increased standards of living for most farming families

63. Men and women in Zuni and Hopi societies have a pattern of gendered allocation of work that functions in what way?

a. Men and women work fields together and share both heavy and light tasks.

b. Men use irrigation farming and women use waffle gardens.

c. Men use waffle gardens and women use irrigation agriculture.

d. Men are responsible for agriculture and women keep domesticated animals.

64. In the horticultural society of the Yanomamo in Brazil, men do all of the farming, and as a result, __________.

a. women are free to be craft specialists

b. women have larger numbers of children

c. women have a very low social status

d. women are more often warriors than in other horticultural societies

65. In the horticultural society of the Jivaro in Peru, women performed most agricultural labor, and as a result, __________.

a. they were treated as mere laborers by men

b. have higher status than Yanomamo women

c. control the distribution of food resources

d. suffer from low status because labor is denigrated in Jivaro society

66. Why do women tend to have lower status than men in horticultural societies?

a. Because women tend to contribute more food for the population

b. Because the food that they provide is definitely less important than the food the men provide

c. Because men are seen as supplying more valuable crops and food to the population

d. Because women are not allowed to work in horticultural societies

67. The Kaluli of Papua New Guinea currently number more than __________.

a. 10,000

b. 500

c. 2,000

d. 100

68. Kaluli women each possess a few domesticated __________.

a. pigs

b. dogs

c. sheep

d. cows

69. The earliest known agricultural crops were __________ and __________, found in the Middle East by about 12,000 years ago.

a. corn; rice

b. maize; wheat

c. wheat; barley

d. manioc; barley

70. Which of the following is a chain of consequences of food production?

a. Increase in surplus🡪increase in population🡪increase in surplus

b. Increase in population🡪increase in food production🡪pressure on the environment

c. Large sedentary urban populations🡪use of grains to feed babies and young children🡪increase in material culture

d. Increase in surplus🡪increase in population🡪decrease in surplus

71. Early agricultural populations __________, based on archaeological studies of bones and teeth.

a. were healthier

b. suffered declines in overall health

c. suffered from fewer diseases

d. suffered population declines

72. Which of the following regions is NOT an area where agriculture was invented?

a. The Middle East

b. China

c. Europe

d. Central and South America

73. Which subsistence strategy yields the highest fertility rates?

a. Horticulture

b. Foraging

c. Pastoralism

d. Agriculture

74. Which of the following is an element in the worldwide spread of agriculture?

a. Ability to infinitely increase carrying capacity in an area

b. Technological innovation

c. Population growth

d. Warfare

75. __________ do not own the land that they work, but cultivate it and pay a percentage of their harvest to a landlord.

a. Clients

b. Sharecroppers

c. Renters

d. Employees

76. In the United States, less than __________ of the population works in agriculture.

a. 12 percent

b. 3 percent

c. 20 percent

d. 1 percent

77. The application of industrial technology and chemicals to farming in order to increase productivity is called __________.

a. horticulture

b. intensive agriculture

c. centralization

d. industrial agriculture

78. Early intensive agriculture involved __________.

a. the use of the plow, draft animals, and irrigation

b. private ownership of property and a market economy

c. the elimination of child labor and the professionalization of farming

d .control of population growth and the emergence of states

79. Industrial agriculture tends to __________.

a. result in crops that are more vulnerable to climatic variation

b. lead to food shortages in bad seasons

c. limit the number of crops and varieties of crops used

d. produce larger numbers of agricultural jobs

80. Which of the following does NOT characterize industrial agriculture?

a. Specialization of crop production

b. A tendency toward competition among producers

c. Overproduction of farm products

d. Better quality diets

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. What are the major differences in community size, composition, and density between foragers and food producers?

(ANALYZE)

82. What is meant by carrying capacity, and how does it affect the distribution of populations? How do foraging and food-producing societies deal with carrying capacity?

(UNDERSTAND)

83. Briefly summarize the major traits of foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture as subsistence strategies.

(UNDERSTAND)

84. What is a leveling mechanism? What is its purpose? Give two examples of leveling mechanisms from foraging societies and one from pastoral societies.

(EVALUATE)

85. How does food distribution work in general in foraging societies? What are the specifics for meat? For vegetable foods?

(ANALYZE)

86. Explain what is meant when pastoralism is called a combined subsistence strategy. Give examples.

(ANALYZE)

87. Outline two theories of why food production began. Why might they be compatible as explanations?

(EVALUATE)

88. How is agriculture different from horticulture? What differences do we see in the way that the land is used, how the labor is organized, and what crops are grown?

(EVALUATE)

89. What is significant about the development of specialists in agricultural societies?

(EVALUATE)

90. How can economic activity be interpreted from archaeological remains? Why is it important that cultural anthropologists work with archaeologists to analyze and interpret the findings?

(UNDERSTAND)