Ch8 – Biology of Infections | Test Bank – 16th Ed

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Human Biology, 16e (Mader)

Chapter 8 Biology of Infectious Diseases

1) Prokaryotic cells possess DNA.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.01.02 Identify the structures of a prokaryotic cell.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2) Which of the following is present in prokaryotic cells?

A) nucleus

B) chloroplasts

C) endomembrane system

D) peptidoglycan

E) All of the answer choices are found in prokaryotic cells.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria; Protists

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.01.02 Identify the structures of a prokaryotic cell.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3) What are fimbriae, and what is their function?

A) They are long, thin appendages that allow bacteria to be motile (move).

B) They are stiff fibers that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces.

C) They are elongated, hollow appendages that allow for the transfer of DNA.

D) They are small, circular pieces of DNA that frequently contain genes for antibiotic resistance.

E) They are a thick, gelatinous substance surrounding some bacterial cells that allow them to stick to surfaces and protect them from phagocytic white blood cells.

Section: 8.01

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.01.02 Identify the structures of a prokaryotic cell.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4) Which of the following is a characteristic found in Gram-negative bacteria?

A) plasmids and antibiotic resistance

B) a peptidoglycan cell wall

C) an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide

D) They Gram stain pink.

E) a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that stains purple

Section: 8.01

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.01.02 Identify the structures of a prokaryotic cell.

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5) If an epidemic is confined to a local area, it is usually called a(n)

A) opportunistic infection.

B) pandemic.

C) outbreak.

D) a slow infection.

E) chronic infection.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Distinguish among an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

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6) Describe the structure of a typical virus.

Section: 8.01

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 6. Create

Learning Outcome: 08.01.03 Describe the general structure of a virus.

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7) Why aren't viruses considered living organisms?

A) because they do not replicate

B) because they do not possess genetic material

C) because they are not composed of cells

D) because they lack the metabolic machinery to acquire and use nutrients

E) None of the answer choices is correct.

Section: 8.01

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.01.03 Describe the general structure of a virus.

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8) HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are both examples of current

A) outbreaks.

B) epidemics.

C) pandemics.

D) opportunistic infections.

E) acute infections.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Distinguish among an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9) A disease is called an epidemic if people all over the world have the same disease.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Distinguish among an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

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10) There are normally one or two cases of measles per month in a particular city. However, in the month of September, there were 15 cases. Is this an epidemic?

Section: 8.02

Topic: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Distinguish among an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

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11) What types of cells does HIV infect?

A) helper T cells and macrophages

B) B cells and red marrow cells

C) liver cells and cardiac muscle cells

D) epithelial cells and eosinophils

E) basophils and killer T cells

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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12) Which category of disease classification is described as having more cases than expected in a given period of time?

A) epidemic

B) outbreak

C) pandemic

D) opportunistic infection

E) None of the answer choices is correct.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Distinguish among an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13) How does HIV know which cells to infect?

A) It can infect any cell it comes in contact with.

B) It can only infect cells on surfaces of the body where the temperature is lower.

C) It can only infect cells that are actively growing and dividing.

D) It can infect cells with particular surface receptors.

E) It only infects cells that line the reproductive tract.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14) When was the first documented case of HIV in the United States?

A) 1884

B) 1924

C) 1959

D) 1969

E) 1982

Section: 8.02

Topic: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Distinguish among an outbreak, an epidemic, and a pandemic.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15) In which phase of an HIV infection is a person typically asymptomatic?

A) acute phase (A)

B) chronic phase (B)

C) AIDS (C)

D) AIDS (D)

E) terminal phase (E)

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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16) Why might an HIV test be negative within the first two to three weeks of an HIV infection?

A) because there is no HIV in the blood

B) because there are no detectable levels of HIV antibodies in the blood

C) because there are no symptoms

D) because the CD4 T-cell count is above 500 cells/mm3

E) because there are no opportunistic infections yet

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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17) Patient X has 150 CD4 T cells/mm3. What phase of an HIV infection is this patient in?

A) acute phase (A)

B) chronic phase (B)

C) AIDS (C)

D) transmission phase (D)

E) terminal phase (E)

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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18) The vast majority of new HIV infections are in people under the age of 15.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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19) Infection with HIV is listed as the cause of death for an AIDS patient.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20) In the "kitchen-sink model" for CD4 T-cell loss, what does the sink's drain represent?

A) the destruction of CD4 T cells by the virus

B) the production of new CD4 T cells

C) the amplification of the virus in the blood

D) the destruction of the virus by the immune system

E) the wide variety of possible opportunistic infections

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21) There currently is no effective cure for AIDS.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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22) The HIV virus contains a genome composed of

A) double-stranded DNA.

B) single-stranded DNA.

C) double-stranded RNA.

D) single-stranded RNA.

E) one strand of DNA and one strand of RNA.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23) List and explain the events that occur during the reproductive cycle of an HIV virus.

2. Fusion: HIV fuses with the plasma membrane, and the virus enters the host cell.

3. Entry: The capsid and protein coats are removed, releasing RNA and viral proteins into the host cell's cytoplasm.

4. Reverse transcription: HIV's single-stranded RNA is converted into a double-stranded viral DNA code.

5. Integration: The viral DNA, along with the viral enzyme integrase, migrates into the nucleus of the host cell. The viral DNA is spliced into the host cell's DNA, making it part of the host genome.

6. Biosynthesis and cleavage: The host cell's machinery directs the production of more viral RNA. Some of the viral RNA becomes material for new viruses, while the rest is used to code for viral proteins.

7. Assembly: Capsid proteins, viral enzymes, and RNA are assembled into new viruses.

8. Budding: The new virus leaves the cell, acquiring an envelope from the host cell's plasma membrane.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 6. Create

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

24) Which of the following is not a layer of the protein coat that surrounds the HIV genetic material?

A) matrix

B) capsid

C) nucleocapsid

D) protease

E) gp120

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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25) Arrange the steps of the HIV life cycle in the correct order:

1. Assembly 

2. Integration 

3. Entry

4. Fusion 

5. Attachment

6. Budding 

7. Biosynthesis and cleavage 

8. Reverse transcription

A) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8

B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

C) 8, 1, 7, 2, 6, 3, 5, 4

D) 4, 6, 3, 7, 2, 8, 1, 5

E) 5, 4, 3, 8, 2, 7, 1, 6

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

26) Which of the following is important for classifying HIV as a retrovirus?

A) reverse transcriptase

B) RNA genome

C) All of the answer choices are important for classifying HIV as a retrovirus.

D) the production of viral DNA

E) integration into the host genome

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

27) Which of the following is important for the attachment stage of the HIV life cycle?

A) acquisition of an envelope from the host

B) gp120 spike proteins

C) cleavage of the proteins by protease

D) integration of the viral DNA into the host genome

E) uncoating

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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28) Of the following modes of HIV transmission, which is the least common mode and rare in many countries?

A) transfusions of infected blood

B) vaginal/rectal intercourse with an infected person

C) needle sharing among IV drug users

D) babies born to HIV-infected women

E) oral-genital contact with an infected person

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29) The envelope of the HIV virus is actually part of the host cell plasma membrane.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

30) HIV strains may differ by 10% within one person and by 35% in people around the globe. This is due to

A) both cellular and antibody-mediated responses.

B) the fact that HIV inserts its genome into the host genome.

C) HIV's high rate of mutation.

D) the fact that HIV targets T cells.

E) the fact that most people do not die from HIV infection.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

31) An HIV vaccine would be the cure for AIDS that science has been looking for.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Viruses

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Describe the HIV life cycle.

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32) AIDS is the new name for what used to be called consumption.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

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33) Tuberculosis is caused by a

A) virus.

B) bacterium.

C) fungus.

D) protist.

E) worm.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

34) Describe the causative agents and transmission of tuberculosis.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 6. Create

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

35) What are the symptoms of a TB infection?

A) skin rash, fever

B) opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhea

C) bad cough, chest pain, coughing up blood or sputum

D) runny nose, sore throat, postnasal drip

E) lethargy, general malaise

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

36) How long does treatment for TB take?

A) one to two days

B) one to two weeks

C) one month

D) two months

E) six months or more

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

37) How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

A) airborne droplets

B) contaminated food or water

C) sexual intercourse

D) IV drug abuse

E) blood transfusions

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

38) The organism that causes malaria is a

A) virus.

B) bacterium.

C) protist.

D) fungus.

E) worm.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Protists

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

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39) How is malaria spread?

A) airborne droplets

B) blood transfusions

C) sexual intercourse

D) breast-feeding

E) mosquitoes

Section: 8.02

Topic: Protists

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

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40) Unlike AIDS, both tuberculosis and malaria can be cured.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Bacteria; Protists

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

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41) The drugs that treat malaria can be used prophylactically, or before infection.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Protists

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

42) Where does the life cycle of the Plasmodium protist take place?

A) in mosquitoes

B) in humans

C) in both mosquitoes and humans

D) in snails

E) in pigs

Section: 8.02

Topic: Protists

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

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43) Most people with malaria exhibit chills and fevers every 48 to 72 hours. This is due to

A) reinfection with new Plasmodium.

B) the bursting of red blood cells in the body.

C) the formation of Plasmodium gametes within the body.

D) the fusion of the male and female Plasmodium gametes to form new organisms.

E) waves of activity from the body's B and T cells.

Section: 8.02

Topic: Protists

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the causes of tuberculosis and malaria.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

44) An emerging disease is one that

A) is newly recognized in the last two decades.

B) has suddenly caused an epidemic.

C) is now present on multiple continents.

D) can infect both humans and animals.

E) can be transmitted in multiple ways.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.03.01 Define the term emerging disease.

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45) Why is bird flu (H5N1) considered an emerging disease whereas HIV is not?

A) Bird flu (H5N1) has only been recognized in the past 20 years.

B) Bird flu (H5N1) is more deadly than HIV.

C) Bird flu (H5N1) is bacterial, whereas HIV is viral.

D) Bird flu (H5N1) has infected more people than HIV.

E) Bird flu (H5N1) has not infected as many people as HIV.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 08.03.01 Define the term emerging disease.

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46) Streptococcus is now considered to be a reemerging pathogen.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

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47) Which of the following diseases is considered an emerging disease?

A) SARS

B) H1N1

C) H5N1

D) strep throat

E) All of the answer choices are considered emerging diseases.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

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48) Why is Helicobacter pylori considered an emerging disease?

A) It is highly resistant to antibiotics.

B) Ulcers were not known to have an infectious cause until recently.

C) It is now present on all of the continents.

D) It can jump from humans to pigs and back again.

E) It had declined in the 1960s but appears to be back again.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

49) When were the first cases of SARS reported?

A) 2002

B) 1992

C) 1820

D) 1920

E) 2012

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

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50) SARS is thought to have arisen in China due to the consumption of civets.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

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51) Which of the following factors is/are helping increase the incidence of emerging diseases?

A) global warming

B) expansion of range by insect vectors

C) abuse of antibiotics

D) poor implementation of vaccination programs

E) All of the answer choices are helping increase the incidence of emerging diseases.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

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52) Legionnaires disease emerged in 1976 due to

A) exposure to wild monkeys.

B) the consumption of horseshoe bats.

C) a mutation of the influenza virus.

D) contamination of an air-conditioning system.

E) the abuse of antibiotics.

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

53) Once SARS appeared in China, how long did it take for it to reach nine other countries/provinces via air travel?

A) three months

B) six months

C) one year

D) two years

E) five years

Section: 8.03

Topic: Emerging Diseases

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 List some examples of emerging diseases.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

54) When penicillin was introduced, how long did it take for penicillin-resistant strains of bacteria to emerge?

A) 6 months

B) 1 year

C) 4 years

D) 10 years

E) 25 years

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Summarize how a pathogen becomes resistant to an antibiotic.

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55) People can become resistant to antibiotics.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Summarize how a pathogen becomes resistant to an antibiotic.

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56) The use of antibiotics does not cause antibiotic resistance.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Summarize how a pathogen becomes resistant to an antibiotic.

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57) Which of the following has/have developed antibiotic resistance?

A) tuberculosis

B) malaria

C) gonorrhea

D) enterococci

E) All of the answer choices have developed drug resistance.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

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58) There is no point in taking antibiotics for a cold.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Bacteria; Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Summarize how a pathogen becomes resistant to an antibiotic.

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59) Which type(s) of antibiotic(s) is MRSA resistant to?

A) methicillin

B) penicillin

C) amoxicillin

D) None of the answer choices is correct.

E) MRSA is resistant to all of these antibiotics.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

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60) Which of the following is an unwise use of antibiotics?

A) discontinuing antibiotics when you feel better

B) not taking antibiotics for a viral infection

C) not saving unused antibiotics

D) not skipping doses of antibiotics

E) taking antibiotics only to treat the infection for which they were prescribed

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Summarize how a pathogen becomes resistant to an antibiotic.

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61) How many different "lines" of antibiotics against TB are there?

A) one

B) two

C) three

D) four

E) five or more

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

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62) What do MDR TB and MRSA have in common?

A) Both are transmitted by mosquitoes.

B) Both cause tuberculosis.

C) Both are multidrug-resistant bacteria.

D) Both have seen their numbers of infections decline dramatically in recent years.

E) Both are viruses.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Bacteria; Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

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63) MRSA can be fatal.

Section: 8.04

Topic: Antibiotic resistance

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

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