Ch.4 Children’s Sports Programs Test Bank

Student name:__________

1) The men who organized youth sports in the United States during the years following World War II

A) used their military experiences to evaluate youth sports coaches.
B) were trained in child development and injury prevention.
C) assumed that all boys would automatically benefit from participation.
D) rejected the great sport myth as they created leagues and teams.

2) Beginning in the 1980s, youth sports were influenced by neoliberalism, an ideology emphasizing

A) community and social responsibility.
B) free markets, deregulation, and competition.
C) gender equity and affirmative action for females.
D) the need for tax increases and more welfare.

3) Which of the following was NOT one of the social changes that boosted the popularity of organized youth sports during the latter half of the 20th century?

A) increased visibility of high-performance sports as valued in U.S. culture.
B) a declining culture of childhood play.
C) a belief that child-controlled activities inevitably led to trouble.
D) the creation of special sports equipment for children.

4) As neoliberal ideas and beliefs were accepted in the U.S., there was a change in the definition of a "good parent." The new definition emphasized that parents were expected to

A) give their children as much freedom as possible.
B) be responsible for the location and actions of their children 24/7.
C) send their children to private schools.
D) raise their daughters and son in the same way.

5) The Skills and Excellence model of youth sports became increasingly popular in the U.S. as publicly-funded, community-sponsored youth sports programs were cut back or eliminated. The private programs that took their place

A) emphasized the performance ethic and competitive success.
B) hired only college athletes as youth sports coaches.
C) were managed by high school coaches concerned with training good athletes.
D) created coach education courses that focused on skill development.

6) As parents paid to have their children participate in private, pay-to-play youth sports programs, they began to

A) define youth sports as a healthy form of baby-sitting.
B) seek sponsors for their children.
C) evaluate the programs and coaches more closely.
D) focus on the need for their children to have fun playing sports.

7) One of the major challenges faced by those who managed the pay-to-play youth sports programs was to convince parents that

A) it was good for their children to special year-round in one sport.
B) they had to play the role of assistant coaches for their children.
C) traveling to regional or national tournaments was a waste of money.
D) making friends was more important for their children than competitive success.

8) The cultural shift toward neoliberalism in the United States put heavy pressure on parents to control the development of their children. As a result, parents

A) became much more supportive of youth sports coaches.
B) reduced the amount of money they spent on youth sports.
C) expected more from sports programs and their child-athletes.
D) defined youth sports as more important than education for their children.

9) When youth sports coaches engage in "joysticking" from the sidelines, they

A) make it possible for children to claim ownership of a sport.
B) lead children to see youth sports more as an adult thing a child's thing.
C) help referees teach children whey they must follow rules.
D) increase the enjoyment that children have while playing games.

10) As youth sports in the United States were increasingly organized around a skills and excellence model, there was a tendency for people administering the programs to

A) ignore the needs and desires of parents after they had paid program fees.
B) give high priority to the revenue needs of program managers and coaches.
C) focus on the needs of children and age-appropriate methods of coaching.
D) use guidelines from the federal government to create effective management systems.

11) A 2019 national survey of U.S. parents with children in pay-to-play youth sports programs indicated that

A) the cost of youth sports was a source of stress for the majority of the parents.
B) children from lower-income families were most committed to developing skills and excellence.
C) children experienced more enjoyment in sports as their parents spent more money.
D) most parents were not committed to nurturing the sport dreams of their children.

12) As wealthier American parents supported their children in competitive pay-to-play club programs, the low-cost, neighborhood-based recreational programs in many communities

A) attracted more participation among children with a disability.
B) began to emphasize mixed-sex participation for children of all ages.
C) grew larger as children were cut out of the pay-to-play programs.
D) found that declining resources made it difficult for them to exist.

13) As more youth sports were organized around the skills and excellence model there were other changes in the United States. Which of the following are NOT among those changes?

A) Youth sports programs were more closely coordinated with other youth programs.
B) Childhood obesity rates became higher in the U.S. than in other wealthy nations.
C) The burnout and injury rates among young athletes increased.
D) The time that children spent in sedentary activities increased.

14) Countries with highly-rated youth sports programs have often used as a guide the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child or similar declarations stating that children have a right to play. Out of 196 countries, only two refused to sign this convention. They were

A) Somalia and the United States.
B) China and the Soviet Union.
C) Cuba and Venezuela.
D) Switzerland and South Africa.

15) Youth sports in the United States are characterized by

A) a high degree of transparency and accountability.
B) strong coaching education programs.
C) a lack of cohesion and continuity.
D) poorly equipped teams and athletes.

16) As youth sports have become increasingly structured and controlled by adults, many young people have

A) become more understanding of their parents.
B) turned to self-organized alternative sports.
C) become experts in creating games on their own.
D) defined alternative sports as a waste of time.

17) As ESPN's X Games and the Olympics have included competitive versions of alternative sports in the media presentations of their events, these sports have changed. Which of the following is NOT one of the changes that have occurred?

A) Alternative sports have become less alternative.
B) Alternative sports have become more commercialized.
C) Female athletes have the same status as male athletes in alternative sports.
D) The skills and excellence model has become more important in alternative sports.

18) When the success and identities of child athletes are dependent on coaches and staff members in youth sports programs,

A) the performance and motivation of child athletes tends to decline.
B) national governing bodies initiate special evaluation programs for coaches and staff.
C) parents become suspicious of the moral character of coaches and staff.
D) children become vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

19) The first critics of the skills and excellence model were those who noticed that youth sports organized around this model were

A) using faulty coaching education courses.
B) not producing high-performance athletes as expected.
C) discouraging participation among females.
D) studying injury rates among child athletes.

20) The reformers who want to change youth sports are concerned that important developmental experiences are missing in youth sports that are organized around the skills and excellence model. Which of the following is NOT among those experiences?

A) Opportunities to engage in free play.
B) Activities that systematically develop physical literacy.
C) Informal games created by children.
D) Including hydration breaks on hot days.

21) When children are put into organized sports before they learn how to cooperate, they

A) don't understand why rules exist and why they should follow them in sports.
B) are more likely to engage in actions that are physically dangerous to their teammates.
C) don't learn that referees and umpires often make mistakes during games.
D) depend too much on coaches and parents to evaluate their abilities.

22) When neoliberal attitudes are widely accepted in society, parents who allow their children to engage in free play and informal games away from home and without adult supervision are often defined as

A) courageous and confident.
B) negligent and irresponsible.
C) arrogant and snobbish.
D) selfish and abusive.

23) The Long-Term Athlete Development model was developed by Canadian sports scientists during the 1990s. This research-based model stressed that youth sports programs should include

A) early childhood specialization in a sport that matched a child's physical attributes.
B) coaching strategies that make competition fun for young children.
C) age-appropriate activities and an emphasis on play.
D) opportunities for children to play in national tournaments.

24) The first sports organization in the United States to develop a new model for youth sports was

A) the National Football League.
B) USA Hockey.
C) Project Play.
D) the Chicago Public Health Authority.

25) When the American Development Model (ADM) was first used in the United States it

A) led to significant increases in participation among children in all age categories.
B) was embraced by youth sports coaches in pay-to-play programs.
C) was rejected by officials at the United States Olympic Committee.
D) forced parents to reconsider the value of youth sports participation.

26) Project Play has developed a research-based approach to youth sports that goes beyond other reform movements such as LTAD and ADM in that it

A) gives parents more power to control youth sports and choose their children's coaches.
B) provides coaches with special awards if they follow Project Play guidelines.
C) is designed to increase the pool of talent needed to win international competitions.
D) gives voice to young people and emphasizes access to participation for all children.

27) Which of the following is NOT included in the Project Play guidelines?

A) Encourage sport sampling among children.
B) Train all youth sports coaches.
C) Recruit female coaches and referees.
D) Revitalize in-town youth sports leagues.

28) When Project Play was being developed, Tom Farrey and his advisory committee of youth sports experts were guided by

A) the experiences of athletes who used youth sports as a starting point for sport careers.
B) the ideas of major stakeholders in communities where youth sports were popular.
C) collective impact theory and the goal of building healthy communities.
D) the priorities of corporations that funded their research and provided incentives for coaches.

29) The first communities that were selected as sites for youth sports based on the Project Play approach were those where

A) there was a high proportion of low-income families.
B) youth sports coaches had taken extensive coaching education courses.
C) universities agreed to sponsor research that evaluated the effectiveness of the programs.
D) youth sports dropout rates were exceptionally high.

30) Video games are especially attractive to young people because they are based on

A) research and tests to discover what young people enjoy and how they use video games.
B) the advice day-care workers and teachers who have experience working with children.
C) the perspectives and experiences of successful game designers and marketing experts.
D) the stories told in popular children's books and highly rated television cartoon programs.

31) If the adults who create, manage, and coach in youth sports programs followed the example of successful video game designers, they would

A) do research to discover what children enjoy about sports and physical activities.
B) create programs in which children did not have to compete against each other.
C) integrate sports participation with video game themes and challenges.
D) hire experts to create videos of teams that win national youth sports tournaments.

32) When youth sports are organized around the growth and development model in wealthy countries, their goal is usually to

A) advocate for social justice for people who lack material resources.
B) eliminate the social and economic conditions that put them at risk.
C) mentor young people and teach them to make responsible choices.
D) empower young people to be effective change agents in their communities.

33) The idea that sports can be used to change the world is based on the great sport myth and the belief that

A) political oppression is the cause of problems for most poor people.
B) religion distracts people's attention away from their everyday problems.
C) global resources must be redistributed in ways that reduce poverty.
D) individuals and families are responsible for shaping their own lives.

34) Youth sports programs that focus on growth and development are often organized around an approach that emphasizes

A) the political empowerment of young people.
B) conflict resolution in peer groups.
C) reducing deficits in the lives of young people.
D) community capacity building based on teamwork.

35) When people assume that sports participation produces a car wash effect, they believe that playing sports will

A) provide young people with role models for living a clean life.
B) eliminate negative attitudes and deviant tendencies among young people.
C) increase the ability of young people to resolve social and moral conflicts.
D) teach young people the importance of following rules on and off the playing field.

36) Sport for development and peace programs often fail to make lasting changes in communities and the lives of young people because they

A) do not utilize a theory of change and a theory-based methodology to produce change.
B) are based on a bottom-up approach in which young people create sports programs.
C) are resisted by government officials who currently control young people's lives.
D) do not provide the equipment needed to maintain the programs over time.

37) In a worst-case scenario, when people from wealthy nations bring youth sports into resource-deprived regions of the world, they may

A) prevent children from doing the work on which their families depend.
B) inspire young people to have unrealistic dreams about becoming future community leaders.
C) participate in a form of neocolonialism that undermines local self-determination.
D) encourage young people to migrate to wealthy nations.

38) Coaches Across Continents is identified as a relatively unique sport for development organization because it

A) trains volunteers to understand the problems faced by young people in their programs.
B) has an explicit theory of change and a methodology for facilitating change.
C) uses a neoliberal approach to change that works well in developing countries.
D) has trained staff who can accurately identify problems that exist in poor communities.

39) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the approach used by Coaches across Continents?

A) The process of change is driven by people who live in a region or community.
B) Creating social impact depends on a bottom-up community-building process.
C) Lasting change is based primarily on improving and sustaining economic productivity.
D) People become empowered to identify and solve problems in their communities.

40) Unlike most sport for development programs, Coaches Across Continents remains in a region or community for 3 years. This is done because

A) major changes in the organization of social relationships always create internal pushback.
B) language problems interfere with showing people why they need to make changes.
C) children who don't attend school have a difficult time learning to play complex games.
D) community cultures are organized around religious beliefs that cannot be changed.

41) Coaches Across Continents staff members use many variations of games and sports

A) as a way to introduce competition into social relationships in communities.
B) to illustrate that effective conflict resolution requires outside referees.
C) as a way to distract people from the problems that exist in their communities.
D) to enable people to identify the problems that they must solve in their communities.

42) Coaches Across Continents developed a process of Purposeful Play as a methodology that establishes

A) learning environments in which children have control over their games and sports.
B) local teachers as the leaders of the games and sports played by children.
C) gaming exercises as a strategy to improve economic productivity among children.
D) a process of learning how to choose effective leaders in a community.

43) The next goal for Coaches Across Continents is to create a

A) regular source of funding that supports effective staff training.
B) package of equipment that enables adults to play games and sports with children.
C) global network of organizations that share information about social impact programs.
D) portable playing field designed for the games played in their development programs.