Ch6 Genetic Change & Plant Impact Test Bank

Student name:__________

1) Identify the organisms that would be considered genetically modified. Check all that apply.

A) a bacteria with a mutation that protects it from an antibiotic
B) a plum that has been given a new gene that protects it from a virus
C) a hybrid fruit created through the cross pollination of two species in the same genus
D) a tomato that ripens more slowly because a gene was removed
E) a goat that is a clone

2) From the list below, select all impacts of global warming and global climate change.

A) increase and/or decrease in temperature patterns
B) increase and/or increase in rain patterns
C) pests that are resistant to insecticides
D) weeds that are resistant to herbicide
E) change in distribution of animals and plants

3) Which of the following statements describe a potential benefit of genetically modified plants? Check all that apply.

A) Plants can be more resistant to pests.
B) It can replace the plant's need for photosynthesis
C) Plants can be more resistant to the effects of climate change.
D) Plants can be modified to produce vaccines for human use
E) It can make plants more nutritious.

4) Which of the following statements explain how genetic modification can benefit agricuture in the face of climate change? Check all that apply.

A) increase plant yield
B) reduce the need for water
C) increase tolarence to salinity levels in the soil
D) make plants more nutritious
E) eliminate the need for photosynthesis

5) Identify the characteristics common to all members of the plant kingdom. Check all that apply.

A) prokaryotic
B) multicellular
C) photoautotrophic
D) cells lack a nucleus
E) contain tissues and organ systems

6) Identify the characteristics that describe the sporophyte phase of the plant life cycle. Check all that apply.

A) haploid
B) diploid
C) produces gametes
D) produces spores
E) multicellular

7) Which of the following is a reason why plants produce oils? Check all that apply.

A) structural building materials
B) an energy source
C) defensive compounds
D) to produce DNA and RNA
E) to produce enzymes

8) Select the three ways, as described in the module, that scientists are improving the plant life cycle through genetic modification.

A) larger fruits
B) delayed fruit ripening
C) increased crop yields
D) larger root systems
E) increased nutritive value

9) Which of the following are accurate statements regarding the structure of DNA? Check all that apply.

A) DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
B) Nucleotides are the building blocks of a DNA molecule.
C) The four types of nucleotides in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
D) The bases within a DNA molecule are connected together by hydrogen bonds.
E) The specific pairing of bases within a DNA molecule is known as complementary base pairing.

10) Select all of the answers that accurately describe enzymes.

A) Enzymes are two-dimenstional molecules.
B) Enzymes are generally composed of protein.
C) Enzymes are also called catalysts.
D) An enzyme can interact with many types of substrates.
E) The part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate is known as the active site.

11) Which of the following method(s) could be used by a researcher to modify an existing gene to produce products that are beneficial to us? Check all that apply.

A) PCR
B) mutagenesis
C) DNA microarray
D) CRISPR
E) automated DNA sequencing

12) The benefits of genome editing include (check all that apply)

A) studying the role a gene plays within an organism's genome.
B) being able to remove and replace a small section of nucleotides.
C) creating genes with enhanced characteristics.
D) being able to make many copies of a specific gene.
E) tagging DNA probes with fluorescent dyes.

13) The two primary ways that genetically modified plants are created are

A) breeding plants with specific desirable traits.
B) introducing foreign genes into a plant.
C) planting several hundred seeds but only allowing the strongest, largest seedlings to grow.
D) growing plants under artificial light.
E) manipulating the genes within a plant.

14) From the list below, select all the risks associated with gene transfer.

A) evolution of super-weeds
B) potential allergic reaction if GM food is consumed
C) harm to beneficial (non-targeted) insect populations
D) a decrease in the nutritional quality of non-target food crops
E) a decrease in crop yields

15) Which of the following are true statements regarding the effects of GMOs on non-target species? Check all that apply.

A) There is well-documented evidence that plants genetically modified for pest resistance are harmful to non-target insect species.
B) Studies on the effects of GM pest resistance and its effects on non-target insect species are primarily focused on plants modified with Bt.
C) Some non-target insect species may benefit from the use of plants genetically modified with Bt.
D) Since studies on the effects of Bt on non-target insect species support that it is safe, studies on other types of GM pest resistance are not necessary.

16) What are some of the benefits associated with the genetic modification of animals? Check all that apply.

A) increased levels of methane gas
B) the production of leaner meats
C) faster growth rate
D) the production of pharmaceutical compounds
E) higher nutritional content

17) From the list provided, select the animals that scientists have genetically modified to increase or improve the production of food products.

A) chickens
B) pigs
C) cows
D) goats
E) sheep

18) There are three reasons why bacteria are genetically modified. Provide two in your response.

19) List the two challenges that gene expression in eukaryotes must overcome to make proteins.

20) ______ breeding has allowed farmers to produce a large variety of food, such as kale, cabbage, and cauliflower, from a single species.

21) The process used by plants to convert H₂O, CO₂, and sunlight into food for the plant is called _____.

22) ______ rice has been genetically modified to have higher concentrations of nutrients to help prevent human disease.

23) A ______ is a segment of DNA that encodes for a protein.

24) One next-generation GMO is the use ofMetarhizium pingshaense, which is a transgenic ______ that is used to treat malaria.

25) The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered

A) in a way that would not occur in nature.
B) through a mating process.
C) through natural recombination.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

26) ______ combined genes from two viruses to create the first recombinant DNA which led to the foundation for the first GMO experiments.

A) Paul Berg
B) Herbert Boyer
C) Stanley Cohen
D) Robert Koch

27) Using a plasmid, Boyer and Cohen were able to makeE. coli antibiotic resistant to ______.

A) kanamycin
B) penicillin
C) chloramphenicol
D) tetracycline

28) Flavr-savr ______ were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption.

A) tomatoes
B) corn
C) oranges
D) bananas

29) Since the success of Flavr-savr tomatoes, there has been a

A) growing trend to produce more GMOs in agriculture.
B) steady push back by the public and GMOs are not being consumed.
C) growing trend, but recently there has been a drastic decrease in the use of GMOs in agriculture.

30) Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce

A) pharmaceutical compounds.
B) plants that are protected from insects.
C) biofuels.
D) organic compounds.

31) By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to

A) produce pharmaceutical compounds in their meat.
B) provide organs for human transplants.
C) treat cystic fibrosis.
D) increase the nutritional value of food.

32) European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene fromBacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

A) endotoxin
B) exotoxin
C) enterotoxin
D) cellulolytic toxin

33) Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of

A) climate change.
B) pest management.
C) the growth of the human population.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

34) Global climate change is acccelerating the development of GMOs to

A) decrease the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
B) produce plants that can withstand a change in salinity.
C) produce plants that can withstand drought.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

35) The testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in particular GM plants, is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on the environment or human health. Which of the following statements support researchers' use of cisgenic organisms?

A) Cisgenic plants must be treated with pesticides in the same way as traditionally bred plants.
B) Cisgenic plants are only altered with genes from bacteria while transgenic plants are altered with animal genes.
C) The genome of a cisgenic plant, like the genome of a traditionally bred plant, is not altered with DNA from a different species.
D) Cisgenic plants produce crop yields that are similar to traditionally bred plants.

36) The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into

A) frogs.
B) roundworms.
C) bacteria.
D) sheep.

37) Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

A) Selective breeding manipulates the DNA of animals and plants, whereas genetic engineering manipulates the DNA of bacteria and fungi.
B) Genetic engineering has been going on for thousands of years, whereas selective breeding began in 1972.
C) Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.
D) Selective breeding is the process of locating a specific gene in one organism, whereas genetic engineering is the process that retrieves and inserts the gene into another organism.

38) In the first GMO experiment, researchers genetically modifiedE. coli by giving the bacteria the gene it needed to

A) produce insulin.
B) produce growth hormone.
C) provide antibiotic resistance.
D) produce a vaccine.

39) Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as

A) genes.
B) plasmids.
C) ribosomes.
D) vesicles.

40) Which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified?

A) Bacteria have been engineered to produce proteins that protect plants.
B) Bacteria have been genetically modified to break down toxic chemicals.
C) Bacteria have been genetically modified to produce biofuels.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

41) Which of the following is a potential use for genetically modified animals?

A) GM animals are good models for studying human diseases.
B) GM animals can be used to grow organs for human transplants.
C) GM animals can be modified to increase their nutritional value to humans.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

42) One of the challenges that results from an increase in global population is the limitation of arable land. If the world population increases 30% by 2050, food production per acre of land would need to increase by

A) 70%.
B) 30%.
C) 50%.
D) 100%.

43) Which process has been used to modify arctic apples to prevent browning?

A) RNA interference
B) CRISPR
C) DNA sequencing
D) DNA microarray

44) Which process provides the nucleotides that are found within a gene or a targeted area of the genome?

A) RNA interference
B) CRISPR
C) DNA sequencing
D) particle bombardment

45) The GMO procedure that coats very small fragments with tungsten or gold with genetically modified DNA and then uses a gene gun for delivery is called

A) RNA interference.
B) CRISPR.
C) DNA sequencing.
D) particle bombardment.

46) The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the ______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

A) PPO
B) HGP
C) HDGP
D) PGE

47) In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, the _____ stage produces diploid cells and the ______ stage produces haploid cells

A) sporophyte; gametophyte
B) gametophyte; sporophyte

48) Plants genetically modified with the Bt gene

A) are more salt tolerant.
B) are more cold-hardy.
C) are more pest resistant.
D) live longer and produce more fruit.

49) If the human population continues to increase at the rate of 1.05% per year, by the year 2050, agricutural production would need to increase by

A) 70%.
B) 50%.
C) 25%.
D) 90%.

50) Which of the following is considered the most primitive group of plants?

A) lycophytes
B) ferns
C) mosses
D) gymnosperms

51) Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about the alternation of generations in plants?

A) The sporophyte generation makes spores.
B) The gametophyte generation makes gametes.
C) The gametophyte generation is responsible for photosynthesis in all groups but the mosses.
D) The zygote becomes the sporophyte.

52) ______ is a complex carbohydrate that provides plants with structure.

A) Fiber
B) Oil
C) Cellulose
D) Lignin

53) Genetic modification of fruits and vegetables will address the ______ loss of food in supermarkets due to over ripening.

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

54) The ______ enzyme reacts with oxygen and polyphenols in plants and causes fruit to brown.

A) polyphenol oxidase
B) polyphenol catalase
C) polyphenol hydrogenase
D) polyphenol oxygenase

55) By making plants that are insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant there has been

A) in increase in yield of approximatley 25%.
B) a decrease in brown coloration of the fruit.
C) a production of better flavored fruit
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

56) In the 1990s, researchers made a variety of rice that contained ______ to decrease the amount of children dying of vitamin A deficiency.

A) beta-carotene
B) lycophene
C) gibberellins
D) ethylene

57) Arctic apples were created through a process of genetic engineering. Researchers used a technique known as RNA interference, which silenced the expression of the gene that produces polyphenol oxidase. Silencing this gene and eliminating the production of polyphenol oxidase prevents the fruit from browning. RNA interference is an example of what type of genetic engineering?

A) intragenic engineering
B) cisgenic engineering
C) transgenic engineering
D) selective breeding

58) What part of the flower produces pollen grains?

A) petals
B) ovary
C) embryo sac
D) anther

59) Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions?

A) The light-independent reactions produce oxygen as a waste product, whereas the light-dependent reactions produce carbohydrates.
B) The light-independent reactions come before the light-dependent reactions.
C) The light-dependent reaction splits water and releases oxygen, whereas the light-independent reaction utilizes carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.
D) The light-independent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, whereas the light-dependent reactions split water in order to replace electrons.

60) Which of the following statements best explains the primary role of photosynthesis in plant nutrition?

A) Photosynthesis takes solar energy and converts it into the chemical potential energy of carbohydrates.
B) The primary role of photosynthesis is to produce oxygen, which is needed to break carbohydrates apart.
C) The primary role of photosynthesis is to produce the eggs and sperm needed to form the sporophyte generation.
D) The primary role of photosynthesis is to split water, which liberates electrons that can be used to build proteins.

61) A researcher is comparing a plot of agricultural land planted with Bt corn to a plot of agricultural land planted with non-GMO corn. Based on what she knows about Bt, she would expect to find

A) the Bt corn plants are shorter than the non-GMO corn plants.
B) fewer weed species in the Bt corn field.
C) an increased crop yield in the Bt corn field.
D) fewer corn kernels per cob on the Bt plants.

62) Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce

A) vitamin C.
B) vitamin A.
C) vitamin B12.
D) vitamin D.

63) How was the rice genome modified in order to create golden rice?

A) One gene from a daffodil was added to the rice genome.
B) Two genes from a soil bacterium were added to the rice genome.
C) No genes were added, but three genes within the rice genome were rearranged to alter the metabolic pathway that normally produces vitamin C.
D) One gene from a daffodil and one gene from a soil bacterium were added to the rice genome.

64) The process of using the information contained within a gene to produce a protein is known as

A) gene synthesis.
B) gene expression.
C) gene declaration.
D) genetic construction.

65) Genes

A) encode for proteins.
B) are segments of DNA that control traits.
C) consist of a nucleotide sequence.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

66) The function of DNA is to

A) store information for producing all the molecules required by cells for life.
B) provide structure to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
C) give the cell energy to cellular division.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

67) There are three steps in a PCR process. In the third step, the temperature is usually set at 72^oC because this is the optimum temperature for the

A) primers to anneal to the complementary bases of the DNA.
B) denaturing of the two strands of DNA.
C) Taq DNA polymerase to add in complementary base pairs.
D) denaturing of the primers.

68) Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the stages of gene expression?

A) The processes of transcription requires the copying of the entire genome and is then translated into amino acids.
B) The process of transcription makes mRNA from a segment of DNA, and is then translated into amino acids.
C) The process of transcription makes a DNA from a segment of RNA, and is then transated into amino acids.

69) A stretch of fluorescent single-stranded DNA used to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence by complementary pairing to it is called a

A) DNA probe.
B) nucleotide locator.
C) gene clone.
D) polymerase chain reactor.

70) Why would a researcher use PCR?

A) PCR would help a researcher identify specific genes within a large genome.
B) PCR is used to insert foreign genes into a cell.
C) PCR allows a researcher to make many copies of the same gene.
D) PCR allows a researcher to compare DNA samples from a crime scene to DNA samples from the suspects.

71) The PCR process requires three steps. In the first step, the temperature is usually set at 95˚C because this is the optimum temperature for the

A) annealing of the primers.
B) denaturing of the DNA double strands.
C) Taq DNA polymerase to add in the complementary nucleotides.
D) denaturing of the primers.

72) Which part of the CRISPR complex tags the target gene to be destroyed?

A) Cas9
B) guide RNA
C) PAM sequence
D) matching genome sequence

73) What is the first step scienitists would use when usingA. tumefaciens in cloning to create a GMO?

A) The plasmid is cut and the new gene is ligated into it.
B) The modified plasmid is put intoA. tumefaciens.
C) A. tumefaciens is used to infect a plant cell.
D) The new gene is transferred from the plasmid into the plant cell chromosome.

74) The intentional change in the genetic material to interfere with its function in a cell or organism is known as

A) artificial selection.
B) gene amplification.
C) natural selection.
D) mutagenesis.

75) Genome editing can be accomplished by using

A) CRISPR.
B) DNA microarray.
C) natural selection.
D) PCR.

76) In gene expression ______ is creating mRNA from DNA; and ______ is creating a protein from the mRNA.

A) transcription; translation
B) translation; transcription

77) The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to

A) grow more food on less land that requires less water and chemicals.
B) focus on reversing climate change.
C) develop plants that are heat and drought resistant.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

78) Which of the following is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population?

A) removing carcinogens from tobacco
B) creating plants that contain vaccines
C) producing foods that are higher in nutrient content
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

79) Which of the following best describes the adverse health risks and monitoring associated with GMOs?

A) Because transgenic organisms contain genes from a different source, they can cause allergic reactions in some people.
B) Because cisgenic organisms contain genes that have been modified to change the trait, they can cause allergic reactions in some people if they are allergic to the food in its unmodified form.
C) GMO crops must undergo rigorous testing to demonstrate they are relatively safe.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

80) Which of the following best describes the ecological effects of GMOs?

A) Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin may kill non-target insects.
B) Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin may contribute to resistant strains of insects.
C) Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin are relatively safe for the environment and have not shown a negative impact on species.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

81) What role doesA. tumefaciens play in producing GM plants?

A) Genes from A. tumefaciens provide plants with resistance to pests.
B) Genes fromA. tumefaciens enhance production of vitamin A and thereby boost the nutritional profile of plants.
C) A. tumefaciens acts as a vector for introducing foreign genes into plants.
D) A. tumefaciens has been gentically modified to produce the fluorescent dyes used to create the DNA probes needed to create GM plants.

82) What is A. tumefaciens?

A) bacteria used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells
B) fungus used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells
C) virus used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells
D) bacteria that has been modified to produce human products such as insulin

83) The movement of genes between species is termed

A) horizontal gene transfer.
B) jumping genes.
C) interspecies gene transfer.
D) parallel gene transfer.

84) In what way have AquaAdvantage Salmon been genetically modified?

A) to produce higher levels of healthy fats
B) to withstand warmer water temperatures
C) to grow faster
D) to produce vaccines

85) How does RNAi silence specific genes in plants?

A) RNAi binds to the gene and prevents mRNA from being transcribed.
B) RNAi blocks mRNA from leaving the nucleus, preventing it from being translated.
C) RNAi binds to specific mRNA sequences, targeting them for disposal.
D) RNAi binds to the ribosome blocking mRNA and preventing translation.

86) Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of apples?

A) Disease resistance
B) Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance
C) Herbicide tolerance
D) Non-browning

87) Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of corn?

A) Disease resistance
B) Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance
C) Herbicide tolerance
D) Non-browning

88) Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of alfalfa?

A) Disease resistance
B) Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance
C) Herbicide tolerance
D) Non-browning

89) Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of squash?

A) Disease resistance
B) Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance
C) Herbicide tolerance
D) Non-browning

90) Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of H₂O in the photosynthesis reaction?

A) Carrier of high-energy electrons
B) The source of carbon used to build carbohydrates
C) The output of photosynthesis that is used to build carbohydrates
D) The source of electrons in the light-dependent reaction

91) Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CH₂O in the photosynthesis reaction?

A) Carrier of high-energy electrons
B) The source of carbon used to build carbohydrates
C) The output of photosynthesis that is used to build carbohydrates
D) The source of electrons in the light-dependent reaction

92) Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CO₂ in the photosynthesis reaction?

A) Carrier of high-energy electrons
B) The source of carbon used to build carbohydrates
C) The output of photosynthesis that is used to build carbohydrates
D) The source of electrons in the light-dependent reaction

93) Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of NADPH in the photosynthesis reaction?

A) Carrier of high-energy electrons
B) The source of carbon used to build carbohydrates
C) The output of photosynthesis that is used to build carbohydrates
D) The source of electrons in the light-dependent reaction

94) The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the ______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

A) PPO
B) HGP
C) HDGP
D) PGE

95) A potato genetically engineered to produce antigens from theE. coli bacteria as a treatment for diarrhea in developing countries is an example of an intragenic organism.

⊚ true
⊚ false

96) A gardener saves seeds from a red tomato plant in her garden. She plants the seeds the following summer and is surprised when the plant produces orange tomatoes. Then she remembers the red tomato plant was next to a plant that produced yellow tomatoes. This an example of a GMO.

⊚ true
⊚ false

97) All genetically modified organisms are transgenic.

⊚ true
⊚ false

98) Almost all the corn grown in the United States is genetically modified.

⊚ true
⊚ false

99) The reason for developing GM papaya was to provide the plant with resistance to the papaya ringspot virus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

100) The amount of farmable land on the planet is limited.

⊚ true
⊚ false

101) Plant cell walls are composed primarily of chitin.

⊚ true
⊚ false

102) The gametophye generation of the plant life cycle is haploid and gametes are produced via mitosis.

⊚ true
⊚ false

103) The overall goal of genetically modifying plants is to decrease crop yield.

⊚ true
⊚ false

104) In the process of cloning, a plasmid is modified with a new gene and then put into a recipient cell to make the new proteins.

⊚ true
⊚ false

105) The enzyme maltase, which is found in saliva, catalyzes the reaction that breaks maltose into glucose. In this example, glucose is the substrate.

⊚ true
⊚ false

106) If a researcher wants to remove a small section of nucleotides and insert a new set of nucleotides in order to alter the end product produced by that gene, the best option would be to use mutagenesis.

⊚ true
⊚ false

107) Health risks to humans consuming foods that have been genetically modified usually occur when the modification resulted in a cisgenic GMO.

⊚ true
⊚ false

108) Horizontal gene transfer occurs very rarely in nature.

⊚ true
⊚ false

109) As the climate changes, genetic modifcation can help make plants more heat and drought resistant.

⊚ true
⊚ false