Ch4 Nutrient Types and Energy Processes Complete Test Bank

Student name:__________

1) From the list below, select the two ingredients that contribute to the effectiveness of an energy blend.

A) B vitamins
B) Malic acid
C) Phenylalanine
D) Caffeine
E) Glucuronic acid

2) From the following list, choose all that relate to caffeine. (Check all that apply.)

A) It is a diuretic.
B) It is a psychoactive drug.
C) It is a stimulant.
D) It is a depressant.
E) It influences many metabolic pathways.

3) You are studying the levels of caffeine found in different plants. From the list, select the plants you could include in your study as caffeine producers. (Check all that apply.)

A) Theobroma
B) Barbados
C) Coffea
D) Lavendula
E) Camellia

4) From the following list, select all that describe vitamins. (Check all that apply.)

A) Vitamins are inorganic molecules.
B) Vitamins are used in high-energy pathways.
C) Certain vitamins can protect cells from damage.
D) Vitamins can act as suppressants.
E) Certain vitamins act as hormones.

5) You are examining models that represent organs of the digestive system. You are asked to label all the accessory organs. Which of the following would you label? (Check all that apply.)

A) Esophagus
B) Gallbladder
C) Stomach
D) Pancreas
E) Liver

6) Energy nutrients can be found in a variety of foods. From the list below, select the foods that would provide the body with the most protein. (Check all that apply.)

A) Pasta
B) Beans
C) Butter
D) Meat
E) Bread

7) ______ is the class of lipids that consists of carbons arranged in a ringlike structure and functions in the plasma membrane and in hormone production.

8) ______ are the major structural components of the plasma membrane. They consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

9) In a hydrolysis reaction, ______ is added to the polymer to break the bond between the monomers.

10) Polysaccharides are found in the energy nutrient class of ______.

11) Triglycerides are found in the energy nutrient class of ______.

12) ______ is found in the chemical bonds of organic compounds, such as fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

13) ______ energy is energy found in the bonds of ingested nutrients.

14) The ______ law of thermodynamics explains the transfer of solar energy into chemical energy.

15) Chemical, mechanical, and ______ energy are important forms of energy that support life processes.

16) Which is an example of potential energy?

A) An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules
B) A firefly using light flashes to attract a mate
C) A skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill
D) A pile of leaves that have been burned
E) A candle giving off light

17) When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

A) Energy is conserved.
B) Energy can be changed from one form to another.
C) Energy is often destroyed.
D) All energy comes from the sun.
E) Energy is always used up in reactions.

18) Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

A) ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
B) ATP contains high energy bonds between its sugar and the first phosphate group.
C) ATP consists of an adenine, a deoxyribose, and three phosphate groups.
D) ATP contains stored energy between the adenine and its sugar.

19) Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

A) Chloroplasts
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Golgi apparatus

20) Which of the following is an organic molecule?

A) CaCO₃
B) C₆H₁₂O₆
C) _NaCl
D) H₂O

21) Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A) Proteins breaking down to form amino acids
B) Glycogen forming glucose molecules
C) Nucleotides forming DNA
D) ATP being used and resulting in an ADP molecule

22) Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in __________.

A) two monomers
B) the release of functional groups
C) two glycerol units
D) two nucleotides

23) Which of the following monomers is correctly matched with its polymer?

A) Fatty acid—protein
B) Monosaccharide—lipid
C) Glycerol—carbohydrate
D) Amino acid—protein

24) The principal role for simple sugars in living organisms is to __________.

A) form cell membranes
B) serve as a form of long-term energy storage
C) create genetic codes
D) create cellular energy

25) Which of the following best describes proteins?

A) Proteins can be in the form of enzymes used in cellular reactions.
B) Proteins are stable at all temperatures.
C) Proteins always interact with other proteins to form quaternary structures.
D) Extra proteins are stored in the liver and brain.

26) There are four classes of organic nutrients. Which of following correctly characterizes the given energy nutrient?

A) Carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy
B) Lipids—structural components of hair, fingernails, and claws
C) Proteins—have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
D) Carbohydrates—composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds
E) Proteins—make up the bulk of the plasma membrane of cells

27) Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

A) Detoxification
B) Enzymatic activity
C) Genetic coding
D) Energy source

28) Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they __________.

A) are not seen in all living things
B) do not have carbon
C) will not combine with water
D) are inorganic

29) Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

A) Search out and destroy foreign substances, including viruses and bacteria
B) Transmit hormonal messengers throughout the body
C) Make hemoglobin
D) Absorb nutrients

30) Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

A) Storage of excess bile salts
B) Absorption of water
C) Secretion of insulin
D) Production of amylase to break down starches
E) Absorption of amino acids

31) Which of the following is a function of the liver?

A) Absorbs proteins from food in the form of amino acids
B) Detoxifies blood by filtering poisonous substances
C) Produces insulin and glucagon
D) Absorbs water
E) Filters out nitrogenous wastes

32) Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules. However, while starch is easily digested by humans, cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has bonds occurring below the sugar rings, while the bonds in cellulose alternate above the ring and below the next ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?

A) The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
B) Humans do not eat cellulose.
C) The acidic molecules found in stomach acid cannot act on the bonds that are above the sugar rings in cellulose.
D) The alternating bonds make the cellulose molecule too large and bulky to enter cells for digestion.

33) Starch digestion begins in the __________ and protein digestion begins in the __________.

A) mouth; small intestine
B) stomach; small intestine
C) mouth; stomach
D) stomach; large intestine
E) small intestine; stomach

34) Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

A) They have only a single membrane surrounding them.
B) They have their own genomes.
C) They cannot synthesize proteins.
D) They contain genes that are vastly different compared to bacterial genes.

35) Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Exocytosis
C) Active transport
D) Feedback inhibition
E) Phagocytosis

36) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

A) Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
B) Citric acid cycle → electron transport → glycolysis → preparatory reaction
C) Glycolysis → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
D) Citric acid cycle → glycolysis → electron transport chain → preparatory reaction
E) Glycolysis → electron transport chain → preparatory reaction

37) Which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile, used to aid in the digestion of fats?

A) Small intestine
B) Liver
C) Stomach
D) Gallbladder
E) Pancreas

38) Which pair of enzymes is required to fully break down starch into glucose?

A) Amylase and maltase
B) Trypsin and maltase
C) Pepsin and lipase
D) Trypsin and lipase

39) Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes __________.

A) increase the energy of activation
B) decrease the productivity of the cell
C) always require coenzymes
D) have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates
E) are named for their substrate

40) Which of the following best describes enzymatic activity?

A) Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.
B) Below a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured.
C) As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate.
D) Temperature has no impact on enzymatic activity.
E) Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration decreases.

41) What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

A) They are nonpolar molecules.
B) They can interact with proteins.
C) They are composed of fatty acids.
D) They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.
E) They serve as an attachment site for carbohydrates.

42) Which of the following is the key feature of glycolysis?

A) Splitting glucose into two pyruvates
B) Generating a large amount of CO₂
C) Producing FADH₂
D) Producing H₂O

43) The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

A) Glycolysis
B) Preparation reaction
C) Citric acid cycle
D) Electron transport chain
E) Calvin cycle

44) Which of the following statements is true regarding energy drinks?

A) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) heavily regulates energy drinks.
B) All energy drinks must contain vitamins, food additives, and stimulants, including caffeine.
C) Energy drinks are classified as food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
D) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ensures that claims made by drink manufacturers are verified.
E) Energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue.

45) Which of the following best describes how energy drinks work?

A) Energy drinks contain vast amounts of carbohydrates and proteins that enter into cellular respiration pathways, directly providing ATP energy.
B) Energy drinks contain numerous vitamins and minerals that are known to directly act as stimulants.
C) Energy drinks contain vitamins that are known to interact with cellular respiration pathways, helping provide energy.
D) All energy drinks contain caffeine, as it is a known stimulant that increases energy levels.
E) It is the amount of food additives in energy drinks that provides the energy felt.

46) Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

A) Endocytosis
B) Exocytosis
C) Pinocytosis
D) Diffusion
E) Osmosis

47) Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

A) Niacin
B) Amino acids
C) Caffeine
D) Folic acid
E) Fats

48) Vitamins are

A) molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy-related pathways.
B) enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in cells.
C) nutrients that are directly metabolized through cellular respiration pathways, providing energy for the cell.
D) organic nutrients that break down to form energy for the cell.
E) molecules that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, allowing them to proceed rapidly.

49) Which of the following vitamins is categorized as water-soluble?

A) A
B) B
C) K
D) D
E) E

50) Coenzymes function to

A) change the shape of enzymes, allowing different additional substrates to bind.
B) denature the enzyme, stopping the chemical reaction from occurring.
C) interact directly with enzymes, either enabling the reaction to occur or making the substrate-enzyme interaction more efficient.
D) dilate blood vessels, allowing more blood to flow, allowing more substrate to reach enzymes.
E) absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions, keeping the pH relatively stable, so that reactions can occur most efficiently.

51) Which of the following processes would be most directly impacted from a lack of niacin in the body?

A) The movement of high-energy electrons with the help of NAD+ to the electron transport chain
B) The movement of pyruvate into the mitochondria after glycolysis
C) The movement of acetyl CoA through the citric acid cycle
D) The excretion of proteins from cells

52) Which of the following statements best describes the effects of caffeine on the body?

A) In the brain, caffeine activates receptors for adenosine and blocks the action of adrenaline.
B) Caffeine is only water-soluble, not fat-soluble, so it is less likely to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
C) Caffeine is a diuretic and can cause extreme water loss.
D) Caffeine cannot readily cross the plasma membrane into body cells, so all effects are short-lived.
E) Caffeine is considered a psychoactive drug because it changes brain function.

53) Which of the following is a likely physiological effect of caffeine ingestion?

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Extreme increase in diuretic effects
C) Release of proteins into the bloodstream
D) Decrease in central nervous system activity
E) Decrease in blood glucose levels

54) How does caffeine influence metabolic pathways?

A) Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.
B) Caffeine causes the brain to release hormones that result in the storage of fatty acid chains. This process generates energy.
C) Caffeine stimulates pathways that control blood glucose levels, resulting in a decrease in blood glucose.
D) Caffeine stimulates the metabolic pathways that result in excess water production, causing frequent urination.

55) Of the following list of ingredients of an energy drink, which is likely the biggest contributor to the boost of energy felt?

A) Taurine
B) Malic acid
C) Folic acid
D) Caffeine
E) Tyrosine

56) Energy drinks do not contain energy. They contain ______ that interact with the body's metabolic pathway.

A) fats
B) vitamins
C) protein
D) carbohydrates
E) nucleic acids

57) Below are ingredients found in an energy blend of an energy drink. Which of these ingredients aids in digestion of some minerals of the body?

A) Taurine
B) Glucuronic acid
C) Phenylalanine
D) Malic acid
E) Tyrosine

58) While B vitamins can be found in energy drinks, few have folic acid. A person with a folic acid deficiency may have difficulty __________.

A) with the breakdown of lipids
B) staying alert
C) building new cells
D) with responses of the nervous system
E) with the breakdown of carbohydrates

59) Caffeine is __________.

A) water-soluble
B) fat-soluble
C) both water- and fat-soluble
D) neither water- nor fat-soluble

60) By interfering with the neurotransmitter receptor of ______, caffeine reduces drowsiness.

A) dopamine
B) adenosine
C) sodium
D) glutamate
E) serotonin

61) Consuming energy drink in excess can cause an overabundance in B vitamins. One consequence of excess B vitamins is a strain on the __________.

A) lungs
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) stomach
E) heart

62) You are studying the rate of growth of different nut plants. One vitamin of interest is the B vitamin involved in metabolism of glucose. Which B vitamin would you be studying in these plants?

A) B₆
B) B₁
C) Biotin
D) B₁₂

63) Which B vitamin is involved in making acetyl CoA and is readily available in nuts, beans, and green leafy vegetable?

A) B₁
B) Riboflavin
C) Pantothenic acid
D) B₁₂
E) Niacin

64) Which B vitamins are used to manufacture coenzymes?

A) B₆ and biotin
B) Niacin and riboflavin
C) B₁₂ and niacin
D) Pantothenic acid and B₆
E) Niacin and pantothenic acid

65) A patient visits a doctor because the patient is having difficulty metabolizing fats. What vitamin supplement might a physician recommend to help with this disorder?

A) Niacin
B) Biotin
C) Pantothenic acid
D) Riboflavin

66) Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the __________.

A) liver
B) gallbladder
C) muscle tissue
D) adipose tissue
E) spleen

67) If you added the following vitamins to a glass of water, which one would float to the top and not dissolve?

A) D
B) C
C) B₁
D) Biotin
E) Niacin

68) A major difference between energy drinks and soft drinks is that soft drinks have ______, which are not found in energy drinks.

A) caffeine
B) potassium
C) carbohydrates
D) niacin
E) sodium

69) Malic acid and glucuronic acid are found in energy drinks. These are examples of __________.

A) vitamins
B) food additives
C) amino acids
D) stimulants
E) depressants

70) Before proteins can enter cellular respiration, they are broken into amino acid, and then _________.

A) phosphorylated
B) hydrated
C) deaminated
D) dephosphorylated
E) dehydrated

71) Cellular respiration is a process that

A) harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
B) harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of inorganic molecules.
C) uses the kinetic energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
D) uses the kinetic energy found in the chemical bonds of inorganic molecules.

72) In which of these molecules would you most likely find carboxyl groups?

A) Amino acids only
B) Sugars and amino acids
C) ATP and sugars
D) Amino acids and fatty acids
E) Nucleic acids and ATP

73) Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a __________ and starch is a __________.

A) polymer; monomer
B) monomer; polymer
C) functional group; monomer
D) functional group; polymer

74) Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

A) One
B) Five
C) Three
D) Four
E) Six

75) Which organic nutrient class consists of monosaccharide monomers?

A) Proteins
B) Nucleic acids
C) Fats
D) Carbohydrates
E) ATP

76) You are observing a protein structure model that has pleated sheets. Which level of protein structure does this represent?

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quarternary
E) Quinary

77) The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Diffusion
C) Endocytosis
D) Osmosis
E) Sodium-potassium pump

78) Lipids are broken down by lipase enzymes. In which organ, or accessory organ, of the digestive tract, would lipase be initially provided?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small intestines
D) Large intestines
E) Liver

79) In the stomach, ______ denatures proteins and ______ starts the digestion of proteins.

A) NaOH; peptidase
B) HCl; pepsin
C) HCl; peptidase
D) NaCl; peptidase
E) NaCl; pepsin

80) Digestion of energy nutrients requires specific enzymes for each molecule. Which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched with its corresponding molecule?

A) Fats-lipase
B) Lactose-lactase
C) Starch-amylase
D) Sucrose-maltase

81) In the process of feedback inhibition the end product binds to the ______ to block the biochemical pathway.

A) allosteric site of the first enzyme
B) active site of the last enzyme
C) allosteric sites of all the enzymes
D) active sites of all the enzymes
E) allosteric and active sites of the first enzyme

82) Like all nutrient class, carbohydrates are broken down at multiple points throughout digestion. In the small intestines,

A) monosaccharides and disaccharides are absorbed.
B) fiber bulks to form feces.
C) fiber is used by some bacteria.
D) starch breakdown ends with the increase of pH causing amylase denaturing.

83) Enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction by

A) decreasing the amount of ATP required to activate a reaction.
B) increasing the amount of ATP required to activate a reaction.
C) slowing down the reaction to obtain more products.
D) increasing the reaction to obtain more products.
E) decreasing the amount of ATP required and obtaining more products.

84) Enzymes are __________.

A) triglycerides
B) proteins
C) monosaccharides
D) disaccharides
E) cholesterols

85) In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

A) stored in the bonds of the reactants.
B) stored in the bonds of the products.
C) required to start a reaction.
D) required to complete a reaction.
E) released throughout the reaction.

86) In the small intestines, the role of the lacteals is to absorb __________.

A) oxygen
B) water-soluble nutrients
C) fat-soluble nutrients
D) undigested nutrients

87) In the digestive system, which major organ starts the breakdown of proteins?

A) Mouth
B) Esophagus
C) Stomach
D) Small intestines
E) Large intestines

88) Which of the following would you find in a healthy diet and in energy drinks?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Vitamins
C) Lipids
D) Proteins
E) All of these would be found in a healthy diet and in energy drinks.

89) Disaccharides are carbohydrates that contain two monosaccharides linked together. Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Starch
D) Fructose
E) Glycogen

90) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have high amounts of potential energy. Where is the potential energy found in these energy nutrient classes?

A) Between the carbon-carbon bonds
B) Between the carbon-oxygen bonds
C) Between the oxygen-hydrogen bonds
D) Between the carbon-hydrogen bonds
E) The potential energy is equal for all the bonds listed.

91) All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy. Because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy?

A) Bread
B) Oils
C) Butter
D) Milk

92) Monomers are linked together by removing a ______ from one monomer, and a ______ from another monomer.

A) hydroxyl group; hydrogen
B) hydroxyl group; hydroxyl group
C) carboxyl group; hydrogen
D) carboxyl group; phosphate
E) hydroxyl group; carboxyl group

93) At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the __________.

A) mitochondrion
B) chloroplast
C) plasma membrane
D) golgi apparatus
E) ribosomes

94) In humans, energy stored in food is converted into ______ to perform work by the cells.

A) H₂O
B) ATP
C) CO₂
D) O₂
E) ADP

95) In a chemical reaction, the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule between the

A) adenosine diphosphate and phosphate.
B) adenine and ribose.
C) ribose and diphosphate.
D) adenine and diphosphate.

96) The second law of thermodynamics states that

A) energy is always conserved.
B) during the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat.
C) ATP is the only form of energy used by the cell.
D) chemical energy is readily converted into solar energy.
E) cellular activities require little ATP to function.

97) The source of all energy is provided by __________.

A) the sun
B) heat
C) H₂O
D) plants

98) Living organisms require energy for

A) chemical work.
B) transport work.
C) mechanical work.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

99) Energy drink manufacturers falsely advertise their products as being all derived from natural sources.

⊚ true
⊚ false

100) Energy drinks contain large amounts of energy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

101) If a person intakes a large amount of water-soluble vitamins, the excess vitamins will be stored in liver for later use.

⊚ true
⊚ false

102) The role of NAD+ in cellular respiration is to move high-energy neutrons during the breakdown of glucose.

⊚ true
⊚ false

103) The energy driving substance in soft drinks is caffeine.

⊚ true
⊚ false

104) Energy drinks provide nutrients in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

⊚ true
⊚ false

105) An organic nutrient that contains a hydrophilic functional group would have difficulty dissolving in water.

⊚ true
⊚ false

106) Inorganic molecules are important nutrients used in cellular processes to produce energy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

107) Enzymes are substrate specific. This means enzymes are only used once per substrate.

⊚ true
⊚ false

108) Enzymes are metabolic catalysts, which means they are involved in speeding up chemical reactions.

⊚ true
⊚ false

109) Polymers are formed by hydrolytic reactions of monomers.

⊚ true
⊚ false

110) If there were no solar energy, humans would not be affected because they rely on chemical energy.

⊚ true
⊚ false