Ch5 Test Bank Questions Exam Questions

CHAPTER 5

Sensation and Perception

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception.

Our sensory systems convert physical stimuli into neural information with specialized cells called sensory receptor cells that convert a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses by a process called sensory transduction.
The conversion of physical stimuli into neural impulses only occurs when the stimuli reach a certain level, or threshold. The absolute threshold is the minimum level of a stimulus we can detect. The difference threshold is the smallest difference we can detect between two similar stimuli.
Our sensory systems are set up to detect change. With continuous exposure to a stimulus, adaptation occurs.
Bottom up processing begins with the physical stimuli from the environment and proceeds through to perception. In top-down processing prior knowledge is used to interpret perceptual information.

2. Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Smell, our olfactory sense, converts chemical odorants into neural signals that the brain can use. Taste, our gustatory sense, is closely intertwined with smell. Most flavours are a combination of scents with the five basic tastes we can discern: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.
Taste buds in papillae on the tongue convert chemicals in our food to neural signals the brain can use. Taste receptors and smell receptors are routinely replaced, since they are more vulnerable to damage than other sensory receptors.
Information about smell goes directly from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex. Areas of the brain that process smells and tastes are plastic, or changeable. Processing of smells also sometimes overlaps with emotions and memories.
Our preferred tastes change as we mature from childhood to adulthood, probably from a combination of learning and physical changes in the mouth.
True disorders of taste are rare; people more frequently lose part or all of their sense of smell. Anosmia can present safety risks and diminish pleasure in life.

3. Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

A variety of sensory receptors throughout our bodies convert touch, pressure, or temperature stimuli into neural impulses that our brains can perceive.
The sensory cortex of the brain maps touch sensations. Especially sensitive or important body parts receive disproportionately large representation in the cortex.
Pain travels to the brain via both a fast pathway and a slow pathway.
The gate control theory of pain suggests that certain patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” so that pain information does not reach parts of the brain where it is perceived.
Medical professionals continue to search for ways to relieve people’s chronic pain. Opiate drugs that simulate natural pain-killing endorphins or enkephalins are addictive. Sometimes practitioners resort to neurosurgery, which stops a patient from receiving all touch signals.
People who have lost body parts surgically or through accidents often feel phantom sensations in the missing body part. These may be related to reorganization of the somatosensory cortex after an amputation.

4. Summarize what happens when we hear.

The frequency and amplitude of sound waves produce our perceptions of pitch and loudness of sounds.
When sounds enter the ear, they move the ear drum, which sets in motion the ossicles. The last of these, the stirrup, vibrates the oval window, setting into motion fluid in the cochlea. Hair cells on the basilar membrane in the cochlea transduce movements along the basilar membrane into neural signals the brain can interpret.
Frequency theory suggests that patterns in the firing rates of the neurons are perceived as different sounds. Place theory suggests that information from different locations along the basilar membrane is related to different qualities of sound.
Top-down processing lets us use the general loudness of sounds, as well as differences in the signals received from each ear, to determine location of a sound.
Different pitches are represented in a tonotopic map in the auditory cortex of the brain. Association areas of the cortex help us recognize familiar sounds, including speech.
As young children, we experience a sensitive period during which it is especially easy for us to learn auditory information, including language and music. Some people, particularly those exposed to pure tones during this sensitive period, develop absolute pitch.
Common hearing problems include hearing loss and deafness, as well as hearing unwanted sounds, such as tinnitus.

5. Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Rods and cones in the retina at the back of the eye change light into neural impulses. Cones provide detailed vision and help us perceive colour, while rods provide information about intensity of light.
Two different theories in combination—trichromatic theory and opponent process theory—explain a good deal of how we perceive colour.
The fovea at the centre of the retina contains only cones and provides our sharpest vision. We have a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina to carry information to the brain.
Damage to the brain can produce deficits in sensation, as well as abnormal sensory experiences.
Top-down processing is involved in much visual perception. Gestalt theorists have identified several principles by which we recognize stimuli even when visual inputs are limited. We use binocular and monocular cues for depth perception. Perceptual constancies, based on learning from previous experiences, help us to see things as stable despite constant shifts in our visual inputs. These top-down processes can be “fooled” by visual illusions.
Without adequate visual stimulation through both eyes during a critical period of life, we may not develop binocular vision, a condition known as amblyopia.
Individuals with loss of vision can use other sensory modalities to compensate for the loss of visual information. Learning Braille with touch involves the use of brain areas normally used for vision.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Sensation is to __________ as perception is to ____________.

a) detecting; identifying

b) identifying; detecting

c) detecting; detecting

d) identifying; identifying

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception.

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

2. Perception is different from sensation because

a) sensation creates neural impulses and perception converts neural impulses.

b) sensation converts neural impulses and perception creates neural impulses.

c) only sensation uses neural impulses.

d) they both create and convert neural impulses differently.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

3. Bryan frequently flies for his job. While on the plane, he always wears a pair of noise-cancelling headphones. The headphones prevent him from hearing the constant hum of the plane’s engines. Bryan’s use of these headphones is an example of

a) interrupting the sensation process.

b) interfering with the coding process.

c) overcoming the difference threshold.

d) promoting sensory adaptation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

4. The term _______________ means “joined perception”.

a) synesthesia

b) agnosia

c) sensory overlap

d) multimodal transduction

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

5. Seeing sound. Hearing colours. These phrases describe a phenomenon termed ___.

a) multithesia

b) polythesia

c) synesthesia

d) hyperthesia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

6. ___ is a phenomenon in which one sensation may evoke multiple perceptions, even ones associated with different sensory systems.

a) Synesthesia

b) Polythesia

c) Multithesia

d) Hyperthesia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

7. When you first put your clothes on this morning you felt them on your skin, but within minutes you no longer noticed them. This is an example of sensory_____.

a) constancy

b) adaptation

c) habituation

d) threshold

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

8. Matteo misses his grandpa since he passed away. He has his grandpa’s old hat, and he often smells it to remember him. He notices, however, that the smell quickly fades each time he does sniffs it, but it is back again the next time he tries it. What is the best explanation for Matteo’s inability to smell his grandpa’s scent after a few minutes?

a) It is below his just noticeable difference threshold.

b) perceptual set

c) sensory adaptation

d) bottom-up processing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

9. What is the primary purpose of sensory adaptation?

a) It allows us to filter unnecessary information.

b) It promotes the detection of all incoming stimuli.

c) It transmits raw sensory information from the environment to the brain.

d) It converts internal stimuli into neural impulses.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

10. Jameson is very fussy about seams in his socks rubbing against his foot. However, his mother knows that if she can distract him for a few minutes he will forget about it. Jameson does not feel his socks rubbing up against his skin after some time because of ___________________.

a) sensory adaptation

b) blind sight

c) sensory reduction

d) sensory assimilation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

11. The act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli is called ___________.

a) sensation

b) perception

c) attention

d) detection

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

12. The conversion of sensory stimuli such as light or sound waves into neural impulses to be sent to the brain is called_____.

a) adduction

b) perception

c) transduction

d) subduction

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

13. Salvatore was having a difficult time driving as the sun was distracting. He had the sun visor down, but the sun was glaring off of the hood of his car and into his eyes; and so he was experiencing trouble focusing on the road. The process of converting the sun’s energy into neural impulses detectable by Salvatore’s visual system is known as _____.

a) transformation

b) sensory transduction

c) sensory adaptation

d) perception

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

14. ___________________is a measure of the smallest amount of a stimulus needed to detect the stimulus half of the time.

a) Difference threshold

b) Absolute threshold

c) Adaptation threshold

Accommodation threshold

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

15. Dr. Shiguli wants to determine the lightest touch that can be detected by various animals compared to human beings. He would therefore be interested in finding the ______________ for touch.

a) absolute threshold

b) difference threshold

c) species threshold

d) accommodation threshold

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

16. Kent is curious about how well his son can hear. He sets the radio volume to the midrange setting, and his son reports clearly hearing it. Kent begins reducing the volume 20% at a time until his son reports no longer being able to hear the music. Although he may NOT realize it, Kent is evaluating his son’s

a) absolute threshold.

b) difference threshold.

c) sensitivity to substance P.

d) transduction.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

17. Greg is at the gym lifting free weights. He curls a 25-pound hand weight several times and decides that it is too light. He trades it for a 30-pound hand weight. "That’s strange", he says, after curling it a few times. "This 30-pound weight doesn’t feel any heavier than the 25-pound weight". Based on this, it is reasonable to conclude that the 30-pound weight

a) does not meet Greg’s difference threshold.

b) meets Greg’s difference threshold.

c) does not meet Greg’s absolute threshold.

d) meets Greg’s difference threshold.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

18. What has research found to be the human absolute threshold for taste?

a) One teaspoon of salt in twenty gallons of water.

b) One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water.

c) One tablespoon of vinegar in 200 gallons of water.

d) One tablespoon of honey in 2,000 gallons of water.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

19. Atticus and Soren were studying together. Atticus was annoyed by a nasal whine he detected from Soren and worried it was going to keep him from being able to concentrate. However, after a short time Atticus did not notice the noise at all. This ability to _____ following prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus is advantageous because it _____.

a) perceive; allows us to maintain interpersonal relationships

b) adapt; increases our ability to detect significant changes in the environment

c) forget; prevents us from becoming distracted

d) transduce; respond appropriately to non emergencies

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

20. The difference threshold is also called the _________________.

a) change detection threshold

b) perceptual threshold

c) perceptual difference threshold

d) just noticeable difference

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

21. Liya is studying for an exam. Her desk lamp uses a 40-watt bulb. Liya decides she needs more light and replaces it with a 60-watt bulb, but doesn’t notice a difference in brightness. She then replaces the 60-watt bulb with a 75-watt bulb and notices a definite difference. Which of the following is exemplified by Liya’s experience with the light bulbs?

a) difference threshold

b) absolute threshold

c) psychophysics

d) sensory adaptation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

22. Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?

a) Louisa badly burnt the bacon she made for breakfast this morning. At first, the smell was overwhelming, but by lunchtime Louisa does not notice it anymore even though the odor is still lingering.

b) Leonard does not feel well and decides to take a nap. After he lies down on the bed he realizes that he forgot to shut the curtain. Rather than getting up, he puts his hand over his eyes and promptly falls asleep.

c) Julian steps outside and does not notice the cold at first. Over time, he begins to shiver, so he zips up his coat. After a few minutes, he starts to get cold again, so he puts on his gloves and hat.

d) Tammy has a cat that likes to be fed at 5:30 AM. When she first got the cat, he would make a lot of noise to get her up to feed him at 5:30 AM/PM. Now, she wakes up on her own at 5:30 even if the cat makes no noise.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

23. Kelly works at a pizza shop. A few days ago, she burned her wrist while taking a pizza out of the oven. She did NOT think the burn was too bad, so she continued working. Three days later, the burn still hurts, especially when in contact with warm water. Kelly does NOT understand why the pain has NOT faded. What explanation could you give her?

a) Sensory adaptation does not apply to intense stimuli like a bad burn. The pain acts as a sensory reminder from your body to tend to your injury.

b) Gate-control theory proposes that only large injuries prompt the gate keeper to close the gate. A small injury like this is not going to be blocked.

c) It would be a good idea to do some physical activity in order to stimulate endorphins. These are natural painkillers, which will be activated to help numb the pain.

d) This particular burn falls above the absolute threshold, which is why you can still feel the pain. If it had fallen below, then you would not notice the pain.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

24. Jenn and Anna are roommates. One morning Jenn makes coffee and gives a cup to Anna. Anna says that it is too sweet and takes Jenn’s coffee instead. When Jenn tastes both of the drinks she laughs and reports that they taste exactly the same. What is the best explanation for this situation?

a) The change in taste exceeds Anna’s difference threshold but not Jenn’s.

b) Anna is much more sensitive to sweet flavors than Jenn is.

c) Jenn has reached a level of sensory adaptation when it comes to sweet flavors, whereas Anna does not eat sweets very often.

d) Anna has a much higher absolute threshold for sweets than Jenn does.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

25. Emmanuel’s just noticeable difference for detecting the change in the frequency of a tone is much larger than Kevin’s just noticeable difference. This means that

a) both males are considered to have absolute pitch.

b) Emmanuel needs a larger difference in pitch in order to notice it.

c) Kevin is not able to detect any differences in pitch.

d) Emmanuel is less sensitive to changes in pitch than Kevin.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

26. The ability to distinguish information from background noise in a sensory field is explained by

a) difference threshold theory.

b) signal detection theory.

c) just noticeable difference theory.

d) absolute threshold theory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

27. Avery is pretty sure her old car is on its last gasp, but she wants to drive it until it will not drive any more because she does not have the money to get another car right now. Avery’s partner, Kennedy, wanted Avery to stop driving the car the last time it broke down because there is a risk the car might break down again and Avery will be stuck out on near empty roads late at night without warning. Avery is not concerned, saying, “In spite of all the clunks and rattles the car makes I can tell what is serious because last time the engine made this constant whining sound before the engine stopped.” In this example, what would signal detection call the whining sound made by Avery’s car?

a) noise

b) signal

c) threshold information

d) a jnd

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

28. The ability to fill in missing parts within some type of known problem requires you to use

a) top-down processing skills.

b) ESP.

c) bottom-up processing skills.

d) Ponzo illusion skills.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

29. WH_T D_ES TH_S S_NT_NCE S_Y? The ability to read the previous sentence as "What does this sentence say?" is referred to as

a) top-down processing.

b) bottom-up processing.

c) visual acuity.

d) feature detectors.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

30. The sense of ____________ is most prone to adaptation.

a) vision

b) hearing

c) smell

d) taste

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

31. Even though you have not placed every piece of a puzzle in its correct location, you can still recognize the overall scene in the puzzle. This demonstrates what type of processing?

a) top-down

b) bottom-up

c) whole frame

d) perceptual set

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

32. You just finished a book about fishing, so when you heard the word "bank", you immediately thought of a riverbank. This is an example of

a) top-down processing.

b) confirmation bias.

c) perceptual constancy.

d) psychokinesis.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

33. Avery was in a serious car accident and had been unconscious for several days. When she came to, the very first thing she saw was her mother’s anxious face hovering over her, saying her name. Avery’s ability to detect the transduction of visual information as a face and auditory information as words is due to _____; but her ability to know it was her mother’s face and voice, and that the sounds she was making were Avery’s name, was due to _____.

a) top-down processing; bottom-up processing

b) bottom-up processing; top-down processing

c) parallel processing; serial processing

d) serial processing; parallel processing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

34. Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli. This statement is _____.

a) true

b) false

c) misleading, as the two are related but do not occur simultaneously

d) true for animals but not humans

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

35. Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?

a) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down manner.

b) Bottom-up processing precedes top-down processing during the perception of most stimuli.

c) Top-down processes only contribute to perception when stimuli are highly novel, unexpected, or ambiguous.

d) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

36. You are driving to the mall and see a friend jogging on a pathway near the road. You toot the horn and wave. What type(s) of processing allowed you to identify the jogger as a friend?

a) top-down

b) bottom-up

c) top-down and bottom-up

d) perceptual set

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

37. Anne’s father talked Anne into trying some of his soup, saying it was the most delicious beef noodle he had ever had. After she tasted it and expressed her pleasure in the taste, he laughed and said, “Fooled you. It is actually turtle soup.” Anne’s readiness to interpret the soup as beef can be explained by _____.

a) assimilation

b) perceptual set

c) top-up processing

d) bottom-down processing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

38. Proprioception is an added sense. This brings the total number of senses in humans to _____.

a) five

b) six

c) seven

d) eight

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

39. The combination of our visual, vestibular, and kinesthetic senses constitutes

a) our sense of proprioceptive feedback.

b) our sense of balance.

c) our awareness of our body’s position in space.

d) our sense of movement.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

40. There is some confusion around the number of senses. However, if we consider the original _____ sense and add _____ as another, there are _____ senses.

a) 4; kinesthetic and vestibular senses; 6

b) 5; proprioceptive feedback; 6

c) 5; kinesthetic and vestibular senses; 7

d) 4; proprioceptive, kinesthetic, and vestibular senses; 7

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

41. Which of the following is NOT a taste?

a) sweet

b) salty

c) spicy

d) sour

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

42. Maya and Isabella are eating soup in a restaurant. Maya comments that her soup has a lot of flavour, but Isabella complains that all she can taste is salt. Are the words taste and flavour used properly here? Why or why not?

a) Yes. Flavour and taste both refer to the gustatory system.

b) Yes. Flavour and taste both refer to the combination of gustatory and olfactory sensations.

c) No. Maya is wrong. Flavour refers to gustatory, whereas taste refers to the combination of gustatory and olfactory.

d) No. Isabella is wrong. Flavour refers to the combination of gustatory and olfactory; taste refers only to gustatory sensations.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

43. Animals are to _____________ as humans are to ________________.

a) hearing; vision

b) smell; taste

c) taste; smell

d) smell; vision

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

44. The sense of gustation is important from an evolutionary perspective because __________.

a) it allows us to enjoy the food that we evolved to eat

b) it helps us stay away from foods and drinks that are harmful or toxic

c) it helps to enhance our sense of smell

d) along with vision, it helps us identify whether something is edible or not

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

45. When odorants enter the nose, they bind to receptors located on the __________ of olfactory receptor neurons.

a) olfactory cells

b) odorant receptors

c) cilia

d) papillae

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

46. Taste is to ________________, as flavour is to ______________.

a) gustatory; olfactory

b) olfactory; gustatory

c) gustatory; gustatory

d) gustatory; gustatory and olfactory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

47. Viola is having dinner at a restaurant know for its spicy food. After a few bites, she finds that her mouth feels like it is on fire, even though she was careful to cool the temperature before she ate it. It is likely that the food Viola ordered contains the chemical ______________ which is activating the __________ receptors on her tongue.

a) Umami; taste

b) Umami; thermal

c) Capsaicin; pain

d) Capsaicin; thermal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

48. Abel burned his tongue eating hot wings. Since he was eating the wings on a bet, he carried on long after he normally would have stopped. For a few days afterward he was in terrible pain and had difficulty tasting his food. However, you reassure Able that his taste receptors will regenerate; assuring him that the system is designed for this because

a) papillae regenerate every few weeks, so the taste buds must also.

b) there are a limited number of taste receptors, so they tend to be over-stimulated and thus burn out and are therefore made to regenerate.

c) the olfactory bulb regenerates every few weeks, so the taste buds must also.

d) otherwise a burn to the tongue would result in a permanent loss of taste.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

49. A chemical called ___ activates __ receptors in the tongue when a person eats spicy hot food.

a) capsaicin; taste

b) capsaicin; pain

c) umami; taste

d) umami; pain

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

50. Regarding taste receptors, which of the following statements is NOT true?

a) There are five or six major types of taste receptors.

b) Taste buds are not evenly distributed across the tongue.

c) Each type of taste can be recognized best in specific areas of the tongue.

d) Each type of receptor uses a slightly different mechanism for transduction.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

51. Regarding taste receptors, which of the following statements is NOT true?

a) Taste receptors do not have axons.

b) The different types of taste receptors are not evenly distributed across the tongue.

c) Taste receptors convey information about food consistency.

d) Taste information is integrated with reward circuits in the brain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

52. If eating hot food activates the pain receptors, which of the following accurately explains why the sensation is pleasurable to many people?

a) After the first few bites, the taste receptors adapt to the capsaicin, so they no longer respond

b) After the first few bites, the pain receptors adapt to the capsaicin, so they no longer respond.

c) The chemical structure of capsaicin only allows it to bind to the receptor for a very short time, so the pain wears off very quickly.

d) The pain impulses act in conjunction with tactile information, as well as the smell and taste of the food and the combination produces a pleasurable sensation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

53. Our sense of smell is also known as _____________.

a) gustation

b) kinesthesis

c) the chemical sense

d) olfaction

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

54. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the responsiveness of an individual olfactory receptor?

a) A given olfactory receptor responds only to a specific airborne chemical.

b) A given olfactory receptor responds to a wide range of odorants.

c) A given olfactory receptor responds to one of four or five basic classes of odorants.

d) A given olfactory receptor responds to virtually any airborne chemical.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

55. To which of the following would we be most prone to adapt?

a) the smell of coffee in a coffee shop

b) a bright light shining in your eyes

c) the pain associated with cutting ourselves

d) the sound of a dripping tap

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

56. The tongue is covered with bumps called ____________ which contain clumps of _________.

a) taste buds; papillae

b) gustatory receptors; taste buds

c) papillae; taste buds

d) taste buds; gustatory receptors

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

57. The _____ process(es) the majority of olfactory information before it is sent to cortex, including the piriform cortex.

a) olfactory bulb

b) olfactory epithelium

c) olfactory receptor neurons

d) olfactory hair cells

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

58. Which of the following would negatively impact the process of perceiving an olfactory sensory stimulus?

a) an injury to the piriform cortex

b) repeated exposure to the same olfactory stimulus

c) an injury to the occipital lobe

d) inability of olfactory stimulus information to pass the gatekeeper

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

59. The _____ serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

a) hippocampus

b) piriform cortex

c) insula

d) thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

60. All sensory systems EXCEPT _____ have a main pathway through the _____.

a) olfaction; thalamus

b) olfaction; piriform cortex

c) gustation; thalamus

d) gustation; piriform cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

61. Smell and memory are to _____ as smell and emotion are to _____.

a) amygdala; hippocampus

b) amygdala; amygdala, also

c) hippocampus; hippocampus, also

d) hippocampus; amygdala

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

62. Based on your text’s discussion of the development of the sense of taste, which of the following statements is most likely true?

a) Research has confirmed the plasticity of both the piriform cortex and the insula.

b) Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of either the piriform cortex or the insula.

c) Research has established the plasticity of the insula. Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the piriform cortex.

d) Research has established the plasticity of the piriform cortex. Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the insula.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

63. Whenever Cooper smells manure, he is unpleasantly reminded of the summers when he spent long days in the fields on the ranch with his father and uncle, begrudging the time he had to be away from friends and the fun they were having. Now whenever he smells manure, he feels angry and resentful. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by this example?

a) The olfactory system sends signals to the amygdala.

b) The olfactory system sends signals to the hippocampus.

c) The olfactory system is connected to the reward circuits in the brain.

d) The olfactory system could be considered part of a network.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

64. Salty and sweet are to ___________ as sour and bitter are to _________.

a) rewarding; aversive

b) aversive; rewarding

c) children’s preference; adults’ preference

d) adults preference; children’s preference

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

65. When Bismah eats a spoonful of her cereal, she realizes the milk she poured on it was soured. Which brain area will register Bismah’s disgust at the taste of the spoiled milk?

a) amygdala

b) insula

c) thalamus

d) nucleus accumbens

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

66. Nadra is 6 years old and is much pickier about her food than her 18-year-old sister Saira. Why might this be?

a) Nadra has not been exposed to as many foods at Saira.

b) Nadra likes sugar more than Saira.

c) Nadra’s has more taste buds than Saira.

d) Nadra dislikes bitter tastes more than Saira.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

67. Twenty-year old Asher, took his younger siblings, Zara – 5, Maya – 9, to a candy story. If each were to select a candy, which of the following would most likely reflect the taste associated with each of their choices?

a) Asher – sweet; Zara – sour; Maya – sweet.

b) Asher – sour; Zara – sweet; Maya – sweet

c) Asher – bitter; Zara – sour; Maya – sour

d) Asher – bitter; Zara – sweet; Maya – sour

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

68. Children, around the world, in many cultures, exposed to many different food types, are picky eaters. One hypothesis to support this finding has been that

a) this is an adaptive behaviour that has helped humans to survive as a species.

b) children across cultures are exposed to foods in similar ways.

c) parents use similar patterns of reinforcement and punishment around food.

d) societal expectations are culturally alike, with greater latitude provided to younger members.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

69. Your textbook states that infants show a preference for the odour of the mother’s amniotic fluid. Soon after birth breastfed infants can identify the odour of their mother’s milk. This odour has a calming effect on the infant. However, it is not breastmilk alone that exerts this calming effect but can be any scent the baby associates with the mother, such as the smell of vanilla. This scenario highlights the role of _____ and is therefore a _____ process.

a) learning; top-down

c) learning; bottom-up

d) innate sensory development; top-down

b) innate sensory development; bottom-up

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

70. Newborn Hugo has just been exposed to the odour of his mother’s milk. What will be his reaction?

a) Hugo will become very active.

b) Hugo will begin to cry in hunger.

c) Hugo will begin to make sucking movements with his mouth.

d) Hugo will become very calm even when experiencing a brief, minor, painful stimulus.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

71. Miguel is a professional sommelier. He spent many many years to reach his level of expertise. Aside from the countless professional aspects of his job, Miguel claims that there is also an innate component to the sensory aspects of tasting, sniffing, and looking at the wine. He argues that some people are innately gifted with the ability to taste and smell minute differences but also concedes that there is a heavy learning component to the job as well. How does Miguel view the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up processes? Is their support for his view?

a) Miguel believes that olfaction and gustation are primarily bottom-up processes. His view is supported by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is not plastic.

b) Miguel believes that olfaction and gustation are primarily bottom-up processes but also concedes the role of top-down processes for learning details. His view of bottom-up is not supported by research but his argument for top-down learning could be extended as it is supported by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odours and tastes that the piriform cortex is highly plastic and prefrontal lobes are plastic as well.

c) Miguel believes that olfaction and gustation are primarily a top-down process. His view is discredited by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odours and tastes and that the piriform cortex and prefrontal lobes are not plastic after childhood.

d) Miguel believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process. His view is supported by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odours and tastes and that the piriform cortex is highly plastic, and the prefrontal cortex is plastic as well.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

72. When it comes to taste preferences, young children are to __________ as age 7 is to __________ as young adults are to _____________.

a) sour; sour; sweet

b) sweet; sour; bitter

c) sweet; sour; sour

d) bitter; sour; sweet

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

73. Tabitha is a participant in a study intended to categorize “tasters”. After the researcher gives her a bitter substance to taste, she detects the taste and responds very negatively. Which of the following categories of tasters would Tabitha likely fall under?

a) Non-taster

b) Bitter taster

c) Medium taster

d) Supertaster

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

74. What might be the evolved purpose of the taste and smell advantage enjoyed by women today?

a) Ancestral women could find their dependent offspring easier.

b) Ancestral women could sniff out predators better.

c) Females needed this advantage so they could compete with ancestral males.

d) As the primary food preparers, ancestral women were at an advantage if they could detect toxic or rancid food.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

75. People who have lost the ability to smell have a disorder known as ___________.

a) prosopagnosia

b) agnosia

c) anosmia

d) ageusia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

76. Which of the following is NOT an outcome for people diagnosed with anosmia?

a) They experience social problems due to poor hygiene.

b) They report feelings of depression.

c) They tend to develop anxiety disorders.

d) They run a higher risk of injury.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

77. A person who has lost their sense of taste is suffering from

a) anosmia.

b) ageusia.

c) prosopagnosia.

d) agnosia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

78. Fozia has suffered a head injury and now has anosmia. This means that she

a) also has ageusia.

b) is unable to smell.

c) is a supertaster.

d) suffers from migraines that are triggered by a specific odorant.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

79. Farid suffers from ____________. Like many others with this condition, Farid often reports that he feels depressed. Farid also has poorer hygiene and higher incidence of injury than others his age without the disorder.

a) anosmia

b) ageusia

c) prosopagnosia

d) agnosia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

80. Justine suffers from seizures that are brought on by exposure eucalyptus oil. Seizures, such as these, brought on by specific smells are known as

a) ageustic seizures.

b) anosmic seizures.

c) reflex epileptic seizures.

d) sensory seizures.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

81. The hallucinations that may occur prior to a migraine headache or epileptic seizure are called

a) perceptual illusions.

b) sensory illusions.

c) reflex hallucinations.

d) auras.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

82. Betina is 10 weeks old and has ingested nothing but breast milk. Today for the first time, her mother put a small drop of lemon on her tongue. How is Betina most likely to react to the lemon?

a) Purse her lips and open her eyes very widely.

b) Smile and kick her feet.

c) Make sucking movements with her mouth.

d) Turn her head away and grimace.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

83. _____ respond to vibrations and heavy pressure?

a) Merkel’s discs

b) Ruffini’s end-organs

c) Pacinian corpuscles

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

84. The ___________convert physical stimuli into pain impulses.

a) Pacinian corpuscles

b) Merkel’s discs

c) free-nerve endings

d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

85. Stephanie picked up a cup thinking it was filled with coffee, only to find that the outside of the cup was very cold, and the cup was filled with ice water. Which of the following sensory receptors would have detected the temperature of the cup?

a) Merkel’s disc

b) Meissner’s corpuscle

c) Free-nerve ending

d) Ruffini’s end-organ

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

86. The _____ are important for tasks such as gripping objects and controlling finger position and movement, as they respond to heavy pressure and movement of the joints.

a) Meissner’s corpuscle

b) Merkel’s disc

c) Free-nerve ending

d) Ruffini’s end-organ

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

87. Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is correctly matched with a location?

a) free nerve endings – deep in the skin

b) Merkel’s discs – near the surface of the skin

c) Pacinian corpuscles – in the hairless parts of the body

d) Ruffini’s end-organs – near the surface of the skin

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

88. Merkel's disc could detect

a) a friend placing her hand on your shoulder.

b) your cell phone vibrating in your pocket.

c) the movement your finger joints make as they grip a coffee mug.

d) the hair tie that is making an indentation on your wrist.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

89. The sensory receptors that transduce information about sensitive touch are the

a) Merkel’s disc.

b) Meissner’s corpuscle.

c) Free-nerve ending.

d) Ruffini’s end-organ.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

90. Nettie was having a nap on her sofa but was awakened by her cat’s fur gently brushing against her fingertips. Nettie’s fingertips detected the cat’s fur through the ____________ sensory receptors.

a) Merkel’s disc

b) Meissner’s corpuscle

c) Free-nerve ending

d) Ruffini’s end-organ

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

91. Tereza is concentrating on her studying when she suddenly feels a tap on her shoulder. The sensory receptors that allowed Tereza to detect the pressure on her shoulder were the ______________.

a) Merkel’s disc

b) Meissner’s corpuscle

c) Free-nerve ending

d) Ruffini’s end-organ

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

92. Jerome was interested in establishing how much force was required for an individual to detect a feather brushing their arm. Jerome is interested in assessing _____ threshold for touch.

a) absolute

b) difference

c) human

d) sensory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

93. Which of the following correctly states the path of touch information?

a) Merkel’s disc – thalamus – spinal cord – somatosensory cortex

b) Free-nerve endings – spinal cord – thalamus – somatosensory cortex

c) Meissner’s corpuscle – spinal cord – thalamus – somatosensory cortex

d) Free-nerve ending – Meissner’s corpuscle – spinal cord – somatosensory cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

94. The right somatosensory cortex processes ____________ information from the ____________ of the body.

a) vestibular; right

b) vestibular; left

c) tactile; right

d) tactile; left

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

95. Myelinated axons are to the ___________ pathway as non-myelinated axons are to the ___________pathway.

a) fast; slow

b) slow; fast

c) fast; fast

d) slow; slow

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

96. Which of the following brain areas are NOT reported as involved in those who report pain?

a) thalamus

b) somatosensory cortex

c) cingulate cortex

d) amygdala

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

97. Stella fell off her bicycle and broke her wrist. The message of pain will first be carried by the __________ axons of the ___________ pathway.

a) myelinated; slow

b) myelinated; fast

c) unmyelinated; slow

d) unmyelinated; fast

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

98. Elias stuck his arm under the porch to get his frightened cat loose and jabbed his hand with a spike. He yanked his hand away and then felt a sharp pain. On the way to the hospital, he noticed that the sharp pain had subsided, and he was now experiencing a throbbing, burning pain. Which of the following accurately describes the pain Elias is experiencing?

a) Elias’s pain messages were and continue to be travelling along the fast pathway of myelinated neurons.

b) Elias’s pain messages were and continue to be travelling along the slow pathway of unmyelinated neurons.

c) Elias’s pain messages were initially sent along the myelinated neurons but is now being sent along unmyelinated neurons.

d) Elias’s pain messages were initially sent along unmyelinated neurons but is now being sent along myelinated neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

99. If you stubbed your toe, how could you apply the gate-control theory of pain to keep your toe from hurting?

a) Do jumping jacks.

b) Count to 10.

c) Swear up a blue streak.

d) Rub the toe that hurts.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

100. Ryker is six months old. What can we say about his tactile development that has been supported by research?

a) Although the tactile senses are in place at birth, the ability to recognize and respond to different somatosensory stimuli is dependent on further brain development and learning.

b) The tactile senses are almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development in these senses following birth.

c) Although the tactile senses are poorly developed at birth, the development of these senses is virtually complete by the age of 2.

d) The tactile senses are poorly developed at birth. The development of these senses continues for many years following birth.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

101. Three-year-old Teiki loved to be tickled by her parents and older siblings but cannot tickle herself. Why is this?

a) Teiki is probably too young to tickle herself.

b) Teiki’s tactile threshold is higher when her family members are tickling her than when she tickles herself.

c) Teiki’s somatosensory system is surprised by tactile sensations produced by another person but not by sensations she produces herself.

d) Teiki has outgrown the ticklish stage, as indicated by the fact that she can no longer tickle himself.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

102. Studies of pain thresholds suggest that which groups of individuals have a higher threshold for detecting pain?

a) women

b) babies

c) men

d) men and women have similar pain thresholds

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

103. Which of the following statements about pain is true?

a) The gate control theory of pain does not account for individual differences in pain perception.

b) Differences in pain perception occur because of differences in density of sensory receptors rather than brain circuitry.

c) Women have a higher pain threshold then men.

d) There are dramatic individual differences in both the threshold to detect pain and the degree to which pain causes emotional suffering.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

104. In an fMRI study, Dr. Marvin exposes participants to high heat. Participants rate how painful they find the heat. Which of the following hypotheses is most reasonable in light of your text’s discussion?

a) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the thalamus.

b) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the thalamus.

c) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex.

d) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

105. The theory that certain patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” to keep pain information from travelling to parts of the brain where it is perceived is called the

a) Gate control theory of pain.

b) Swinging gate theory of pain.

c) Control theory of pain.

d) Gate-blocking theory of pain.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

106. It is estimated that _____% of Canadians living with chronic pain also have severe levels of ______________.

a) 25; anxiety

b) 25; depression

c) 50; anxiety

d) 50; depression

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

107. Following a car accident, Lucille was diagnosed with chronic pain. What is the minimum amount of time that Lucille would have been in pain to receive this diagnosis?

a) 1 month

b) 3 months

c) 6 months

d) 1 year

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

108. The body produces two groups of chemicals that have pain-relieving properties. They are ____________ and _____________.

a) opiates; endorphins

b) opiates; codeines

c) endorphins; enkephalins

d) enkephalins; opiates

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

109. Each of the following is mentioned in your text as a potential disadvantage of the use of opiate drugs to relieve pain EXCEPT

a) such drugs are highly addictive.

b) such drugs become less effective with continued use.

c) such drugs may suppress breathing.

d) such drugs may prevent patients from detecting minor but potentially important sources of discomfort.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

110. Karim has just run the Boston Marathon. After the first 10 km his legs began to cramp and burn. As he continued running, he found that the pain went away, and he was able to finish the marathon. Which of the following best explains the subsiding of Karim’s pain?

a) gate theory of pain

b) adaptation

c) exogenous opiates

d) endogenous opiates

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

111. When opiates are naturally present in the nervous system, they are referred to as ___________.

a) exogenous opiates

b) adaptive opiates

c) endogenous opiates

d) homogenous opiates

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

112. ___________ is to genetics as _________ is to acquired.

a) Anosmia; dysautonomia

b) Dysautonomia; anosmia

c) Neuropathy; dysautonomia

d) Dysautonomia; neuropathy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

113. In which aspect of pain might an evolutionary psychologist be interested?

a) How naturally occurring chemicals in the brain can reduce the experience of pain.

b) How the brain can block pain signals thereby reducing the experience of pain.

c) How experiencing pain is adaptive and crucial to our survival.

d) Why individuals have different thresholds for pain.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

114. Charlie has had a stroke in his left somatosensory cortex. Which of the following accurately describes a possible outcome for Charlie?

a) Charlie will not be able to move the left side of his body.

b) Charlie will not be able to move the right side of his body.

c) Charlie will not be able to process tactile information from the left side of his body.

d) Charlie will not be able to process tactile information from the right side of the body.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

115. Of the following, who is MOST likely to suffer from phantom limb pain?

a) Aubrey, who had her lower right arm amputated after suffering painful neurological pain following an accident.

b) Alon, who was born missing his left leg below the knee.

c) Niko, who wore a wedding ring on the hand she had amputated following her accident.

d) They are all equally likely to suffer phantom limb pain.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

116. After being diagnosed with cancer, Saqib had his right leg amputated. Although his leg is no longer there, he continues to feel pain in the missing leg. Saqib suffers from ____________ for which is doctor might suggest a treatment of _______________.

a) Ghost-limb syndrome; opiates

b) Phantom sensations; opiates

c) Ghost-limb syndrome; mirror box therapy

d) Phantom sensations; mirror box therapy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

117. Which of the following has been used effectively to treat phantom limb pain?

a) antidepressant medications

b) group therapy

c) mirror box therapy

d) massaging the phantom limb

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

118. Suravi is suffering from phantom limb pain in her left foot after it had to be amputated last year. Although the foot is no longer there, the pain from it prevents her from sleeping. What sort of therapy has been developed by Ramachandran to help lessen the phantom pain?

a) mirror box therapy

b) electroconvulsive therapy

c) Lamaze therapy

d) meditation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

119. _______________ are vibrations in the air that are converted into neural impulses.

a) Sound frequency

b) Sound amplitude

c) Sound molecules

d) Sound waves

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

120. The frequency of a sound refers to

a) the vibrations of the air that are transduced into neural impulses.

b) the strength of a given sound’s wave cycle.

c) the mixture of sound waves in any given sound.

d) the number of cycles a sound wave completes in a certain amount of time.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

121. An organist plays a low-frequency tone and then a high-frequency tone. How would you hear these two tones?

a) You would hear a low note and then a high note.

b) You would hear a high note and then a low note.

c) You would hear two notes of the same pitch, but the second would be louder.

d) You would hear two notes of the same pitch, but the second would be softer.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

122. An example of a high-frequency sound is the sound of _____________.

a) a growl

b) a child’s voice

c) a man’s voice

d) rustling leaves

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

123. Which of the following is most likely demonstrated by a wave with high frequency?

a) Soft conversation in the same room as the listener

b) Jet taking off near the listener

c) Ultrasonic dental drill

d) Continuous but distant rumbling of traffic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

124. High-amplitude sound waves are perceived as _______________ sounds.

a) louder

b) softer

c) squeaky

d) deeper

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

125. _____ are vibrations in the air that are perceived by the auditory system. The number of cycles measures _____ and is measured in ____ and the height measures _____ and is measured in _____.

a) neural impulses; frequency; hertz (Hz); amplitude; (dB)

b) sound waves; frequency; hertz (Hz); amplitude; (dB)

c) sound waves; amplitude; (dB); frequency; hertz (Hz);

d) neural impulses; amplitude; (dB); frequency; hertz (Hz);

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

126. Why is the cochlea filled with fluid?

a) to override the more dominant visual system

b) to create a sterilized environment since the auditory canal is open to the environment

c) to set the ossicles in motion

d) to bend hair cells that send neural impulses to the brain

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

127. For each different higher-pitched sound we hear, hair cells bend the most at different locations on the basilar membrane in the cochlea. This statement describes the ____.

a) place theory

b) location and pitch theory

c) pitch theory

d) location theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

128. Sound waves with higher peaks and lower bottoms are

a) higher pitched.

b) lower pitched.

c) higher frequency.

d) louder.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

129. Frequency is to __________ as amplitude is to ____________

a) decibels; hertz

b) hertz; decibels

c) timbre; hertz

d) hertz; timbre

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

130. The first structure(s) in the ear that sound waves encounter is/are the __________.

a) ossicles

b) oval window

c) tympanic membrane

d) cochlea

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

131. Which of the following are included in the ossicles?

a) tympanius, stapes, incus

b) stapes, cochlea, maleus

c) stapes, incus, maleus

d) maleus, cochlea, stapes

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

132. Vibration of the ossicles presses on the ____________, causing it to vibrate.

a) eardrum

b) oval window

c) round window

d) auditory nerve

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

133. Which of the following ear structures is correctly paired with a description?

a) tympanic membrane – ear drum

b) ossicles – covered with auditory hair cells

c) basilar membrane – fluid-filled structure in the inner ear

d) cochlea – bones of the middle ear

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

134. The maleus is also known as the ______. The stapes is known as the _________. The incus is known as the __________.

a) hammer; stirrup; anvil

b) hammer; anvil; and stirrup

c) anvil; stirrup; hammer

d) ossicles; stirrup; hammer

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

135. Sound waves initially cause the ______________ to vibrate and pass the mechanical energy on to the ___________ in the middle ear.

a) cochlea; oval window

b) tympanic membrane; ossicles

c) oval window; malleus

d) tympanic membrane; cochlea

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

136. Sound waves cause the _____ to vibrate and pass the mechanical energy on to the three bones in the middle ear.

a) cochlea

b) tympanic membrane

c) malleus

d) incus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

137. Which of the following is the correct pathway traveled by sound waves through the ear?

a) cochlea 🡪 hammer 🡪 anvil 🡪 stirrup 🡪 oval window

b) oval window 🡪 ear drum 🡪 basilar membrane 🡪 cochlea

c) ear drum 🡪 hammer 🡪 anvil🡪 stirrup 🡪 cochlea

d) malleus 🡪 anvil 🡪 stirrup🡪 ear drum 🡪 cochlea

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

138. The basilar membrane contains _________________, which participate(s) in sending messages to the areas of the brain that are responsible for interpreting auditory information.

a) hair cells

b) the ear drums

c) the auditory membrane

d) the malleus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

139. The primary auditory cortex is organized in a ____________.

a) association map

b) sonotopic map

c) topographic map

d) tonotopic map

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

140. When Brielle hits a key on the piano, it activates a string inside the instrument. For every key, there is a corresponding string that responds. In the auditory system, the piano analogy most resembles the concept of the

a) topographic map.

b) tonotopic map.

c) association map.

d) cochlear map.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

141. Malcolm hates watching dubbed movies because the soundtrack does not correspond with the images of the actors’ faces when they speak. Malcolm finds this distracting because his brain’s ___ CANNOT integrate auditory and visual information as easily in dubbed movies as it can normally.

a) primary auditory cortex

b) tonotopic cortex

c) thalamus

d) association areas in the auditory cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

142. Your textbook reviews two studies by Drs. Eggermont and Wigestrand where young and old animals were presented with pure tones. Dr. Eggermont’s results indicated that _____. Dr. Wigestrand’s results indicated that _____.

a) exposure to tones prior to the end of the sensitive period resulted in faster, permanent representation in auditory cortex; reinforcement and punishment had no effect on learning

b) exposure to tones was experience-dependent and older rats learned them more quickly; auditory cortex could reorganize before the sensitive period if the tone was made important to the animal

c) exposure to tones was experience-dependent and older rats learned them more quickly; reinforcement and punishment had no effect on learning

d) exposure to tones prior to the end of the sensitive period resulted in faster, permanent representation in auditory cortex; auditory cortex was able to reorganize even after the sensitive period if the tone is made important to the animal

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

143. Gina is at a concert where the music is so loud, she can feel the vibrations in her chest. Which of the following reflects what is likely happening in Gina’s auditory system?

a) The hair cells become less sensitive to the continuous noise and stop responding.

b) The muscles around Gina’s ear opening have relaxed to reduce the tension caused by the loud music.

c) The muscles around Gina’s ear opening contract to allow less noise to enter her ear.

d) The hair cells lay flat to prevent damage to Gina’s hearing.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

144. When listening to another person speak it is important to understand what they are saying. Which of the following statements is true about language comprehension?

a) Language comprehension takes place in Wernicke’s area.

b) It is easier to comprehend speech without other sensory feedback.

c) Part of language comprehension involves bottom-up processing.

d) The majority of language comprehension occurs in the primary auditory cortex.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

145. When you pluck the string of a guitar, the string vibrates. The faster the string vibrates, the higher the frequency of the sound. This most resembles the ____theory.

a) place

b) frequency

c) pitch

d) location

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

146. The frequency theory states that we hear higher-pitched sounds because ___________________.

a) hair cells bend the most at a specific location on the basilar membrane

b) hair cells on the basilar membrane fire action potentials at the same rate as the frequency of the high sound

c) more axons fire action potentials (compared with fewer axons with lower-pitched sounds)

d) less axons fire action potentials (compared with more axons with lower-pitched sounds)

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

147. For each different higher-pitched sound we hear, hair cells bend the most at different locations on the basilar membrane in the cochlea. This statement describes the _________.

a) place theory

b) location and pitch theory

c) pitch theory

d) location theory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

148. The ability to recognize or produce any note on a musical scale is known as ________.

a) amusia

b) tinnitus pitch

c) perfect pitch

d) absolute pitch

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

149. Which of the following persons is likely to have absolute pitch?

a) Celeste, from France, who began playing piano at 5 years old

b) Elias, a German, who has been playing flute since she was 9 years old

c) Khanh, from Vietnam, who began playing cello when she was 3 years old

d) Haru, from Japan, whose fMRI suggests she has a thickening in some areas of the cortex

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

150. Monique has the ability to recognize an individual musical note in isolation. Monique has

a) amusia.

b) anosmia.

c) perfect pitch.

d) absolute pitch.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

151. Which of the following persons is likely to have absolute pitch?

a) David, a Canadian, who began viola lessons when he was 4 years old

b) Jaiko who was born and raised in Japan and began playing piano at 5 years old

c) Celeste whose fMRI suggests she has a thickening in some areas of the cortex

d) Sofia, a German, who has been playing piano since she was 9 years old

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

152. Five years ago, Minenhle suffered damage to her auditory system. Since the injury, she finds that she neither enjoys listening to music, nor is she able to sing in key. Minenhle most likely suffers from

a) anosmia.

b) absolute pitch.

c) amusia.

d) homotonia.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

153. The inability to discern differences in pitch is called

a) monotonia.

b) homotonia.

c) heterotonia.

d) amusia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

154. Carleton is auditioning for a choir. The choir director plays 4 notes on the piano and asks Carleton to sing the same notes; however, the notes Carleton sings all sound the same and do not at all match the notes the director played. What might be the explanation for this?

a) Carleton has absolute pitch.

b) Carleton has musicalia.

c) Carleton has amusia.

d) Carleton has amonotonia.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

155. Liz is in the cafeteria talking to a group of friends, but then her attention is suddenly drawn to another group’s conversation because she hears her name mentioned. This is known as __________________.

a) sensory reduction

b) habituation

c) the cocktail party effect

d) sensory adaptation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

156. Anatoly, an avid bird watcher, is walking through the forest, when suddenly a rare yellow-bellied sapsucker bird begins to sing while sitting on a branch directly above his head. Which sound localization cue would be most useful in helping Anatoly find the bird?

a) general loudness

b) loudness in each ear

c) distance of loudness

d) adjusting his head and body position

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

157. William and Elsa are listening to the thunder, when William says, “The storm is getting closer. I can tell because the thunder is getting more pronounced.” Which sound localization cue does this example illustrate?

a) general loudness

b) distance of loudness

c) loudness in each ear

d) timing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

158. As Taylor is sitting in her dorm room studying for her psychology test, she hears footsteps in the hallway. Although the footsteps are initially quite far away, she could tell they were getting closer and, by the time there is a knock on her door, she is already out of her seat. Which sound localization cue did Taylor use?

a) Distance of loudness

b) Loudness in each ear

c) Timing

d) General loudness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

159. Which of the following is NOT a way the auditory system helps us adapt to loud noises?

a) Muscles around the ear’s opening contract to allow less noise to enter the ear.

b) Hair cells begin to respond more efficiently, thereby offsetting the amplitude of the sound.

c) Bottom-up processing allows our brains to filter out irrelevant noise.

d) Top-down processing allows us to filter out irrelevant noise.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

160. With respect to the development of the ability to recognize sounds, which of the following statements is NOT true?

a) Fetuses respond to loud noises with a startle reflex.

b) Newborns are capable of recognizing some sounds they heard in utero.

c) Infants prefer the sounds of their mother’s voice to other voices.

d) The ability to recognize sounds is poorly developed at birth and is fully developed by age 2.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

161. Research shows that chronic exposure to sounds 85 decibels (dB) and above can be hazardous to your long term auditory health. This is of concern because research also suggests all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is INCORRECT?

a) Canadian teens listen to music that is dangerously loud.

b) Portable listening devices with headphones can deliver sounds at 100dB and higher.

c) Frequent exposure to loud music, live or through earphones, is largely responsible for hearing loss.

d) Workplace noise for teens and young adults often exceeds 90dB.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

162. Nerve deafness is to conduction deafness as ___ is to ___.

a) nature; nurture

b) nurture; nature

c) nature; nature

d) nurture; nurture

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

163. Claire was born deaf. Which type of deafness would Claire have?

a) Conduction deafness

b) Congenital deafness

c) Obstructive deafness

d) Nerve deafness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

164. When Whitney was pregnant, she contracted rubella. As a result, her baby was born deaf. This type of deafness is called

a) Nerve deafness

b) Conduction deafness

c) Viral deafness

d) Prenatal deafness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

165. _____ occurs when there is an occlusion or break in the pathways through which sound is transmitted through the inner ear.

a) Conduction deafness.

b) Congenital deafness.

c) Obstructive deafness.

d) Nerve deafness.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

166. A constant ringing in the ears is called

a) Bell’s palsy.

b) tinnitus.

c) nerve deafness.

d) amusia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

167. Rene manages the sound crew for a popular rock band. She works with them to do sound checks, and she ensures that everything is functioning well. During shows, she often stands very close to the speakers to ensure there are no problems. Rene is likely to end up with

a) nerve hearing loss.

b) conduction hearing loss.

c) hearing aids.

d) irreversible nerve damage.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

168. ____________ is/are the stimulus for vision.

a) Thermal radiation

b) Photon radiation

c) Light particles

d) Electromagnetic radiation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

169. In the electromagnetic spectrum, wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm are

a) microwaves.

b) the visible light spectrum.

c) x-rays.

d) the invisible light waves.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

170. Short wavelength light produces ____________ colours, whereas long wavelength light produces _____________ colours.

a) bluish; reddish

b) reddish; bluish

c) violet; yellow

d) scarlet; violet

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

171. Cones are ___________ sensitive to light than rods which is why they require ____________ light to be activated.

a) less; more

b) less; less

c) more; less

d) more; more

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

172. Rods are most sensitive __________, and less sensitive ____________.

a) to many wavelengths; in dim light

b) in dim light; to high amplitude light waves

c) in dim light; to colour wavelengths

d) to colour wavelengths; to high amplitude light waves

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

173. Cones are to ___________ as rods are to _____________.

a) darkness; light

b) light; darkness

c) darkness; darkness

d) light; light

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

174. An owl conducts most of its hunting at night. Which of the following would you expect to find if you examined its visual system?

a) rods

b) cones

c) bipolar cells

d) ganglion cells

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

175. After exiting the eye, neural messages travel along the ______________ to the brain for further processing.

a) cranial nerve

b) optic nerve

c) cochlear nerve

d) lateral geniculate nucleus nerve

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

176. The blind spot has __________ receptors, whereas the fovea has ___________ receptors.

a) only cone; both rod and cone

b) no; both rod and cone

c) only rod; only cone

d) no; only cone

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

177. Pirate Pete uses a patch to cover his missing left eye cavity. He notices sometimes though that when an object moves into sight on his right side, he will lose sight of it for a very brief second. How would you explain this to Pete?

a) The vision in Pete’s good, right eye is deteriorating.

b) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina that only has rods.

c) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina called the fovea.

d) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina called the optic disc.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

178. The iris is the coloured part of the eye that adjusts the size of the _____________.

a) lens

b) optic chiasm

c) pupil

d) cornea

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

179. Muscles in the _____ allow the pupil to dilate or constrict

a) cornea

b) eyeball

c) vitreous humour

d) iris

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

180. The point on the retina that contains only cones and is responsible for our sharpest vision is called the _____.

a) focal spot

b) vitreous humor

c) fovea

d) optic disc

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

181. Because Hadley has vision in only one eye, she cannot use _____ as a cue for perceiving the distance from her car in the parking lot to the entrance of the mall.

a) accommodation

b) retinal disparity

c) motion parallax

d) aerial perspective

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

182. Entering a movie theater from outside on a bright sunny day will cause temporary blindness due to ______________.

a) presbyopia

b) dark adaptation

c) light adaptation

d) hyperopia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

183. If Anjay were to have only cones in his visual system, we could predict that he would experience each of the following EXCEPT one. Which statement is wrong?

a) Anjay would be able to clearly see objects he was looking directly at.

b) Anjay would have excellent peripheral vision.

c) Anjay would be able to detect colour.

d) Anjay would be able detect shifts in light under brightly lit conditions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

184. Which of the following dimensions of colour is correctly matched with an example?

a) brightness – pink has more white than red.

b) saturation – blue and yellow are opponent colours.

c) hue – more light is reflected from yellow than red.

d) brightness – white emanates more light than black.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

185. Which of the following does NOT support the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

a) three types of cone receptors

b) the combination of cone responses results in the perception of a multitude of colours

c) colour blindness

d) colour afterimages

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

186. Which of the following offers evidence supporting the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

a) antagonistic pairs of colours

b) colour afterimages

c) we cannot see reddish-green

d) colour blindness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

187. Reconciliation of the trichromatic and opponent-process theories demonstrates that colour is processed in an opponent fashion in the _____ and in a trichromatic fashion in the _____.

a) retina; brain

b) retina; thalamus

c) brain; retina

d) cones; rods

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

188. Mixing lights of red, green, and blue can yield the full spectrum of colours we perceive, is evidence for the _________________ theory of how our brain processes colour.

a) trichromatic

b) opponent-process

c) trichromatic-process

d) opponent-inverse

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

189. The opponent process theory of colour vision maintains that

a) there are three different receptors for colour, each responding to a different range of wavelengths.

b) colour pairs work to inhibit one another in the perception of colour.

c) retinal and cortical cells work together to produce colour.

d) oppositional receptors for colour individually respond to a narrow range of wavelengths and sum for each colour experienced.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

190. For over a minute, Liam has been staring at a photo of a green and black Canadian flag. When he shifts his gaze from the original image to a white wall, he suddenly sees an image of the actual red and white Canadian flag. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? Which theory of colour perception cannot explain this phenomenon?

a) dark adaptation; trichromatic theory

b) dark adaptation; opponent process theory

c) negative afterimage; trichromatic theory

d) negative afterimage; opponent process theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

191. Isabella has been staring at an image of a red square framed in yellow for almost a minute. When Isabella shifts her gaze to a white wall, what is she likely to see?

a) a red square framed in yellow

b) a yellow square framed in red

c) a green square framed in blue

d) a red square framed in black

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

192. Which of the following statements is true regarding color-limited vision?

a) The vast majority of people can see well over 7 million different colors, people with colour limited vision can see only 1 million.

b) Most people with limitations in their color vision are not aware of those deficits.

c) Color blindness is an appropriate term, as most deficits of color perception involve a complete inability to see a given hue.

d) To be "color blind" means that one can only see in shades of black, white, and gray.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

193. Andrew can only differentiate between black and white. He would be classified as a ____________________.

a) trichromat

b) dichromat

c) monochromat

d) contrast-viewer

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

194. The pathway from light to brain follows what order?

a) lateral geniculate nucleus 🡪 primary visual cortex 🡪 superior colliculus

b) optic chiasm 🡪 lateral geniculate nucleus 🡪 primary visual cortex

c) optic chiasm 🡪 superior colliculus 🡪 primary visual cortex

d) primary visual cortex 🡪 optic chiasm 🡪 lateral geniculate nucleus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

195. Visual information from the middle part of the visual field is processed on the ___ side of the cortex. Visual information from the lateral part of the visual field is processed ___.

a) same; on the opposite side of the cortex

b) opposite; on the same side of the cortex

c) same; on the same side of the cortex as well

d) opposite; on the opposite side of the cortex as well

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

196. The “where” pathway involves _____ and the “what” pathway involves _____.

a) the occipital pathway; the parietal pathway

b) the location of an object; the identity of an object

c) complex visual stimuli; feature detection

d) non associative visual cortex; associative visual cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

197. “What” pathway is to ____________ as “where” pathway is to ___________.

a) parietal; temporal

b) temporal; parietal

c) parietal; occipital

d) occipital; parietal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

198. Prosopagnosia is a condition that can involve the inability to recognize_____.

a) one’s own reflection in the mirror

b) certain colors such as reds and oranges

c) auditory stimuli

d) right from left

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

199. Francesca has the disorder prosopagnosia. What does Francesca see when she looks in the mirror?

a) A blank space with no recognizable facial features.

b) The face of the last person she interacted with.

c) A face, but she cannot recognize that it is her face.

d) A blurry blue object that has some facial features.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

200. Joaquin suffered a traumatic brain injury. Since that time, when he tries to pour himself a glass of water, he misses the glass and pours the water onto the table. Which of the following brain regions was likely damaged?

a) Frontal lobe

b) Parietal lobe

c) Temporal lobe

d) Occipital lobe

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

201. After suffering a stroke, Finn was unable to recognize everyday objects. Finn is exhibiting symptoms of _____________.

a) visual agnosia

b) visual anosmia

c) prosopagnosia

d) hemi-neglect

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

202. Isaac can recognize a rose by smell or touch but cannot name it if he only looks at it. Zander cannot recognize faces; he only knows people by their voices, hairstyles, or glasses. Haru completely ignores his left visual field. Isaac suffers from _____. Zander suffers from _____. Haru suffers from _____.

a) hemi-neglect; prosopagnosia; visual agnosia

b) visual agnosia; prosopagnosia; hemi-neglect

c) prosopagnosia; visual agnosia; hemi-neglect

d) visual agnosia; hemi-neglect; prosopagnosia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

203. A hockey play must locate the puck then follow its movement from player to player as it moves toward the net. A hockey player therefore relies on the _____.

a) “what” pathway

b) “where” pathway

c) fast pathway

d) slow pathway

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

204. When we organize patterns in order to perceive an entire stimulus rather than just its parts, we are using the _____ principle of perception.

a) holistic

b) Koffka

c) Gestalt

d) Young-Helmholtz

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

205. The Gestalt psychologists believed that with respect to visual perception, the whole is more than the sum of its parts. By contrast, the ___ psychologists assumed that the whole is the sum of its parts.

a) functional

b) structural

c) behavioural

d) psychoanalytic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

206. At a noisy party, you are able to focus on what your friend is telling you. What principle governs this ability?

a) Freudian

b) grounding

c) focal

d) Gestalt

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

207. Which of the following Gestalt principles involves the tendency to see a finished unit from incomplete stimulus?

a) continuity

b) closure

c) proximity

d) figure-ground

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

208. Which of the following is the best example of the Gestalt principle of proximity?

a) AAAABBBB

b) AA AA BB BB

c) ABABABAB

d) A A B B A A B B

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

209. Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt principles of organization?

a) contiguity

b) similarity

c) shading

d) proximity

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

210. Houses grouped together on a street would be an example of the Gestalt principle of __________________.

a) continuity

b) closure

c) proximity

d) similarity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

211. Monocular cues for depth perception, such as interposition, are important when

a) objects are unfamiliar.

b) we rely on retinal disparity for cues.

c) we perceive distance from only one eye.

d) visual conditions are degraded.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

212. An image that could be interpreted in different ways is called

a) an ambiguous figure.

b) an impossible figure.

c) an illusion.

d) a gestalt.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

213. “Impossible figures” are stimuli that appear to make sense but cannot exist in actual, real space. These figures ____.

a) define the correspondence between sensation and perception

b) help scientists understand perceptual principles

c) outline how to organize elements into a coherent whole

d) define the difference between monocular and binocular cues

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

214. The Gestalt principle of contiguity has to do with _______.

a) time

b) space

c) unification

d) closure

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

215. _____ refers to a binocular cue that comes from the separation of the eyes, which causes different images to fall on each retina.

a) Stereoscopic vision

b) Convergence

c) Retinal disparity

d) Linear perspective

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

216. A binocular cue is one that requires __________________ to perceive depth or distance.

a) binoculars

b) farsightedness

c) two forward facing eyes

d) retinal disparity

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

217. In a fight, a cyclops could not use _____ as a cue for perception of depth and distance.

a) convergence

b) retinal disparity

c) monocular cues

d) accommodation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

218. Benedict and his four-year-old sister were playing a game where he shut his eyes and she held up her fingers and he had to guess how many she was showing. After he guessed she would shriek, “No. No. Look!!” The game was giving him a headache though because whenever he opened his eyes to look, she held her hand up and then shoved it to the end of his nose to let him count the fingers for himself. The cue telling Benedict how close his sister’s fingers are to his face is _____.

a) retinal disparity

b) monocular disparity

c) convergence

d) continuity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

219. Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

a) texture gradient

b) continuity

c) interposition

d) familiar size

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

220. When you perceive depth or distance in a picture or photograph, you are ___________.

a) using monocular cues

b) myopic

c) using convergence

d) using binocular cues

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

221. While traveling through Kansas by train, you notice that you can see individual stalks and details of the wheat near the train tracks, but in the distance, the wheat stalks blend together into a smooth blanket of yellow. This is an example of the _____ cue for depth perception.

a) interposition

b) aerial perspective

c) linear perspective

d) texture gradient

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

222. When you are sitting near the back of a lecture hall you can tell who is closer to you because their heads and parts of their bodies block your view of the other students and the professor, who are further away. This monocular depth cue is known as _____.

a) texture gradient

b) interposition

c) relative size

d) clarity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

223. When you look across a beach you can see the fine grains of sand at your feet but by the water’s edge the sand looks solid. This sue to distance is called _____.

a) texture gradient

b) interposition

c) relative size

d) clarity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

224. Jaemin and his partner were staying at a chalet in the mountains. Jaemin was out on the balcony enjoying the view. He noted that the distant mountains looked hazy but those closer to him were clear. What depth cue is Jaemin using?

a) light and shadow

b) clarity

c) texture gradient

d) relative size

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

225. The monocular cue in which parallel lines converge, or angle toward one another, as they recede into the distance is

a) motion parallax.

b) accommodation.

c) linear perspective.

d) light and shadow.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

226. The moon illusion occurs when the moon appears bigger when it is closer to the horizon. This illusion occurs because of _____.

a) linear perspective

b) texture gradient

c) relative size

d) depth cues

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

227. The Ponzo illusion occurs because people are susceptible to the illusion based on the monocular cue of _____.

a) interposition

b) linear perspective

c) motion parallax

d) aerial perspective

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

228. Which of the following persons would be most susceptible to the Ponzo illusion?

a) Haiko from Japan

b) Jennifer from Canada

c) Rahid from India

d) All of these persons would be equally susceptible.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

229. The tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input is called _____.

a) perceptual constancy

b) the constancy of expectation

c) an illusory correlation

d) Gestalt’s primary principle

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

230. While riding in a car, you notice that telephone poles near you are passing by very quickly, whereas telephone poles in the distance are passing by much more slowly. This is an example of ____________.

a) motion parallax

b) interposition

c) speed perception

d) the linear perspective

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

231. As a flock of Canadian geese flies overhead in its familiar “V” formation, the geese are seen as _____ and the sky as _____.

a) continuity; closure

b) a sensation; perception

c) figure; ground

d) ground; figure

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

232. When climbing into bed, Ava noticed her partner’s bright red dressing gown at the end of the bed. However, when Ava got up in the night, leaving the light off so as not to disturb her partner, she did not even notice that the dressing gown now appeared black. This is because Ava has _____.

a) size constancy

b) shape constancy

c) colour constancy

d) continuity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

233. A young child would not yet have developed the principle of ____________ if she thinks her daddy is getting smaller and smaller as he walks away from her.

a) size constancy

b) perceptual differences

c) optical illusions

d) retinal disparity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

234. When you see a partially opened door, you know that the door is rectangular even though the image being detected by your retina is a trapezoid. This is an example of the perceptual principle called _____.

a) geometrical perceptual consistency

b) optical constancy

c) shape constancy

d) form consistency

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

235. In the Ames room, people appear to grow larger or smaller as they walk from one side of the room to the other because _____.

a) retinal disparity occurs

b) accommodation cannot be determined without movement by the people

c) people’s expectations that the room is square in shape are violated

d) there are no reference cues to judge the height of people

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

236. Infant’s do not have visual acuity similar to that of an adult until they are close to _____.

a) 2 months old

b) 8 months old

c) 12 months old

d) 18 months old

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

237. Elijah is a newborn. Safa is 4 months old. Qinyang is 8 months old. Theo is 10 months old. Which alternative below most accurately describes the visual development of these infants?

a) Elijah – focuses best on objects within one foot away

b) Safa – focuses on contrasts

c) Qinyang – has vision similar to an adult

d) Theo – has poor visual acuity, but can see objects up to 5 feet away

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

238. Four-year-old Warrick wears an eye patch over his right eye. Why might this be?

a) Warrick is amblyopic.

b) Warrick is strabismic.

c) Warrick is myopic.

d) Warrick is either amblyopic or strabismic.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

239. Strabismus _____ amblyopia.

a) is produced by

b) is produced from

c) usually produces amblyopia but can be caused by

d) is unrelated to

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

240. Which of the following statements about visual impairment is accurate?

a) Most visual loss is congenital.

b) Individuals with visual loss are often able to use some of the visual brain for hearing.

c) People with vision loss reading Braille use parts of the visual brain for this tactile task.

d) In Canada, half a million people a year lose their sight.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

241. Gymnasts depend greatly on their ______________ sense(s) to maintain balance and coordination.

a) visual

b) kinesthetic

c) postural

d) spatial

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

242. Abiah experienced a thrill on a roller coaster ride whereas Minsun was very ill. In each case the experience can be attributed to the confusion of the ________ sense.

a) tactile

b) vestibular

c) kinesthetic

d) olfactory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

243. The vestibular sense depends on what part of the body?

a) semicircular canals

b) auditory sacs

c) cochlea

d) basilar membrane

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

244. Confusion of the vestibular sense leads to _____________________.

a) motion sickness

b) synesthesia

c) nerve deafness

d) myopia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

245. The vestibular sense is responsible for _____ and the kinesthetic sense is responsible for _____.

a) the body’s movement and position; maintenance of balance

b) maintenance of balance; the body’s movement and position

c) pain detection; tracking moving objects

d) tracking moving objects; pain detection

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

246. Becoming motion sick or dizzy is most attributable to which sense?

a) olfaction

b) gustation

c) vestibular

d) kinesthesis

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

247. Eight-year-old Jalen is excited to go on a cruise with his parents, but his excitement quickly diminishes when he experiences seasickness. Considering what you know about the body senses, which statement best explains Jalen's misfortune?

a) Jalen's nausea was due to sensitivity of cells in the vestibular system.

b) Jalen's nausea was due to tactile senses located under the skin.

c) Jalen's nausea was due to touch receptors in the muscles.

d) Jalen's nausea was due to the response of receptors to stimulation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

248. Luke has NOT been feeling well for the last four days. This morning he feels dizzy when coming down the stairs, which is very rare for him. He has also complained of lightheadedness. Which sense will Luke’s doctor most likely check first?

a) vestibular sense

b) kinesthesis

c) skin senses

d) olfactory senses

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

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