Ch6 Test Bank Docx 4ce Psychology Around Us Test bank - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 6
CONSCIOUSNESS
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
- Attention is one of the key aspects of conscious awareness. Other key cognitive activities underlying cognitive awareness include monitoring (our implicit decisions about what to attend to), memory, and planning.
- Most biological investigators believe that consciousness results from a combination of brain activities in several brain regions. Two key brain structures appear to be the cerebral cortex, which helps regulate our awareness of attentional processes, and the thalamus, which relays sensory information from various parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex for processing.
2. Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
- In addition to our conscious level of awareness, many psychologists believe there are other levels or degrees of consciousness, and distinguish conscious awareness from two other states—unconsciousness and preconsciousness.
- Cognitive psychologists have demonstrated the existence of implicit memory; that is, memory that we do not consciously reflect upon but which, nevertheless, influences our behaviour.
- Preconsciousness is a level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary.
- Unconsciousness is a state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.
- Freud viewed the human unconscious as an important storehouse for knowledge and experience, which although not directly accessible to our conscious awareness, still influences our behaviour.
- Although Freud’s ideas fell into disfavour for several years, in recent years, scientists have begun to re-examine the unconscious from different points of view. For example, implicit memory describes knowledge that we have and are able to apply to various tasks, without being able to recall it at will.
3. Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
- Every 90 to 100 minutes when we sleep, we pass through a sleep cycle consisting of five different stages. The fifth stage of sleep, rapid eye movement, or REM sleep, is characterized by rapid and jagged brain-wave patterns and eye movements and irregularities in heart rate and breathing. Dreaming usually occurs during this phase of sleep.
- Scientists have identified brain activities that maintain the regular rhythms of life. Our move from a sustained period of wakefulness into a period of sleep during each 24-hour period is known as a circadian rhythm.
- Scientists have not reached a definitive conclusion about why people sleep, although some scientists have suggested sleep serves an evolutionarily adaptive function, keeping our ancestors away from predators that hunted at night. Others have suggested that sleep might play a role in growth, or allow us time to restore depleted chemical resources in the brain and body and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated throughout the day.
- We also do not understand why people dream. Recent theories about dreams emphasize cognitive approaches. The information-processing theory of dreams suggests that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and fix them in memory. The attention-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the mind’s attempts to give meaning to internally generated signals firing throughout the brain during deep sleep. Freud believed that dreams represent expressions of the internal desires and wishes that have been repressed and stored in the unconscious.
- Sleep deprivation can lead to feelings of fatigue, irritability, and malaise, resulting in lower productivity and a tendency to make mistakes. Loss of sleep can also affect the functioning of the immune system. The regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is called insomnia. Other sleep disorders include sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and night terrors.
4. Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
- Hypnosis is a suggestible state during which people can be directed to act in unusual ways, experience unusual sensations, remember forgotten events, or forget remembered events.
- Ernest Hilgard’s theory suggests that hypnosis divides consciousness into two parts: one focused on the suggestions of the hypnotist, and the other a hidden observer. Other theorists suggest that motivated role-playing is at work in hypnosis.
- Hypnosis has been used to successfully help control pain, as well as treat anxiety, skin diseases, asthma, insomnia, stuttering, high blood pressure, warts, and other forms of infection.
5. List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
- The main classes of psychoactive drugs are depressants (substances that slow down brain activity), stimulants (substances that excite brain activity), opioids (substances that attach to brain receptors that ordinarily receive endorphins), and psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs (substances that distort sensory perceptions).
- Regular ingestion of some drugs can lead to maladaptive changes in a person’s behaviour patterns and physical responses, a pattern known as addiction. Signs of addiction can include increased tolerance, the need for larger and larger doses of a substance to get the desired effect, and symptoms of withdrawal when one discontinues the drug.
- Review the list of drugs and their effects in Table 6.2.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Our immediate awareness of our external and internal states is defined as
a) consciousness.
b) attention.
c) gist.
d) blindsight.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
2. It is thought that the capacity to alter conscious focus relies on
a) a network of neurons from the reticular formation through the frontal lobes
b) neural circuits in the midbrain, thalamus, and parietal lobes
c) the frontal lobes and basal ganglia
d) the corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and lateral geniculate nucleus
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
3. Which of the following thalamic nuclei is involved in conscious awareness?
a) lateral geniculate nucleus
b) intralaminar nucleus
c) ventromedial nucleus
d) medial geniculate nucleus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
4. Nikhil has lost awareness of what is happening on the right side of his body. He has most probably suffered damage to the _____.
a) left midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei
b) corpus callosum
c) right primary visual cortex and superior colliculus
d) quantum components in his microtubules
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
5. Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between attention and consciousness?
a) Attention is necessary for consciousness.
b) Attention is a product of consciousness.
c) Attention is sufficient for consciousness.
d) Attention is the same as consciousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
6. Elvin was shown a picture for 30 ms. He reported
a) that he could not see anything.
b) what he saw in detail based on his eidetic image of the picture.
c) that he did not really see it, but he was able to provide information about the gist of the picture.
d) he reported an impression of colour and composition but was unable to form an overall impression.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
7. When Gina was shown a picture of a deer in the forest for a very brief time (30 ms) and then asked to report what she saw in the picture, she was not able to report details of the picture, however, was able to report a general or overall impression of an animal in the forest. This suggests that
a) we cannot be conscious of something without focusing our attention on it.
b) our perceptual system processes information first, and then we focus our attention on it.
c) we can focus our attention very quickly on images.
d) we can be somewhat conscious of something we have not be able to focus attention on.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
8. Which of the following alternatives best captures what happens in the brain when we become aware of a stimulus?
a) Certain neurons in the brain become active.
b) One group of neurons, or network, comes to dominate the brain’s activity.
c) Multiple networks of neurons become more active.
d) All the neurons in the brain increase their level of activity.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
9. Which of the following subcortical structures in the brain is especially important for consciousness?
a) hippocampus
b) thalamus
c) hypothalamus
d) amygdala
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
10. Unlike popular claims made in movies, we do not typically use 10% of our brains. According to Kolb and Whishaw, we use
a) just a small portion of our brain at any one time.
b) one hemisphere at a time.
c) most of our brain all the time.
d) one brain region at a time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
11. Which of the following reflects the contribution of split-brain surgery to our understanding of consciousness?
a) It suggests that the same brain areas involved in attending are also involved in awareness.
b) It suggests that attention occurs in the corpus callosum, whereas awareness occurs in the cerebral cortex.
c) It suggests that verbal awareness occurs in the left hemisphere, whereas non-verbal awareness occurs in the right hemisphere.
d) It suggests that verbal awareness occurs in the right hemisphere, whereas non-verbal awareness occurs in the left hemisphere.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
12. Jacqueline suffered an injury to her visual cortex which left her blind. One day when she was in the park, a child threw a ball in her direction. Despite not being able to see the ball, Jacqueline managed to dodge the oncoming ball. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for this?
a) Jacqueline has blindsight. She can actually see the ball, but has a psychological disorder that makes her think she is blind
b) Jacqueline has blindsight. Although she cannot see the ball, she was still able to attend to the oncoming ball.
c) Jacqueline has pseudoblindness. She can actually see the ball, but she doesn’t realize she is seeing it.
d) Jacqueline has pseudoblindness. Although her visual cortex was damaged, because the retina in the eye was not, she can actually see the ball.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
13. What piece of evidence suggests that to be conscious of something we need to attend to it?
a) inattentional blindness
b) blindsight
c) split-brain patients
d) sense of self
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
14. People who are blind due to damage to the visual cortex rather than to the retina will sometimes respond to movement despite their claim they cannot see. This phenomenon is known as
a) inattentional blindness.
b) blindsight.
c) preconscious blindness.
d) visual motion sensitivity.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
15. Mr. Altschuler insists that he sees no objects in a room, yet he manages to avoid bumping into furniture and tripping over items on the floor. What seems to be Mr. Altschuler’s condition?
a) Mr. Althschuler has a thalamic lesion.
b) Mr. Altschuler has visual agnosia.
c) Mr. Altschuler’s corpus callosum has been severed.
d) Mr. Altschuler has blindsight.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
16. Eugene has had his corpus callosum surgically severed as a treatment for his epileptic seizures. If you were to present a picture of a hammer to Eugene’s right hemisphere and a carrot to his left hemisphere. Which of the following statements would accurately depict Eugene’s ability to identify the objects?
a) Eugene would be able to name both objects, but would be faster naming the object presented to his left hemisphere.
b) Eugene would be able to name the carrot but not the hammer. He would, however, be able to use his tactile sense to pick out the hammer.
c) Eugene would be able to name the hammer, but not the carrot. He would, however, be able to use his tactile sense to pick out the carrot.
d) Euguene would not be able to name either object, however, he would be able to use his tactile sense to pick out both objects.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
17. Twelve-month old Yvonne is participating in the mirror and rouge test. What is this test designed to investigate?
a) a theory of mind
b) deception
c) a sense of self
d) consciousness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
18. After secretly dabbing red makeup on eight-month old Ethan’s nose, a researcher sits him in front of a mirror. What will be Ethan’s reaction?
a) He will reach out and touch the nose of his reflection.
b) He will touch his own nose.
c) He will try to look behind the mirror.
d) He will notice his reflection in the mirror but will not react at all to the red makeup on his nose.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
19. Two-year old Raphael is standing in front of a mirror and engaging with the baby in the mirror. After a few minutes, Raphael’s mother secretly dabs red makeup on his nose and a researcher sits Raphael in front of a mirror. What will be Raphael’s reaction?
a) He will reach out and touch the nose of his reflection.
b) He will reach up and touch his own nose.
c) He will try to look behind the mirror.
d) He will not notice his reflection in the mirror.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
20. Two toddlers, Wyatt, 13 months, and Austin, 20 months, are taking part in the rouge test. Each was tested individually. Each was allowed to play with their reflections in the mirror for a time, followed by each of their mother’s pretending to wipe their noses in order to surreptitiously place rouge on each of their noses. When placed back in front of the mirrors Wyatt reached to the “mirror baby’s” nose, laughing and staring intently. Austin, on the other hand, leaned in for a closer look, and then reached to touch is own nose. What can we conclude from each toddler’s response?
a) Austin has a stable concept of self, but Wyatt does not.
b) Wyatt has a stable concept of self, but Austin does not.
c) Neither toddler identified the reflection as being himself so neither Wyatt nor Austin have a sense of self.
d) Both Austin and Wyatt have a stable concept of self; each demonstrated that understanding in a different way.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
21. Which of the following statements regarding consciousness is correct?
Based on your text’s discussion of the development of consciousness during infancy, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) Around 22 months toddlers develop the ability to reason deductively expanding consciousness.
b) A stable concept of the self develops around 18 months of age.
c) The development of the self-concept follows the development of consciousness.
d) Only human beings are capable of developing the sense of self as measured by the rouge test.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
22. Chyna is 20 months old. Danae is 24 months old. Which of the following choices best describes the development of the self-concept and of conscious awareness more broadly in these infants?
a) Both infants have consciousness. Only Danae, though, has a self-concept.
b) Both infants have a self-concept. Only Danae, though, has consciousness.
c) Both Chynna and Danae have both a self-concept and consciousness.
d) Neither Chynna nor Danae has either a self-concept or consciousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
23. Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following alternatives best reflects a current controversy among theorists examining the development of consciousness in infancy?
a) whether it is possible to investigate the self-concept among very young infants
b) whether the development of a self-concept precedes or follows the development of consciousness
c) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of language
d) whether the development of consciousness depends on the development of a self-concept
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define different levels of conscious awareness and describe key brain structures and functions associated with those levels.
Section Reference: When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
24. Today, Jaquanda saw a woman she met last night at a college fundraiser but could not remember her name. She could only remember that her name started with the letter “B”. At what level of consciousness does this name information reside?
a) preconscious
b) unconscious
c) conscious
d) altered
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
25. The preconscious is defined as
a) the level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary.
b) the thoughts, feelings, and desires that we push down because they are too painful to deal with.
c) the thoughts, feelings, and emotions that we are not aware we have but influence our behaviour.
d) the level of consciousness that is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
26. Joury is with a group of friends when one of her friends suggests they order a pizza. This reminds Joury that she had pizza the same weeknight last week for dinner. The memory of eating pizza the week earlier was stored at the ____________ level.
a) unconscious
b) subconscious
c) preconscious
d) subliminal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
27. Adding water to the coffeemaker, Geraldine realizes too late that she had already poured a carafe of water into the machine. Geraldine wonders where her mind went; apparently, she completed the coffee-making task
a) consciously.
b) subconsciously.
c) preconsciously.
d) unconsciously.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
28. You are helping your young niece complete a worksheet for her elementary-school social studies class. You find that although you had not thought about the information in years, you can bring provincial capitals to mind quite easily. This information is housed in your ___.
a) preconscious
b) subconscious
c) conscious mind
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
29. Julie has been driving for 4 years. When driving on the highway, Julie’s driving is likely a/an ___ behaviour. If the road conditions are not good, however, it is likely that she must switch her driving to a ___ behaviour.
a) conscious; subconscious
b) subconscious; conscious
c) preconscious; conscious
d) conscious; preconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
30. If information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness, it must be stored in the
a) preconscious.
b) unconscious.
c) subconscious.
d) subliminal conscious.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
31. Freud believed that one of the key functions of the unconscious was to
a) house irrelevant memories to make room for more important memories in consciousness.
b) house memories that would help us with daily functioning.
c) mediate conflict between the conscious and unconscious states.
d) house thoughts and memories too painful or disturbing for consciousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
32. In terms of unconscious processing, psychodynamic is to cognitive as _____ is to _____.
Dr. James is a contemporary psychodynamic psychologist. Her colleague, Dr. Kagawa, is a cognitive psychologist. How does each of these psychologists view the function of unconscious thought?
a) protection from disturbing thoughts; everyday information processing
b) everyday information processing; protection from disturbing thoughts
c) protection from disturbing thoughts; protection from disturbing thoughts
d) everyday information processing; everyday information processing
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
33. When Pedro was eight years old, he witnessed a frightening and violent crime. Now, at the age of twenty-five he claims he remembers nothing about it. Which of the following explanations would Freud give to explain this Pedro’s memory lapse?
a) Pedro was too young to properly encode the information into memory.
b) Pedro finds the memory too painful so has pushed the memory into his unconscious.
c) Too much time has passed for Pedro to remember the incident.
d) Pedro’s memory is buried in his preconscious so is difficult to recall.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
34. A politician was asked to officially open a new mental health clinic. At the end of his speech he said, “I now declare this Department of Cynical Psychologists...er, I mean Clinical Psychologists to be open.” According to Freud, this would be an example of
a) the tip of the tongue phenomenon.
b) a slip of the tongue.
c) repressed thoughts.
d) a Freudian slip.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
35. The cognitive explanation for unconscious processing comes from the concept of _____________ memories.
a) subliminal
b) automatic
c) explicit
d) implicit
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
36. Aware is to ___________ as unaware is to ____________.
a) explicit memory; implicit memory
b) implicit memory; explicit memory
c) explicit memory; explicit memory
d) preconscious memory; unconscious memory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
37. When Maxine was six-years old, her father taught her to ride a bike. Now at eighteen, Maxine can ride a bike without even thinking about it. When Maxine was six, riding a bike was a(n) ____________ memory. Now riding a bike is a(n) ___________ memory for Maxine.
a) automatic; conscious
b) conscious; conscious
c) implicit; explicit
d) explicit; implicit
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
38. Petra is teaching her 5 year old son to tie his shoes. For Petra, shoe tying would be a/an ___ memory; for her son it would be a/an ___ memory.
a) conscious; unconscious
b) explicit; implicit
c) implicit; explicit
d) unconscious; conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
39. Nurul tried to remember her son’s middle school teacher’s name by applying effort and reminding herself to remember that it rhymed with the word “nails”. Her awareness of this knowledge suggests that she was utilizing what type of memory?
a) long term
b) explicit
c) working
d) implicit
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the ideas of preconscious and unconscious states, including Freud’s thinking on the unconscious.
Section Reference: Preconscious and Unconscious States
40. How many years of an average person’s life are spent sleeping?
a) 15 years
b) 20 years
c) 25 years
d) 30 years
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
41. Which of the following areas demonstrates changes in neuronal activity during sleep?
a) cerebellum
b) reticular formation
c) amygdala
d) hypothalamus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
42. We do not understand why we need to sleep suggesting that no _____ research has been undertaken or provided a conclusive answer to the question: _____?
a) experimental; Why do we need sleep if the brain does not rest when we are sleeping, and the body gets almost the same benefit from resting alone
b) correlational; Why do we need sleep if the brain does not rest when we are sleeping, and the body gets almost the same benefit from resting alone
c) correlational; What brain regions are involved in sleep
d) experimental; What brain regions are involved in sleep
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
43. The limbic system contains each of the following brain structures EXCEPT
a) the amygdala.
b) the pons.
c) the cingulate cortex.
d) the hippocampus.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
44. Disruptions in circadian rhythms can cause all of the following EXCEPT
a) sleep disorders.
b) insomnia.
c) increased risk of heart disease.
d) increased risk of depression.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
45. Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed ___.
a) circadian rhythms
b) biorhythms
c) body rhythms
d) diurnal rhythms
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
46. Octavia is 21. Pearl is 63. Octavia is probably most alert at ___. Pearl is probably most alert at ___.
a) 8:30 a.m.; 11 a.m.
b) 11 a.m.; 8:30 a.m.
c) 1 p.m.; 11 a.m.
d) 11 a.m; 1 p.m.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
47. Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?
a) the human sleep-wake cycle
b) the menstrual cycle
c) hibernation behaviour in bears
d) the onset of menopause
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
48. Yui woke in the night and noticed her partner was sleeping and had relaxed muscles and a decreased rate of respiration. Although Yui could not know, her partner also had a slightly lower body temperature. Yui’s partner was in Stage ____ of sleep.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
49. By about how much earlier or later can the average person shift her sleep-wake cycle without negatively affecting her alertness or activity levels?
a) 1 hour
b) 90 minutes
c) 2 hours
d) 3 hours
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
50. Randi and Mercedes want to study together for their final exams. They quickly realize however, that Randi studies better at night, whereas Mercedes studies better early in the morning. In this example, Randi would be considered a(n) _______, and Mercedes would be considered a(n) __________.
a) owl; rooster
b) rooster; owl
c) lark; owl
d) owl; lark
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
51. Izzat arrived from Syria to Canada as a refugee when he was 14 years old. He is now 24 years old. Whose sleep-wake rhythm would Izzat most closely resemble?
a) Sahar – Syrian, also 24 years old
b) Khalid – Syrian, also 24 years old
c) Elliott – born in Canada, also 24 years old
d) Abdul – his father
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
52. When a person is entirely deprived of access to environmental shifts in sunlight and darkness, the SCN _____. When they are returned to the normal living conditions the SCN _____.
a) extends the body’s day cycle to about 25 hours; shortens the day cycle to 23 hours.
b) shortens the body’s day cycle to about 23 hours; extends the day cycle to 25 hours.
c) extends the body’s day cycle approximately 1 hour for every day of deprivation; returns the body’s day cycle to 24 hours.
d) extends the body’s day cycle to about 25 hours; returns the day cycle to 24 hours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
53. The ___________________ receives information about light and darkness from the eyes.
a) pineal gland
b) lateral geniculate nucleus
c) pituitary gland
d) suprachiasmatic nucleus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
54. Which brain region controls our circadian rhythms?
a) the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
b) the area postrema in the brain stem
c) the superior colliculus in the midbrain
d the basal ganglia
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
55. Julie is a nurse and works on a rotating shift schedule. After completing a morning shift, she agrees to cover for a co-worker’s night shift the following day. She feels excessively tired and impatient, most likely due to
a) disruption in circadian rhythm.
b) late release of melatonin.
c) early release of melatonin.
d) not experiencing REM sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
56.Increases in melatonin are to ________ as decreases are to ________.
a) sleeping; awakening
b) awakening; sleeping
c) darkness; light
d) setting; resetting
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
57. Which of the following brain structures has been identified as playing a possible role in narcolepsy?
a) cerebellum
b) pons
c) reticular formation
d) hypothalamus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
58. Sophia is just dozing off and feels as though she is floating when she suddenly experiences the sensation of falling. Sophia has experienced
a) hypnagogic hallucination
b) myoclonic jerk
c) paradoxical sleep
d) restorative sleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
59. The _____ theory of sleep says that sleep serves a _____ and may explain why many students _____.
a) restorative; recuperative function; get ill during exam periods
b) adaptive; protective function; students are at increased risk for anxiety and depression
c) immunological; defensive function; are prone to colds and flus over the term
d) all theories and applications apply to student health and wellness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
60. Adaptive is to restorative as _____ is to _____.
a) evolutionary; behavioural
b) evolutionary; cognitive
c) evolutionary; neuroscientific
d) neuroscientific; evolutionary
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
61. Aadhya has been working very long days trying to meet a project deadline for her company. After three weeks of reduced sleep, she is feeling like she is getting the flu. Which theory of sleep does Aadhya’s experience illustrate?
a) immunology theory of sleep
b) deprivation theory of sleep
c) restorative theory of sleep
d) adaptive theory of sleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
62. Herbivorous animals, such as cows or horses, sleep only a few hours each day. Carnivorous predators, such as cats, sleep many hours a day. How do these observations inform theories of functions of sleep?
a) These observations discredit the restorative theory of sleep.
b) These observations support the restorative theory of sleep.
c) These observations discredit the adaptive theory of sleep.
d) These observations support the adaptive theory of sleep.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
63. The theory of sleep that BEST explains why bears hibernate all winter is the _____ theory.
a) adaptation/protection
b) rest/rejuvenate
c) recuperative/conservation
d) repair/restoration
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
64. The growth theory of sleep is supported among humans by the ___ correlation between age and the number of hours of sleep per day.
a) positive
b) perfect
c) negative
d) zero
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
65. How long do sleep cycles typically last during a normal night’s sleep?
a) 30 minutes
b) 60 minutes
c) 90 minutes
d) 120 minutes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
66. The experience of hearing our name, a loud noise, or the feeling that we are floating in space during the pre-sleep period is known as a ___________________.
a) hypnagogic hallucinations
b) myoclonic hallucination
c) myoclonic delusions
d) levitational hallucinations
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
67. A sudden sharp muscular spasm that generally accompanies the pre-sleep feeling of falling is called a
a) myoclonic hallucination.
b) pre-sleep spasm.
c) myoclonic jerk.
d) hypnagogic jerk.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
68. In Stage 3 sleep between 20 and 50 percent of our brainwaves are ________. During Stage 4 the percentage of these types of wave _________.
a) theta; increase
b) theta; decrease
c) delta; increase
d) delta; decrease
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
69. In a sleep lab, electrodes hooked up to the patient will probably measure _______.
a) heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
b) brain waves, muscle activity, and eye movements
c) heart rate, muscle movements, and sexual arousal
d) brain waves, myocardial functioning, and ocular movements
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
70. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Stage 2 sleep?
a) sleep walking occurs in those who are prone to it
b) sleep spindles
c) brain activity slows
d) muscle tension relaxes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
71. Bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two called ____________ occur during _______________ sleep.
a) myoclonic bursts; Stage 3
b) sleep spindles; Stage 2
c) myoclonic bursts: Stage 2
d) sleep spindles; REM
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
72. Maggie is in the stage of sleep where, although her body is very still, her eyes are moving back and forth very quickly, and she is experiencing increased heart rate and rapid, irregular breathing. If someone were to wake Maggie up, what would she probably report?
a) that she had not actually been sleeping
b) that she had a headache
c) that she had been dreaming
d) that she had no memory of dreaming
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
73. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
a) eyes dart around rapidly
b) paralysis of major muscle groups
c) story-like dreaming
d) low frequency brain waves
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
74. REM sleep is also called ____________ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep.
a) pseudo-sleep
b) paradoxical sleep
c) hypnogogic sleep
d) restorative sleep
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
75. Recent research suggests that REM sleep _____.
a) is important for learning, and consolidation and storage of new memories
b) is necessary for both mammals and non-mammals
c) cannot be “recaptured” if you miss it several nights in a row
d) increases with age
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
76. Imagine a participant in a sleep study. He has gotten out of bed and begun to sleepwalk. Which stage of sleep is the participant most likely experiencing?
a) REM
b) stage 2
c) stage 3
d) stage 4
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
77. REM sleep is sometimes called ‘active sleep’ for all the following reasons EXCEPT
a) heartbeat is fast and irregular during REM sleep.
b) brain activity is intense during REM sleep.
c) vivid dreams occur during REM sleep.
d) the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
78. Which of the following behaviours supports a consolidation theory of sleep?
a) Elinor – just learned a new task and slept the same length of time as usual, but had a longer NREM sleep
b) William – just learned a new task and slept for longer than usual
c) Maryam – just learned a new task and slept the same length of time as usual, but had a longer REM sleep
d) Morgan – just learned a new task and slept in 2 hour bursts over nine hours
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
79. Which stage of sleep is correctly matched with its description?
a) NREM – uses approximately one hour of each sleep cycle
b) hypnagogic state – replaces alpha waves with theta waves
c) Stage 3 – feel as though we are floating in space, may “hear” our name or a loud crashing sound
d) Stage 4 – slowing of brain waves with bursts of brain activity that last a second or two
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
80. The manifest content of a dream
a) is the dream you remember having.
b) is converted into palatable symbols.
c) is the underlying meaning of a dream.
d) is the unconscious content of a dream.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
81. When Kai starts full-day kindergarten, his parents quickly learn to enforce an early bedtime routine in order to avoid meltdowns. Kai's need for more sleep as he adjusts to the academic demands of kindergarten support which sleep theory?
a) memory consolidation theory
b) adaptive theory
c) restorative theory
d) growth theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
82. According to Freud, the _________________ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise the underlying meaning of the dream.
a) repressed
b) transference
c) manifest
d) latent
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
83. According to Freud, the _______________ content of a dream is the unconscious meaning of the dream.
a) expressed
b) manifest
c) latent
d) repressed
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
84. Imagine you had a dream last night in which you were taking a trip to a faraway country. According to Freud’s view of dreams, the __________ content of the dream would be death and the __________ content would be the journey.
a) latent; manifest
b) manifest; cognitive
c) sexual; pseudo-sexual
d) pseudo-sexual; latent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
85. Emerson is taking an Introductory Psychology course at a local university. The night before his class is to write their final exam, Emerson dreams that he cannot find the room where he is to write the exam. If he interprets this dream as his mind attempting to sort out and give order to the stressful event of writing final exams, Emerson will most likely subscribe to the ___________________ of dreaming.
a) activation-synthesis model
b) Freudian dream theory
c) cognitive theory
d) information processing theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
86. The hypothesis that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and to fix them in memory is called the
a) activation-synthesis model.
b) Mulligan’s theory of dreaming.
c) information-processing theory.
d) cognitive theory of dreaming.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
87. The idea that dreams are the by-product of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, is known as the ________________ of dreaming.
a) activation-synthesis model
b) information-processing theory
c) Freudian dream theory
d) Hobson and McCarley theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
88. According to Hobson and McCarley, dreaming is the result of the synthesis of activity in what areas of the brain?
a) Brain stem, hypothalamus, and visual cortex
b) Brain stem, cerebral cortex, and limbic system
c) Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system
d) Limbic system, hippocampus, and amygdala
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
89. After Hugo tells his therapist about a dream he had the night before, his therapist responds that Hugo’s brain may have been actively firing neurons at the time of the dream. What dream theory does this view support?
a) activation-synthesis hypothesis
b) Freudian
c) information-processing
d) manifest content hypothesis
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
90. Dr. Zhang is a psychodynamic psychologist. Dr. Yafuz is a neuroscientist. Dr. Silberstein is a cognitive psychologist. Which scientist is paired with the dream theory they would most likely endorse?
a) Dr. Zhang – activation-synthesis theory
b) Dr. Yafuz – information processing theory
c) Dr. Silberstein – Freudian dream theory
d) Dr. Zhang – Freudian dream theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
91. Which of the following is accurate regarding lucid dreaming?
a) Lucid dreamers can sometimes guide the outcome of their dreams.
b) Lucid dreamers are not aware that they are dreaming.
c) Lucid dreamers are more intelligent than nonlucid dreamers.
d) Lucid dreamers solve many of their problems while asleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
92. You are dreaming that you are trapped in a burning building. Although you are initially frightened, you quickly realize you are dreaming and that you are safely sleeping in your bed. In this example, you would have experienced a(n)
a) nightmare.
b) night terror.
c) lucid dream.
d) focal dream.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
93. The activation synthesis model of dreams argues that they are the by-product of random stimulation of brain cells and that the brain then attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns. Proponents of this theory would not view _____ dreaming as particularly meaningful.
a) REM sleep
b) lucid dreaming
c) sleep spindles
d) hypnagogic hallucinations
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
94. People who experience frequent nightmares and become very distressed by their nightmares are considered to have
a) insomnia.
b) lucid dream disorder.
c) nightmare disorder.
d) sleep-stress disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
95. Which of the following is a suggested reason for why infants spend more time in REM than adults?
a) REM sleep aids in the development of imagery in infants.
b) REM sleep aids in the development of the central nervous system.
c) REM sleep aids in language development.
d) REM sleep establishes the infant’s circadian rhythm.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
96. _____________ spend more time in REM sleep than _____________.
a) Infants; adults
b) Adults; infants
c) Young children; infants
d) Adults; adolescents
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
97. The recommended number of hours a four-year old should sleep each day is
a) between 6 and 8.
b) between 8 and 9.
c) between 10 and 12.
d) between 12 and 15.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
98. A team of researchers examines the time spent in REM sleep and in each of the NREM stages among a large sample of adults ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old. The researchers compute three correlation coefficients: Correlation A, between participant age and total time spent in NREM Stages 1 and 2; Correlation B, between participant age and total time spent in REM sleep; and, finally, Correlation C, between participant age and total time spent in NREM Stages 3 and 4. Of these correlations, which should be the weakest? Which should be the strongest?
a) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
b) Correlation B should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
c) Correlation C should be the weakest. Correlation A should be the strongest.
d) Correlation A should be the weakest. Correlation C should be the strongest.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
99. Caoimhe's new baby is scrunching up her face, breathing irregularly, making little sounds, and moving her eyes rapidly back and forth under closed lids. Caoimhe asks you if this means the baby is waking up. Based on what you know about sleep cycles, your BEST answer would be _____.
a) Yes, the baby appears to be coming out of Stage 1 sleep.
b) No, the baby is showing signs of a transition between sleep stages.
c) Yes, the baby has obviously been awake for several minutes.
d) No, the baby is most likely in the REM sleep stage
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
100. A study comparing parenting practices between parents in North America and those of the Kipsigis people of Kenya show that
a) sleep-wake cycles in infancy are related to those in adolescence but not beyond.
b) circadian rhythms are highly malleable within individuals.
c) childrearing practices have little effect on sleep-wake cycles.
d) biological clocks are affected by environmental demands and expectations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
101. Our sleep patterns change as we age. Which of the following is not accurate regarding these changes?
a) we need less NREM sleep and more REM sleep as we age
b) almost half of a newborn’s sleep is spent in REM
c) the largest decrease in REM and NREM sleep occurs in the first 3 years of life
d) although the amount of REM and NREM sleep both decrease as we age, there is much more decrease in REM than NREM
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
102. _____ is a result of sleep deprivation. Assuming no unexpected distractions, _____ are less affected by sleep deprivation.
a) Reduced cortisol; complex logical tasks
b) Reduced concentration; complex logical tasks
c) Reduced irritability; monotonous tasks
d) Enhanced motor performance; monotonous tasks
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
103. Esme and Ichiko are good friends who have not seen one another in a long time and so they both stay up until 3:00 am talking. Finally, they agree to get to bed as they both have work early the next day. Esme works at a factory on an assembly line. Ichiko is an articling student at a law firm. Which one of these women is more likely to make an error on the job due to sleep deprivation?
a) Esme
b) Ichiko
c) Esme and Ichiko are equally as likely to make mistakes.
d) Neither Esme nor Ichiko are likely to make more mistakes than they would have made with their typical hours of sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
104. Misaki is sleep deprived and is now performing a task. How do you predict Misaki will perform on the task?
a) Her performance will be unaffected by sleep deprivation if the task is very interesting.
b) Her performance will be unaffected by sleep deprivation if the task is monotonous and repetitive.
c) Her performance will be affected on any task that requires physical strength.
d) Her performance will be affected on complex tasks.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
105. The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep or awakening too early is a symptom of _________________.
a) narcolepsy
b) insomnia
c) sleep apnea
d) night terrors
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
106. A suspected cause of sleep apnea is ______________________.
a) a malfunction in the reticular activating system or the brainstem
b) malnutrition, alcoholism, or drug dependence
c) an airway blockage or the brain's failure to signal the diaphragm
d) sleeping on one’s back
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
107. Zoe’s partner, Nelson, snores so loudly that she often awakens. She is very concerned that Nelson might be at risk for _____.
a) insomnia
b) lung disease
c) heart disease
d) divorce
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
108. If, in midsentence, your friend suddenly slumps over on the couch and appears to have entered the REM stage of sleep, which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend’s behavior?
a) Your friend suffers from epilepsy and just had a seizure.
b) Your friend suffers from narcolepsy and should seek medical attention.
c) Your friend has a sleep disorder known as sleep apnea.
d) Your friend is not getting an adequate amount of rest and the body is forcing sleep as a protective response.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
109. Which of the following sleep disorders is most accurately matched to its description?
a) narcolepsy – long lag in a person’s ability to fall asleep
b) delayed sleep phase syndrome – feeling drowsy or chronically tired even after a good night sleep
c) advanced sleep phase syndrome – falling asleep early in the evening against a person’s wishes
d) excessive daytime sleepiness - an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
110. Four-year old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m. bedtime. About 9:45, he suddenly sits up in bed, breathing rapidly and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic. DeMarcus is experiencing ___.
a) a nightmare
b) a narcoleptic attack
c) night terrors
d) sleep apnea
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
111. Night terrors are more common ________________.
a) in childhood
b) in early adulthood
c) during infancy
d) in children living in high stress environments
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
112. Which of the following statements regarding sleep disorders is true?
a) Insomnia is more common among older people than among younger people.
b) Sleepwalking usually takes place during the first three hours of sleep.
c) People with nightmare disorder wake in a state of panic and often do not remember the episode the next day.
d) Sleep apnea is marked by an uncontrollable urge to sleep.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe what happens when people sleep, key theories of why we sleep and dream, and problems with sleep and how they affect functioning.
Section Reference: When We Are Asleep
113. Which of the following results may occur when a person is hypnotized?
a) They act in unusual ways.
b) They experience unusual sensations.
c) They remember forgotten events.
d) all of the above
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
114. A ________ is a behaviour that is suggested while the person is hypnotized, but which is engaged in later when a specified sign is observed.
a) hypnotic suggestion
b) hypnotic hallucination
c) posthypnotic response
d) hyperalert response
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
115. Which group tends to be particularly open to hypnotic suggestions?
a) women
b) children
c) elderly
d) men
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
116. In Psychology hypnosis is BEST used for _____.
a) improving eyewitness testimonies in a courtroom
b) helping to reduce anxiety
c) entertainment purposes
d) helping with memory and recall
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
117. Experiencing perceptual events that are not there is to ignoring actual perceptual events as _____ is to _____.
a. Prehypnotic hallucinations; posthypnotic hallucinations
b. Posthypnotic hallucinations; prehypnotic hallucinations
c. Negative hypnotic hallucinations; positive hypnotic hallucinations
d. Positive hypnotic hallucinations; negative hypnotic hallucinations
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
118. Camille’s therapist uses hypnosis to help her control the neck pain she has from a childhood injury. Camille’s ability to ignore this pain is due to _____.
a) a positive hypnotic hallucination.
b) positive hypnosis.
c) negative hypnosis.
d) a negative hypnotic hallucination.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
119. Avery is being arrested for breaking into a jewellery store and stealing all their diamonds. In her defense, she says that she was hypnotized into doing it. What is wrong with Avery’s story?
a) Nobody could carry out such a complex act and remain hypnotized.
b) No one could stay hypnotized for as long as it would take to rob a jewellery store.
c) No one can be induced into doing something against their will when hypnotized.
d) When hypnotized, people walk around like zombies and would be incapable of robbery.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
120. Molly is undergoing hypnosis to help with her insomnia. In the days following the session, she has no trouble falling asleep and her rest is peaceful and rejuvenating. Her friends ask her what the hypnotist said to her to help her so completely, and unfortunately, Molly cannot remember a thing. What is this called?
a) posthypnotic response trance
b) negative hypnotic hallucination
c) posthypnotic amnesia
d) dissociation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
121. Tyrell underwent hypnosis last week to quit smoking. While he was in the hypnotic trance, the therapist told him that the sight of a cigarette would make him feel nauseous. A week later, every time Tyrell takes a cigarette out of the package, he feels sick. What term best describes this effect?
a) posthypnotic flashback
b) posthypnotic response
c) suggestibility factor
d) hyperalert flashback
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
122. A trancelike susceptibility to suggestion is characteristic of ___.
a) meditation
b) yoga
c) hypnogogia
d) hypnosis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
123. Approximately what proportion of the population can be hypnotized?
a) Everyone can be hypnotized.
b) Most people can be hypnotized, but approximately 10% of people cannot be.
c) About 50% of the population can be hypnotized.
d) Approximately 85% of people cannot be hypnotized.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
124. Julianna went with a group of friends to see a well known hypnotist. Julianna was deeply hypnotized within a short time. Julianna would be said to display _____.
a) high levels of hypnotic analgesia
b) low levels of hypnotic analgesia
c) hyper-hypnosis
d) high hypnotic susceptibility
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
125. How do the induction procedures that hypnotists actually use differ from the way in which such procedures are portrayed in the movies?
a) Real induction procedures sometimes encourage a hyperalert rather than the relaxed state shown in the movies. Real hypnotists are less authoritarian than movie portrayals imply.
b) Real induction procedures sometimes encourage a relaxed rather than the hyperalert state the movies show. Real hypnotists are less authoritarian than movie portrayals imply.
c) Real induction procedures sometimes encourage a hyperalert rather than the relaxed state shown in the movies. Real hypnotists are more authoritarian than movie portrayals imply.
d) Real induction procedures sometimes encourage a relaxed rather than the hyperalert state the movies show. Real hypnotists are more authoritarian than movie portrayals imply.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
126. Mental perceptions that do NOT match the stimulation coming from the environment are termed ___.
a) delusions
b) hallucinations
c) illusions
d) distortions
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
127. Negative hypnotic hallucinations have been used to
a) get individuals to respond on stage to commands to hop like a rabbit or act like a monkey.
b) help individuals to identify repressed information in the unconscious mind.
c) teach individuals to ignore pain.
d) guide individuals to see objects or hear sounds that are not present.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
128. A number of uses for hypnosis suggest it is effective and not based on false claims for entertainment purposes alone. Which of the following is not supported by evidence?
a) Some patients are able to undergo an operation without anesthesia.
b) Hypnotized and non-hypnotized patients have distinct EEG patterns.
c) Hypnotized patients are three times more likely to carry out a posthypnotic suggestion than people who were not hypnotized
d) When hypnotized, people will refuse to carry out any command that will cause them pain.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
129. According to Hilgard, during hypnosis the consciousness divides into two parts, an experience called ________________.
a. splitting
b. mindful separation
c. conscious boundaries
d. dissociation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
130. Which of the following statements about Hilgard’s dissociation theory of hypnosis is NOT true?
a. During hypnosis, the consciousness divides into two parts that act at different stages.
b. One part of consciousness is fully tuned and responsive to the instructions of the hypnotist.
c. The hidden observer operates at a less conscious level.
d. The hidden observer processes information that is seemingly unavailable to the hypnotized person.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
131. You are reading an article in the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. The author reports a significant negative correlation coefficient between participants’ scores on a measure of belief in hypnosis and their scores on a measure of hypnotic suggestibility. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of this result?
a) The result disconfirms the divided-consciousness view.
b) The result supports the divided-consciousness view.
c) The result disconfirms the common-social-and-cognitive-processes view.
d) The result supports the common-social-and-cognitive-processes view.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
132. Which of the following is an example of a positive hypnotic hallucinations?
a. Perry no longer feels the pain of his neck injury.
b. When Otis nervously gets up to give his speech, he hears his mother telling him he can do it, even though she is not in attendance.
c. Kelsey no longer feels hungry between meals.
d. Janice no longer craves cigarettes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
133. During hypnosis, the mental relaxation stage is to ________ of the thalamus and cerebral cortex as mental absorption is to _____________ of the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
a. excitation; inhibition
b. inhibition; excitation
c. slowing down; speeding up
d. speeding up; slowing down
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
134. Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding self-control during a hypnotic trance?
a) A person retains all self-control and hypnotism is not effective or real.
b) A person surrenders all self-control and will do whatever the hypnotist suggests.
c) A person is unaware of what is happening and afterwards will not remember what happened.
d) A person voluntarily relinquishes control but remains aware of what suggestions are being made.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss theories and evidence about what hypnosis is, how it works, and how it can be used.
Section Reference: Hypnosis
135. A(n) _______________ is a chemical that affects awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception, or mood.
a) hallucinogen
b) narcotic
c) psychoactive drug
d) psychological medication
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
136. ________________is responsible for breaking down and eliminating alcohol in the human body?
a) GABA
b) Monoamine oxidase
c) Alcohol dehydrogenase
d) Ethyl hydrogen oxidase
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
137. Alcohol is a depressant because it reduces the influence of _____.
a) dopamine
b) GABA
c) serotonin
d) endorphins
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
138. The three two most widely used groups of depressants are
a) sedative-hypnotics and opiates.
b) opiates and marijuana.
c) alcohol and marijuana.
d) alcohol and sedative-hypnotics.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
139. Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following best expresses the relationship between depressants and sedative-hypnotic drugs?
a) Depressants are a subset of sedative-hypnotics.
b) Sedative-hypnotics are a subset of depressants.
c) They are the same thing.
d) They are completely separate classes of drugs.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
140. Teagan starts every morning by having a drink of vodka because it makes her feel relaxed and happy. As she craves this feeling throughout the day, she carries a small bottle of vodka in her purse. Sometimes she misses work because she is hung over and cannot get out of bed. Teagan is showing signs of having a(n)
a) tolerance to alcohol.
b) addiction to alcohol.
c) withdrawal from alcohol.
d) psychological dependence on alcohol.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
141. Last weekend, Spencer, a second-year university student and his friends had a drinking contest. Spencer drank 7 drinks in a row within a very short amount of time. Spencer engaged was involved in ________.
a) pre-alcoholic behaviour
b) alcoholism
c) party drinking
d) binge drinking
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
142. According to research, the lowest rates of alcoholism in North America are found among
a) Indigenous people.
b) Western European people.
c) Eastern European people.
d) Asian people.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
143. _____ is defined as unpleasant and potentially dangerous side effects of reducing drug intake following addiction.
a) Dependence
b) Compulsion
c) Withdrawal
d) Tolerance
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
144. What is it called when a person needs to consume more of the drug over time to receive the same effect?
a) withdrawal
b) addiction
c) tolerance
d) homeostasis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
145. For the past six years, Amelia has consumed alcohol every day. In fact, she often drinks in the washroom at work through the day to maintain the effects. However, she has no outward appearance of being drunk and neither her co-workers nor most of her friends know about her drinking. Amelia’s ability to hide her drinking is related to
a) tolerance.
b) withdrawal.
c) addiction.
d) dependence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
146. Max has been out drinking with friends and has a blood alcohol content of 0.10. Which of the following would best describe Max’s behaviour?
a) relaxed state; increased sociability
b) everyday stress lessened
c) loud and difficult to understand, emotions unstable
d) movements and speech become clumsy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
147. The consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks in a row is known as ________________.
a) alcoholism
b) pre-drinking
c) binge drinking
d) intoxication
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
148. Nearly ___% of adults experience alcoholism at some point in their lives.
a) 5
b) 10
c) 13
d) 20
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
149. According to your text, approximately ___% of the Canadian population displays dependency in illicit drugs in any given year.
a) 1%
b) 5%
c) 10%
d) 15%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
150. Simon was born with below average intelligence, hyperactivity, distinctive facial features, and heart defects; Simon is also growing more slowly than expected. Simon’s mother probably consumed a large quantity of _____ in her pregnancy and Simon has been born with _____.
a) alcohol; fetal alcohol syndrome
b) alcohol; prenatal ethanol disorder
c) cocaine; opioid deficiency syndrome
d) cocaine; schizotypal fetal effect
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
151. Ariana’s mother consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy and Ariana has been diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. What might have led physicians to this specific diagnosis?
a) Ariana has a pattern of food issues and is failing to thrive.
b) Ariana is showing signs of alcohol withdrawal.
c) Ariana is of low birth weight and inconsolably cries with a high pitched whine.
d) Ariana is showing pattern of intellectual disability, hyperactivity, facial deformities, heart defects and slow growth.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
152. Amelia is going to a party and takes a drug to make her more relaxed and outgoing. After a few “doses” of the drug, however, she is having difficulty walking, has blurred vision, is slurring her speech, and is feeling very emotional. Which of the following drugs has Amelia been taking?
a) marijuana
b) alcohol
c) benzodiazepine
d) heroin
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
153. Beth was concerned about her friend Dave who was physical pain, distressed, and had intense cravings after stopping the use of an addictive drug. Beth took Dave to the emergency room and told the nurse that Dave may be suffering from _____.
a) compulsion
b) dual diagnostic effects
c) withdrawal
d) tolerance
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
154. Beth feels like she has the flu. She also feels irritable and restless. Alonzo has been depressed for a while and cannot seem to get out of bed. Chantel is shaking. Her heart is racing, she is sweaty, and her blood pressure has gone up. Danny is irritable. His appetite has increased, and his sleep cycle is off. Which alternative below correctly pairs one of these individuals with the psychoactive drug from which he or she is withdrawing?
a) Alonzo – cocaine
b) Beth – methamphetamine
c) Chantel – opioids
d) Danny – alcohol
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
155. Benzodiazepines include each of the following drugs EXCEPT
a) Ritalin.
b) Valium.
c) Xanax.
d) Ativan.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
156. Aidan has been having anxiety attacks. His doctor prescribes Aidan a medication that will alleviate his anxiety but will not make him drowsy, allowing him to go to work every day. Which type of medication did Aidan’s doctor prescribe?
a) opioid
b) benzodiazepine
c) antidepressant
d) stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
157. Approximately what proportion of North American adults becomes addicted to benzodiazepines at some point in their lives?
a) 0.5%
b) 1%
c) 2%
d) 5%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
158. Heroin belongs to which category of drugs?
a) opiate
b) hallucinogen
c) stimulant
d) antibiotic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
159. Which of the following sequences correctly orders drug classes from most to least inclusive?
a) sedative-hypnotics – depressants – benzodiazepines
b) sedative-hypnotics – benzodiazepines – depressants
c) depressants – benzodiazepines – sedative-hypnotics
d) depressants – sedative-hypnotics – benzodiazepines
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
160. Which psychoactive drug below is correctly matched with its class?
a) amphetamine – stimulant
b) cocaine – sedative-hypnotic
c) marijuana – depressant
d) alcohol – stimulant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
161. Opiate drugs such as heroin and fentanyl cause respiratory depression and arrest. Opiate drugs must therefore target the _____.
a) hindbrain
b) midbrain
c) limbic system
d) neocortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
162. Cole has just taken a drug. He immediately feels a rush which is then followed by several hours of a shift in consciousness while he is high. What drug did Cole take, and how did he administer it?
a) Cole just injected an opioid.
b) Cole just snorted cocaine.
c) Cole just smoked marijuana.
d) Cole just ingested a benzodiazepine.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
163. _____ is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world.
a) Cocaine
b) Heroin
c) Valium
d) Alcohol
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
164. ___________________ increase overall activity of the nervous system and increase its responsiveness.
a) Hallucinogens
b) Stimulants
c) Ethyl alcohol
d) Psychoactive drugs
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
165. _____ act(s) on the _____ nervous system to _____ its overall activity and general responsiveness.
a) Nicotine; parasympathetic; decrease
b) Amphetamines; sympathetic; increase
c) Alcohol; sympathetic; increase
d) Opioids; parasympathetic; increase
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
166. Shortly after taking a pill, Caroline is feeling alert and energetic. She also has a general sense of well-being and confidence. The pill Caroline took most likely belongs to the _______________ class of drugs.
a) depressants
b) opioids
c) stimulants
c) sedative-hypnotic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
167. Fern sat at the kitchen table lecturing his fourteen-year-old son about using marijuana. He told his son that there was zero tolerance for drugs in their home. He warned his son that if he used marijuana again there would be severe punishment. Fern then stubbed out his cigarette, poured his cold coffee into the sink, and took his beer into the living room. What is unusual about this scenario?
a) Zero tolerance? Fern clearly has a drug issue and should not be lecturing his son.
b) Zero tolerance? Fern needed to point out the difference between legal and illegal drug use. Fern was using three legal stimulants whereas his son was not legally using marijuana.
c) Zero tolerance? There are already drugs in the house. Fern was involved with two stimulants and a depressant while talking with his son.
d) Zero tolerance? There are already drugs in the house. Fern was involved with one stimulant and two depressants while talking with his son.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
168. Abigail is at a party and enjoys a glass of rum and a cigarette. Abigail has consumed
a) a depressant and a stimulant.
b) two stimulants.
c) two depressants.
d) a stimulant and a depressant.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
169. If Max ingests a small amount of a drug, he may be livelier and more outgoing at a party. If he then continues to consume more of the drug, he will find that the drug actually slows his system down and impairs his thinking. The drug in this case is ________.
a) nicotine
b) caffeine
c) alcohol
d) heroin
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
170. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of caffeine withdrawal?
a) sleepiness
b) anxiety
c) headaches
d) insomnia
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
171. MDMA, which is more commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly, belongs to which category of drugs?
a) opiate
b) hallucinogen
c) stimulant
d) depressant
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
172. Nicotine that is inhaled is very addictive because this method
a) directly stimulates the hypothalamus.
b) delivers a dose to the brain faster than it would be absorbed through the bloodstream.
c) directly affects the respiratory centres of the body.
d) creates a rush of euphoria and well-being.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
173. Safa’s baby is underweight and premature. Safa most likely used _____ during her pregnancy.
a) alcohol
b) cocaine
c) nicotine
d) caffeine
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
174. Which of the following is NOT a result of taking amphetamines?
a) increased energy
b) increased alertness
c) decreased appetite
d) decreased libido
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
175. About how many people die each year in Canada as a result of smoking?
a) 10,000
b) 37,000
c) 47,000
d) 137,000
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
176. A drug that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine is ______.
a) heroin
b) marijuana
c) cocaine
d) tobacco
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
177. Which of the lists below is composed only of stimulants?
a) caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
b) heroin, morphine, codeine
c) alcohol, benzodiazepines, methadone
d) LSD, cannabis, MDMA
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
178. Preston has been snorting cocaine on and off for the past six months. When Preston snorts a line of cocaine, his brain will experience an increase in the neurotransmitter ________ as the reward learning pathway is activated.
a) epinephrine
b) norepinephrine
c) dopamine
d) GABA
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
179. Cocaine has been linked to about ___% of all suicides among people under the age of 60.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 35
d) 50
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
180. Marty, a middle-aged man, took a small dose of this drug just to experiment, and he ended up in the hospital with a stroke. The drug interfered with the electrical system of the heart and constricted blood supply to the brain.
a) valium
b) cocaine
c) alcohol
d) barbiturates
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
181. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding methamphetamines?
a) Over 6% of Canadians over the age of 15 have used methamphetamines at least once.
b) Methamphetamines increase activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
c) 60% of methamphetamine users are female.
d) Tolerance to methamphetamines builds very quickly.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
182. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding methamphetamines?
a) Over 6% of Canadians over the age of 15 have used methamphetamines at least once.
b) Methamphetamines primarily influence activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
c) 60% of methamphetamine users are female.
d) Methamphetamines are neurotoxic due to the length of time they remain in the brain and body.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
183. The key neurotransmitter in the reward learning pathway is
a) dopamine
b) serotonin
c) norepinephrine
d) GABAl
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
184. Methamphetamine is to LSD as _____ is to _____.
a) hallucinogen; stimulant
b) stimulant; hallucinogen
c) stimulant; stimulant
d) hallucinogen; hallucinogen
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
185. Miguel has consumed excess amounts of a drug that has dramatically strengthened his visual perceptions and he is hallucinating and seeing things move that should not. What drug did Miguel most likely take?
a) alcohol
b) LSD
c) cocaine
d) caffeine
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
186. Of the men testing positive for HIV in Los Angeles in 2004, what proportion reported having used methamphetamine?
a) 1/5
b) 1/4
c) 1/3
d) 1/2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
187. Bennett has taken a club drug that causes him to feel a sense of euphoria, reduced anxiety and an increased sense of social intimacy, through the vastly increased levels of serotonin in his brain. Which of the following club drugs did Bennett take?
a) LSD
b) Ecstasy
c) alcohol
d) Rohypnol
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
188. Madison is at a rave and has taken a club drug. As the drug increases the release of serotonin, it makes Madison feel euphoric and very socially connected to those around her. Which club drug is it likely that Madison took?
a) crank
b) ice
c) ecstasy
d) acid
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
189. Substances that dramatically change one’s state of awareness, causing powerful changes in sensory perception are called ________________ drugs.
a) psychotic
b) psychoactive
c) ecstasy
d) hallucinogenic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
190. Chronic use of _____ can produce an ongoing reduction in the neurotransmitter serotonin.
a) cocaine
b) MDMA
c) marijuana
d) valium
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
191. Lucas finds that he now has to drink several more beers to get the same buzz he used to get with just one or two. It is likely that Lucas has developed _________.
a) an addiction to alcohol
b) an intolerance to alcohol
c) a superior ability to metabolize alcohol
d) a tolerance to alcohol
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
192. Jayce regularly uses cocaine. Right now, he is experiencing depression and fatigue. He cannot sleep and he is irritable and anxious. Jayce is experiencing _____.
a) tolerance
b) cravings
c) addiction
d) withdrawal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
193. Leilani hates to take long flights. She finds she gets headaches and is more irritable if she cannot have her usual eight cups of coffee. These symptoms suggest that Leilani has developed ______________________.
a) a psychoactive addiction
b) a cross-tolerant craving for alcohol
c) a physical tolerance
d) withdrawal symptoms
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
194. About how long does an “acid” (LSD) trip usually last?
a) 2 hours
b) 4 hours
c) 6 hours
d) 12 hours
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
195. Which of the following is NOT associated with the drug LSD?
a) hallucinosis
b) flashback
c) psychedelic
d) crashing
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
196. Marijuana use interferes with complex sensorimotor tasks and cognitive functioning. In particular, users report problems with memory, especially in struggling to recall recently learned information. Based on what you know regarding memory function, what might be happening?
a) The cerebellum is affected by the drug and so no new implicit memories are being formed.
b) The hippocampus is affected by the drug and so there is a lack of memory consolidation.
c) The thalamus is affected by the drug and so is not relaying sensory information to cortical areas.
d) The amygdala is affected by the drug and so no deep emotional memories are formed.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
197. The active ingredient in marijuana is _______.
a) THC
b) LSD
c) MDMA
d) PCP
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
198. In the 1970s marijuana use rarely led to addiction. Why, then, are so many marijuana smokers now getting caught in pattern of addiction?
a) Marijuana is more readily available than in the past.
b) Marijuana use itself is increasing, because it has become more socially acceptable than it was in the past.
c) Marijuana today contains more THC than it did in the past.
d) Marijuana is more often mixed with stronger drugs, such as cocaine, than was the case in the past.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
199. Which one of the following is associated with marijuana use?
a) paranoia
b) panic symptoms
c) difficulty directing attention
d) all of the above
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
200. Which of the following diseases CANNOT be legally treated with medicinal marijuana?
a) Multiple Sclerosis
b) arthritis
c) any illness that causes nausea
d) AIDS
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
201. _____ stimulates the reward learning pathway directly whereas _______ stimulates it indirectly.
a) Cocaine; MDMA
b) Methamphetamine; alcohol
c) Opioids; alcohol
d) LSD; opioids
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
202. Preston has been snorting cocaine on and off for the past six months. When Preston snorts a line of cocaine, his brain will experience an increase in the neurotransmitter ________ as the reward learning pathway is activated.
a) epinephrine
b) norepinephrine
c) dopamine
d) serotonin
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drugs
203. Dr. Pham is studying the brain of people who abuse drugs, and he is focused on the reward learning pathway. Upon close examination of the activity in this pathway, what is Dr. Pham likely to find is different between drug addicts and non-addicts?
a) The reward learning pathway is overactive in non-addicts.
b) The reward learning pathway is overactive in addicts.
c) The reward learning pathway responds to faster in addicts.
d) The reward learning pathway is not activated by normal events in addicts.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Section Reference: Psychoactive Drug
204. In the past year, Allan has received a big promotion in his job, bought a big house, and married the partner of his dreams. Despite this, Allan never feels rewarded or fulfilled by his accomplishments. Allan is at risk of developing a substance abuse because he may suffer from _______________.
a) depressive-deficiency syndrome
b) reward-deficiency syndrome
c) affluent-deficiency disorder
d) a reward learning disability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: List and describe common depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic psychoactive drugs and their effects.
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