Ch4 Test Bank Test Questions & Answers - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
• Two major research approaches in developmental psychology are cross-sectional (comparing different age groups to assess change) and longitudinal (studying the same group to see how responses change over time).
• The cohort-sequential research design combines elements of the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches.
2. Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
• Developmental psychology is the study of changes in our behaviour and mental processes over time and the various factors that influence the course of those changes.
• Key philosophical issues in the study of developmental psychology are what drives change (biological or environmental factors); what is the nature of the change (qualitative or quantitative); and the role of early experiences in shaping later development.
3. Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
• Our genetic inheritance comes from both parents, who each contribute half our chromosomes. Genes can combine in various ways to make up our phenotype, or observable traits.
• Genetics can influence the manifestation of both physical traits and psychological traits, including temperament, although environment also plays a role.
• Prenatal development begins with conception and is divided into three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal, each characterized by specific patterns of development.
• Individuals are susceptible to multiple influences by biological and environmental forces before they are even born, during the prenatal period.
4. Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
• Infants make dramatic gains in both physical and psychological capabilities. Our brains grow during this period, preparing us to learn and encode the information that will organize those changes.
• One of the most important developmental theorists, Jean Piaget, proposed a theory of cognitive development that suggested that through learning and self-experimentation, we help our thinking to grow progressively more complex.
• Piaget believed we pass through multiple stages on the way to formal adult reasoning and that each transition is accompanied by the acquisition of a new cognitive capability. During the sensorimotor stage in infancy, we become able to hold memories of objects in our minds.
• Information-processing researchers have suggested that babies may develop mental capacities at earlier ages than Piaget believed they did.
• Attachment theory suggests that babies are biologically predisposed to bond and form a relationship with a key caregiver, thus ensuring that their needs are met. The security of the attachment relationship will have later implications for how secure individuals feel in their emotional and social capabilities.
• Baumrind found evidence that different parenting styles can also affect the overall well-being of the child, although subsequent research suggested that outcomes might vary depending on other environmental and cultural influences. Physical growth continues at a generally slower pace in childhood than in infancy. Myelination and synaptic pruning continue to shape the brain.
• Physical growth continues at a generally slower pace in childhood than in infancy. Myelination and synaptic pruning continue to shape the brain.
• Piaget believed that children pass through the stages of preoperational and concrete operational thinking, learning to manipulate their mental schema. Other researchers have suggested children’s thinking may not be as limited during these stages as Piaget thought it was.
• Theories of moral development often focus on moral reasoning (the reasons why a child would do one thing or another) rather than values. Generally, research supports the movement from morality rooted in submitting to authority to morality rooted in more autonomous decisions about right and wrong.
• Some researchers suggest that moral reasoning may vary across gender and culture. Other researchers question whether morality theories would be better served by measuring behaviour instead of expressed reasoning or attitudes.
5. Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
• Adolescence is generally associated with many substantial changes, including the onset of full sexual and physical maturity, as well as reasoning capabilities that approach adult levels. However, teenagers have certain limitations that influence their ability to make sound judgments and avoid risky situations.
• Erikson proposed a theory of development that stretches across the lifespan and incorporates various dilemmas that need to be
6. Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
• Adult physical and psychological development is often characterized by some degree of decline. However, most basic faculties remain intact across the lifespan.
• According to Erikson, the challenge of early adulthood is to resolve the conflict between intimacy and isolation; of middle adulthood, to resolve the conflict between generativity and stagnation; and of old age, to resolve the conflict between integrity and despair. Levinson pointed out that transitions from one stage to the next can also cause conflicts.
• The ages at which adults are expected to reach major social and emotional milestones, such as marriage and parenting, are more flexible now in many societies than they were in the past.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The ___________ method is a research design that compares individuals of various
ages, at the same point in time, to provide information about ______________.
a) longitudinal; age differences
b) cross-sectional; age differences
c) longitudinal; age changes
d) cross-sectional; age changes
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
2. Dr. Gozzian has developed a drug that he believes will combat depression. However, he is aware that if he tells patients that the drug combats symptoms of depression, some patients will experience alleviation of some of the symptoms of the mood disorder simply based on the expectation that the drug will help them. He is therefore concerned that this participant bias effect has the potential to interfere with the outcome of his study. Given this issue, what would be the best research design for Dr. Gozzian to use?
a) longitudinal
b) sequential
c) cross-sectional
d) double-blind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
3. ______________ effects can be a major concern in research using the cross-sectional method.
a) Subjective
b) Cohort
c) Objective
d) Longitudinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
4. The research design which looks at a group of people at multiple points in time is called the
a) longitudinal design.
b) cross sectional design.
c) cohort-sequential.
d) observational design.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
5. A researcher wants to see how members of Generation X adapt to technology as it changes. Which of the following research designs would be most appropriate to use for this study?
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) descriptive
d) experimental
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
6. Mehmet is interested in studying how personality changes and stays the same as we age. He plans to locate a large sample of 5-year old children and give them a personality test. Then, he will test then again when they are 10, 15 and 20 years old. What kind of developmental research design is Mehmet planning on using?
a) cross-sectional
b) correlational
c) sequential
d) longitudinal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
7. As a nurse, Julie is studying the long-term psychological changes in patients who were hospitalized in early childhood for more than six weeks. At the conclusion of her research, she learns that one of the limitations of her design is that she CANNOT generalize the findings. This is because Julie’s study MOST likely
a) was a longitudinal design.
b) was a cross-sectional design.
c) was marred with cohort effects.
d) was a cohort-sequential design.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
8. How is a cohort-sequential design different from a longitudinal design?
a) The sequential design tests the same participants multiple times and the longitudinal design tests each participant once.
b) The sequential design assesses different-aged participants multiple times and the longitudinal design assesses same-aged participants multiple times.
c) The sequential design uses naturalistic observation, and the longitudinal design uses structured observation.
d) The sequential design requires half as many participants as the longitudinal design.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
9. How is a cohort-sequential design different from a cross-sectional design?
a) The cohort-sequential design assesses different-aged participants multiple times and the cross-sectional design assesses different-aged participants once.
b) The cohort-sequential design is correlational, and the cross-sectional design is experimental.
c) The cohort-sequential design allows age differences to be uncovered and the cross-sectional design allows age changes to be uncovered.
d) The cohort-sequential design is more suited to smaller age-ranges and the cross-sectional design is better suited to a larger age-range.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
10. Irem wants to study how our memory strategies change as we age. She plans on assessing the memory strategies of a large sample of participants who are 8, 10, and 12 years of age. She will then re-test these participants in two years when they are 10, 12 and 14 years old, and finally again when they are 12, 14 and 16 years old. What kind of developmental research design is Irem planning on using?
a) cross-sectional
b) double-blind
c) cohort-sequential
d) longitudinal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
11. Which type of research study design compares at least two groups of different ages at one point in time?
a) longitudinal
b) cross-sectional
c) cohort-sequential
d) qualitative
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
12. Dave has been conducting a study to determine how men feel about marriage. For his study, he has a group of 22-year-old students, a group of 36-year-old professionals, and a group of 52-year-old CEOs. Dave asks these men about marriage and then compares the results. This is an example of a
a) cross-sectional design.
b) longitudinal design.
c) cohort-sequential design.
d) maturation study.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
13. Ten-year-old Bree’s grandmother struggles to use a computer. Bree often has to show her how to save a file, or how to get to a particular website, or how to download and print something. Bree is happy to help her grandmother, but Bree tells her friends, “Old people can’t learn how to use computers.” What is the BEST explanation below for why Bree’s statement to her friends is flawed?
a) Bree is making an error of false belief. She falsely believes her grandmother to truly need help with the computer when her grandmother may instead be lonely and is using the computer as a reason to see her granddaughter.
b) Bree is confounding age and cohort. Bree and her friends were raised with technology whereas technology is new to Bree’s grandmother.
c) Bree is conflating age and individual performance. She is not taking individual ability into account. Bree is assuming all old people perform like her grandmother.
d) Bree is egocentric. Her understanding of age is limited. Her grandmother is not that old. This might be instead an issue of education or intelligence.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
14. If we want to understand why senior citizens are more frugal with their money than their younger counterparts, which of the following approaches would give us the best information?
a) Researchers should use a longitudinal design.
b) Researchers should use a cross-sectional design.
c) Researchers should use cohort-sequential design.
d) There is no way to determine why there is an age difference in financial management.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
15. Which type of research design follows a single group of participants over an extended period of time?
a) cross-sectional
b) longitudinal
c) cohort sequential
d) case study
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
16. Which of the following are advantages of the longitudinal approach EXCEPT one. Which choice is not associated with longitudinal designs?
a) permits detailed study of participants over time
b) provides in-depth information regarding participants
c) eliminates cohort effects
d) allows participants to serve as their own control
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
17. A famous longitudinal study examined the link between watching violence on television and the commission of violent acts. Although the researchers found a significant relationship between the variables there were a number of criticisms. Which of the following would cause concern about the validity of the findings of this study?
a) It was expensive to conduct the study.
b) Although there were over 700 participants in the initial sample, only 150 remained in the study by the time it was completed.
c) It does not offer an explanation as to how long it takes to become violent from watching violence on television.
d) The study assumes that television is the cause of the violence.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
18. Differences between groups of individuals of different ages that reflect factors unique to a specific age group are called _______________ effects.
a) generational
b) social environmental
c) developmental
d) cohort
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
19. The research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research and compares different age groups across time is called the ________________ method.
a) cross-temporal
b) longitudinal-sequential
c) cohort-longitudinal
d) cohort sequential
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs for researching development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
20. Which of the following is true about developmental psychology?
a) It examines maturation, early experiences, and various stages of development.
b) It uses a theoretical approach that suggests that nature is more important than nurture in development.
c) It avoids controversial issues by focusing only on what can be proven through research.
d) It exclusively examines the mental growth of children’s development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Introduction
36. Which of the following is a major area of theoretical discussion within the field of developmental psychology?
a) nature vs. tabula rasa
b) stability vs. change
c) young vs. old
d) early stages vs. later stages
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
72. The field of developmental psychology has faced many key issues. Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?
a) ethical versus unethical
b) nature versus nurture
c) critical and sensitive periods
d) qualitative versus quantitative shifts in development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: How Is Developmental Psychology Studied?
37. Jasmine believes that personality is a trait that can change over time, whereas Silvis believes that once personality is established in childhood it is fixed for the rest of one's life. What issue of developmental psychology does this difference of opinion MOST address?
a) nature vs. nurture
b) stability vs. change
c) young vs. old
d) continuity vs stages
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
38. Adopted at birth, Seth grew up on his adoptive family’s farm learning how to grow crops and manage livestock. However, his true passion was to establish a career helping people. After graduating with a nursing degree, he met his biological family and was surprised to learn that that many of his closest relatives were nurses and teachers. This outcome is consistent with
a) the nature position.
b) the nurture position.
c) the theory of stage development.
d) the theory of continuity development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
39. Amy’s six-year-old son, Chad, is physically and verbally aggressive, and has had several incidents of bullying others at school. Amy worries about the long-term implications of Chad’s behavior, convinced he will grow into adulthood rejected by others and lacking in social skills. Amy endorses which view of personality development?
a) discontinuity
b) change
c) genetic
d) continuity
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
40. Which fact provides support for the "nature" side of the nature/nurture debate and why?
a) Hopi infants are often carried in a cradleboard and therefore do not crawl and walk freely on the ground, but their motor skills by age one is very similar to those of other infants who have not been restrained. This demonstrates that the maturation of motor development is programmed.
b) Ducklings imprint the first moving object they see after they are born, even if this object is a human or a robot, which demonstrates that the environment context is more important than other factors.
c) Failed attempts to teach chimpanzees how to use human sign languages demonstrate that nature is often inflexible to environmental input.
d) Genie, the "wild child", was isolated and abused for many years, but she was still able to learn language after she was rescued because the human brain is programmed for linguistic abilities.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
41. The unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame is referred to as
a) a milestone.
b) qualitative development.
c) quantitative development.
d) maturation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
42. Piaget’s stage theory primarily argues that cognitive development occurs _____ whereas the information processing approach would argue that development primarily occurs _____.
a) quantitatively; qualitatively
b) qualitatively; quantitatively
c) through nature; through nurture
d) through nurture; through nature
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
43. Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative shift in development?
a) a person trying on clothes in a dressing room
b) a caterpillar changing into a butterfly
c) a pool being filled with water
d) a tap being turned off
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
44. The difference between a qualitative and a quantitative shift in development is that a qualitative shift is a change ___, while a quantitative shift is a change ___.
a) for the better; in some measurable quality (e.g., height, weight)
b) in the quality of some measurable trait (e.g., curlier hair, darker skin); to something different
c) in the neurons responsible for a measurable trait; in the number of brain areas involved in a trait
d) to something different; that is continuous and gradual
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
45. When Ricardo was three years old, he thought that if he knew something everyone else knew it as well. Now that Ricard is seven years old, he understands that he may know something that other people don’t know. This change in perspective reflects a ___ change in Ricardo’s development.
a) stable
b) discontinuous
c) qualitative
d) quantitative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
46. Theorists who believe in qualitative change believe that development occurs in discrete stages whereas theorists who believe in quantitative change believe that developmental changes are
a) measurable.
b) dramatic.
c) abrupt.
d) gradual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
47. Harriet has a new baby. Whenever she takes the baby to the baby clinic to be immunized or to her pediatrician for a checkup the baby is weighed and measured, and the changes in growth are charted. The medical personnel Harriet is seeing are marking the _____ development of her baby.
a) qualitative
b) quantitative
c) stable
d) discontinuous
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
48. Sameer is concerned that his son is almost one year old but is not yet talking. Which of the following issues is most relevant to Sameer’s concern?
a) nature vs. nurture
b) critical periods vs. sensitive periods
c) qualitative vs. quantitative shifts in development
d) longitudinal vs. cross-sectional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
49. The concept of “imprinting” was first coined by
a) B. F. Skinner.
b) Konrad Lorenz.
c) Mary Ainsworth.
d) David Buss.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
50. If you encountered a newborn duckling whose mother had abandoned it, and you began feeding and caring for it what would happen?
a) The duckling would be friendly because it has the genes of a domestic animal.
b) The ducking would cower from you because it is afraid of humans.
c) The ducking would imprint on you.
d) The particular reaction would depend on the specific personality of the individual duckling.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
51. The Wild Boy of Aveyron was a boy who had been abandoned and lived alone in the wild from the time he was five or six years old until he was 12 years old. After he was found, his human caregivers attempted to teach him to speak but had no success. The boy’s inability to speak is an example of
a) imprinting.
b) quantitative development.
c) qualitative development.
d) a critical period of development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
52. A time of particular sensitivity during which an organism must develop a certain skill or experience needed for later life is known as a(n)
a) critical period.
b) maturational period.
c) imprinting period.
d) sensitive period.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
53. A _________ is a period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shape the capacity for future development whereas a _____ is a time when individuals are especially receptive to environmental input, but not rigidly so.
a) maturation period; growth period
b) critical period; sensitive period
c) sensitive period; critical period
d) growth period; maturation period
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
54. If a child is NOT exposed to language before he reaches the age of six years old but then receives speech therapy and shows marked improvement, this would be an example of ___.
a) a critical period of development
b) a sensitive period of development
c) qualitative development
d) quantitative development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
55. Li Mei spent the first five years of her life in a Chinese orphanage where she was socially isolated and shown little affection. Now at age fifteen, Li Mei has difficulty communicating and has low intelligence scores. According to the nature position, what may explain Li Mei’s difficulties?
a) She was deprived of human contact and socialization during a sensitive period.
b) She had no opportunity to imprint during the maturation stage.
c) She is a slow-to-warm child and is predisposed to aggressive behavior.
d) She bonded with objects, not people while in the orphanage.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
56. Six years ago, forty-three-year-old Soon-Lee immigrated to Canada from Korea with her five-year old daughter, Chae-Won. Although Soon-Lee has been able to learn English quite well, she is still not completely fluent. Her daughter, however, speaks English perfectly. This example supports the idea of
a) critical periods for second language development.
b) sensitive periods for second language development.
c) qualitative development of a second language.
d) quantitative development of a second language.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Understand the key debates underlying research and theory in child development.
Section Reference: Understanding How We Develop
57. ________________ are made up of strands of paired DNA molecules that carry genetic information.
a) Genes
b) Chromosomes
c) Stem cells
d) Alleles
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
58. Genes are found on chromosomes and _____
a) are made up of DNA molecules
b) it there are about 100,000 in the human genome
c) are precursor cells that give birth to new cells
d) are always recessive
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
59. Which of the following is NOT an inherited disease?
a) Marfan syndrome
b) Huntington disease
c) Cystic fibrosis
d) Down syndrome
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
60. A _____ is a person’s genetic code or inheritance.
a) phenotype.
b) genotype.
c) gene.
d) chromosome.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
61. Which of the following statements about the phenotype is true?
a) The genotype can be determined from the phenotype.
b) Understanding the phenotype and the genotype are always the same.
c) The genotype and the phenotype can be the same or different.
d) The phenotype is a person’s genetic inheritance.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
62. Clodagh has freckles. What do we know about her phenotype and her genotype from this statement?
a) Clodagh’s genotype is known – she has freckles. Since this trait is dominant, we can’t know her phenotype from this statement alone.
b) Clodagh’s phenotype is known – she has freckles. Since this trait is dominant, we can’t know her genotype from this statement alone.
c) Clodagh’s phenotype and genotype are known – she has freckles and is heterozygous for this trait.
d) Clodagh’s phenotype and genotype are known – she has freckles and is homozygous for this trait.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
63. Eoghan has curly red hair and freckles. How would a geneticist refer to these traits?
a) his phenotype
b) his genotype
c) his heterozygous alleles
d) his chromosomal manifestations
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
64. The term _____ refers to variations of the same gene?
a) chromosome
b) homozygous
c) heterozygous
d) allele
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
65. If you can curl your tongue, which of the following is true about your parent(s)?
a) At least one of your parents also has this trait.
b) Both of your parents also have this trait.
c) Both of your parents carry the recessive trait for tongue curling.
d) There is no way to determine anything about your parents based on this information.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
66. Which of the following is linked to a recessive gene?
a) Down syndrome
b) Huntington disease
c) Marfan syndrome
d) Cystic fibrosis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
67. If Jude is heterozygous for a particular gene pair, which of the following must be true?
a) Jude’s two genes in the particular gene pair are both recessive.
b) Jude’s two genes in the particular gene pair are both dominant.
c) Jude’s genes in the particular gene pair are different.
d) Jude’s genes in the particular gene pair are the same.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
68. Jasmin carries a dominant gene for curly eye lashes. This means Jasmin
______________________.
a) will have straight eye lashes
b) will have 50% straight eye lashes and 50% curly eye lashes
c) will have curly eye lashes
d) it depends on whether she is heterozygous or homozygous for curly eye lashes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
69. The gene for freckles is dominant, so not having freckles is recessive. Both Zoe and Caleb have freckles, but their son, Mason, has no freckles. Which of the following statements about this family is true?
a) Zoe and Caleb are both homozygous for freckles.
b) One of these parents is probably not biologically related to Mason.
c) Zoe and Caleb are both heterozygous for freckles.
d) There is no way to determine anything about this pattern of inheritance without further information.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development’
70. A farmer is raising roan cows. Some are red and some are white. If colour is codominant in this breed what colour will the calves be?
a) red
b) white
c) red and white
d) Half the calves will be red, and half the calves will be white.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
71. Single is to ____________ as multiple is to ____________.
a) heterozygous; homozygous
b) homozygous; heterozygous
c) polygenic; discrete
d) discrete; polygenic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
72.Most geneticists today believe that many of the characteristics that humans possess, such as eye color, hair color, or height are _________________.
a) dominant
b) recessive
c) polygenic
d) multifaceted
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
73. Fertilization usually occurs _____.
a) in the fallopian tube
b) in the uterus
c) in the cervix
d) in the ovary
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
74. The ___________ period is the first stage of prenatal development (from conception to implantation), characterized by rapid cell division.
a) embryonic
b) fetal
c) critical
d) germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
75. The fetal stage lasts from _____.
a) conception to birth
b) implantation to birth
c) implantation to 8 weeks
d) 8 weeks to birth
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
76. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
a) Embryonic period: development of major body organs
b) Conception: development of blastocyst
c) Germinal period: ovulation and implantation
d) Fetal period: rapid weight gain and maturation of body organs and systems
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
77. During the first two weeks after conception, the fertilized egg is called a ___ and the stage is referred to as the ___ stage.
a) zygote; embryonic
b) embryo; germinal
c) fetus; fetal stage
d) zygote; germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
78. During prenatal development, the germinal period is when
a) the fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterus
b) the heart begins to beat and muscular development occurs
c) the central nervous system and organs develop
d) the fetus is capable of sustaining life on its own
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
79. The germinal stage _________________________.
a) is about 4 weeks in duration
b) refers to the production of sperm in men
c) is the time where there is development of major organs
d) begins at fertilization and ends with implantation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
80. By the time a fertilized egg implants itself into the uterus, it is called a ___.
a) zygote
b) fetus
c) blastocyst
d) germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
81. The correct order of the stages of pregnancy is _________.
a) fetal period, germinal period, embryonic period
b) germinal period, fetal period, embryonic period
c) germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
d) embryonic period, fetal period, germinal period
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
82. Na-young is 9 weeks pregnant with her first child. What prenatal stage of development would she be in?
a) germinal
b) zygote
c) embryonic
d) fetal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
83. The major body organs and systems begin to develop during this period of pregnancy, from implantation through the eighth week.
a) embryonic
b) fetal
c) zygotic
d) germinal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
84. Lili is 5 weeks pregnant and very aware that she must refrain from drinking or taking any drugs, prescription, over-the-counter, legal, or illegal, and be cautious about cleaning her cat’s littler box, and environmental toxins. Lili is worried about _____, environmental agents that cause harm during the prenatal period:
a) contaminants
b) teratogens
c) noxious factors
d) pharmacological toxins
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
85. Eabha’s baby was born in the 40th week of her pregnancy. However, her baby did not even weight 2 kg. Eabha’s baby would be considered
a) preterm only.
b) preterm and small-for-date.
c) small-for-date only.
d) low weight viable.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
86. Which of the following diseases is NOT known to exert a teratogenic effect?
a) rubella
b) AIDS
c) syphilis
d) diabetes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
87. Infants whose mothers smoked cigarettes during their pregnancy are at increased risk for ____________.
a) sudden infant death syndrome.
b) heart damage.
c) deformed limbs.
d) eye damage and deafness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
88. _____ are toxic environmental agents, such as medications or drugs, mercury, and diseases that can negatively disrupt development during the prenatal period.
a) Environmental toxins
b) Contaminants
c) Teratogens
d) Neuropharmacological amalgams
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
89. Which of the following pairs are INCORRECTLY matched?
a) heroin - teratogen
b) Trisomy 18 - extra chromosome
c) Cystic fibrosis - recessive gene
d) PKU - teratogen
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
90. Emersyn was born with serious defects, such as deafness, intellectual disability, and heart defects. What might have been the cause of Emersyn’s defects?
a) Emersyn’s mother may have been exposed to rubella in the embryonic stage of Emersyn’s development.
b) Emersyn’s mother might have ingested alcohol throughout her pregnancy.
c) Emersyn’s mother might have smoked cigarettes throughout her pregnancy.
d) Emersyn’s mother might have been exposed to AIDS during her pregnancy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
91. Asha’s infant was exposed to rubella in the fetal period increasing the baby’s risk for
a) mental illness in adulthood, especially schizophrenia.
b) facial or physical abnormalities.
c) sudden infant death syndrome.
d) deafness, intellectual disability, and organ malformations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
92. Asha’s infant was exposed to rubella in the embryonic period increasing the baby’s risk for
a) deafness, intellectual disability, and organ malformations.
b) facial or physical abnormalities.
c) sudden infant death syndrome.
d) mental illness or diabetes.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
93. Each of the following is a determining factor in terms of the level of impact a teratogen has on prenatal development. Which is NOT a factor?
a) The age of the zygote, embryo, or fetus when the exposure occurs.
b) Whether the zygote, embryo, or fetus is exposed to multiple teratogens.
c) Whether the teratogen was ingested or inhaled
d) The duration and amount of the teratogen.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
94. Some children who have been prenatally exposed to alcohol display some of the characteristics of FAS but have fewer symptoms. These children are said to have
a) developmental abnormalities.
b) subclinical fetal alcohol syndrome.
c) attention deficit spectrum disorder.
d) partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
95. It is estimated that ____________ women who know they are pregnant will experience a miscarriage.
a) 1 in 10
b) 1 in 8
c) 1 in 6
d) 1 in 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
96. Another term used to describe a miscarriage is _____________.
a) spontaneous birth
b) premature birth
c) non-voluntary abortion
d) spontaneous abortion
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
97. The point at which a baby can survive on its own is referred to as the _____________ and is considered to be around the ______________ of pregnancy.
a) survivability age; third month
b) age of survivability; 20th week
c) feasibility age; 20th week
d) age of viability; 20th week
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
98. Gretchen was 18 weeks pregnant when she went into labour and delivered her baby. Which of the following describes the most likely outcome of Gretchen’s experience?
a) Gretchen had a miscarriage – the baby would not survive.
b) Gretchen had a miscarriage – if the baby survives, it will have serious birth defects or health problems.
c) Gretchen had a premature delivery – the baby has only a 10% chance of surviving.
d) Gretchen had a premature delivery – the baby has a 20% chance of surviving.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
99. Simon is researching the stages of physical development for a group presentation in his high school health class. When asked to do a short recap of his findings, he notes that rapid brain development is a characteristic of normal physical development in
a) the prenatal period and early childhood.
b) early childhood and adolescence.
c) adolescence and adulthood.
d) the prenatal period and adolescence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss patterns of genetic inheritance and describe stages and potential problems during prenatal development.
Section Reference: Heredity and Prenatal Development
100. Which of the following statements best describes infant brain development?
a) As children grow into adults, the number of synapses steadily increase.
b) Synaptic growth is slow during the first two or three years, and then increases dramatically for pre-schoolers.
c) Young children’s brains create about three times more synapses than they’ll need.
d) Children are born with as many synapses as they will need.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
101. Synaptic pruning refers to the __________________ that helps strengthen connections between neurons.
a) decrease in myelinated synapses
b) decrease in the gap between neurons due to dendrite enlargement
c) reduction of axons
d) natural reduction of unused synapses
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
102 The reduction of unused neural connections is known as synaptic
a) culling.
b) pruning.
c) eliminating.
d) deleting.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
103. Which of the statements regarding synaptic pruning is NOT true?
a) Synaptic pruning destroys unwanted neurons.
b) Babies develop many more synapses than they will eventually need.
c) Experiences stimulate and strengthen some connections, whereas unused connections disappear.
d) Synaptic pruning reduces unnecessary connections.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
104. Increases in brain growth in infancy can largely be attributed to _____ and _____.
a) increased endocrine function; increased neural connections
b) increased neuronal connections; neurogenesis
c) neurogenesis; myelination
d) increased neuronal connections; myelination
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
105. In the __________________ pattern, growth and development proceed from the center to the extremities.
a) cephalocaudal
b) proximodistal
c) cephalodistal
d) proximocaudal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
106.In the _______________ pattern, growth and development proceed from the top to the bottom.
a) cephalocaudal
b) proximodistal
c) cephalodistal
d) proximocaudal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
107. Olivia’s baby daughter just raised her head while laying on her stomach for the first time. Although her daughter is getting physically stronger, she knows that it will still be several months before her baby will be able to sit up alone. Which of the following trends does is illustrated by this example?
a) maturational
b) cephalocaudal
c) proximodistal
d) developmental
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
108. Head-to-toe is to _______________, as center is to outer is to ________________.
a) qualitative; quantitative
b) quantitative; qualitative
c) cephalocaudal; proximodistal
d) proximodistal; cephalocaudal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
109. During middle childhood myelination is concentrated in the _________________ of the brain.
a) prefrontal cortex
b) motor areas
c) association areas
d) sensorimotor areas
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
110. Which of the following sensory systems is MOST poorly developed at birth?
a) smell
b) taste
c) vision
d) touch
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
111. At one week of age Ryder CANNOT
a) distinguish between subtle differences in taste.
b) see objects on the wall of the nursery.
c) distinguish familiar speech from new sounds and words.
d) make eye contact with his mother while breastfeeding.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
112. Eve is preparing for her new baby. She is decorating his room. She asks you for advice and you tell her which of the following?
a) Babies have excellent acuity at birth but very little colour vision until they are close to a year old, so choose a detailed black and white pattern.
b) Babies have very poor acuity and poor colour vision until they are about 18-months old, so it does not really matter what you choose. Choose something you like.
c) Even though babies have poor acuity their colour vison is well developed at birth so chose and environment with pale colours such as light pink, pale yellow, or powder blue.
d) Infant vision is not well developed at birth but by a few months of age they can see colour and have good enough acuity to see across the room so chose bright bold large patterns.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
113. Regarding an infant’s sensory and perceptual development, which of the following would you expect?
a) vision to be 20/20 at birth
b) sense of pain to be highly developed at birth
c) no special recognition or preference for either breast milk or formula.
d) very acute sense of hearing.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
114. When Rita brushes her newborn baby’s cheek with her finger, he turns his head and tries to suck on her finger. Rita’s son is demonstrating the ____________ reflex.
a) Moro
b) Babinski
c) grasping
d) rooting
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
115. When Stefan strokes the sole of his newborn son’s foot, the infant’s toes move apart. This is known as the ___________ reflex.
a) Moro
b) Babinski
c) rooting
d) tonic neck
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
116. The reflex that probably functioned evolutionarily to help the infant hold on to the caregiver when support was lost is the __________ reflex. Its function now is _____.
a) Moro; to signal integration of the neural system
b) Babinski; to signal integration of the neural system
c) rooting; survival
d) blinking; survival
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
117. The first motor movements a newborn can exhibit are _____.
a) instinctive
b) innate and voluntary
c) involuntary reflexes caused by stimulation
d) voluntary reflexes caused by stimulation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
118. Neurologically, it is expected that by the time a baby reaches _____, the sucking and rooting reflexes will disappear.
a) 4 months
b) 10 months
c) 12 months
d) 7 months
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
119. Greta is concerned because her son, Michael, cannot yet sit. Michael is six months old. You tell her _____ because on average, infants first sit unsupported at ___ months of age.
a) to have Michael checked; 3
b) to have Michael checked; 5
c) not to worry; 7
d) not to worry; 9
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
120. It is believed that milestones in motor development generally occur in a typical sequence. development. Which one of the following represents this sequence?
a) lifts head when on stomach, rolls over, sits, crawls, stands, walks
b) rolls over, lifts head when on stomach, sits, crawls, stands, walks
c) rolls over, lifts head when on stomach, crawls, sits, stands, walks
d) The statement is incorrect. There is no standard order of development. Every baby is different.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
121. Lei-lei is developing at an average rate and she is starting to walk unassisted. About how old is Lei-lei?
a) 5.5 months
b) 10 months
c) 12 months
d) 17.5 months
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
122. Kajus is very proud of his one year old baby son but is becoming concerned because his son is consistently behind each motor milestone by a month or so. Kajus wants his son to be an athlete and is worried that this slow development may be an indication that his son is going to be behind in terms of motor development. What would you tell Kajus?
a) You should wait and see. Up until now your son has eventually developed each skill. He may not be an athlete, but he will be fairly normal.
b) Your son is probably developing normally, because average ages are based on both sexes and male babies always develop behind girl babies.
c) Your son should see a pediatrician right away as he may have a neurological problem.
d) Your son is developing normally. The age ranges of motor skill development are more important than the averages.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
123. Your textbook discusses the fact that infants of the Kipsigis people encourage motor skills such as sitting up, standing, and walking shortly after birth. As a result, their children achieve motor development milestones approximately a month earlier than children raised in North America. What does this suggest about motor skill development?
a) Persons of different cultures have genetic factors that influence motor development.
b) Natural selection has allowed the evolution of early motor development in the Kipsigis people because it is adaptive.
c) Environmental factors can modulate early motor development.
d) Environmental factors can cause the rapid acceleration of motor development.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
124. The idea that motor development occurs as a number of complex systems blend to work synergistically is called the __________________ approach.
a) preoperational systems
b) integrative systems
c) sociobiological
d) dynamic systems
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
125. There is a jump in coordination and skill in motor development and the first major distinctions between girls and boys begin to appear at around _____.:
a) 4 years old
b) 5 years old
c) 6 years old
d) 7 years old
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
126. The saying, “You throw like a girl” is somewhat supported by ___.
a) Boys undergo a growth spurt approximately 2 years before girls.
b) Boys develop more muscle mass than girls.
c) This statement is not supported as the differences that might exist in childhood disappear in adolescence.
d) This statement is not supported as girls are more agile than boys and this difference becomes more pronounced in adolescence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
127. Ezra is in middle childhood. Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding Ezra’s brain development?
a) Ezra’s brain is becoming more efficient due to ongoing pruning and myelination.
b) Ezra engages in more sophisticated and problem-solving than he did when younger.
c) Ezra’s brain is becoming more efficient due to neurogenesis in all association areas of the brain.
d) As Ezra enters adolescence the numbers of synaptic connections and the overall electrical activity of the brain will stabilize.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
128. According to Piaget, a(n) _____ is mental structure or framework for understanding the world.
a) schema
b) reflex
c) operation
d) representation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
129. Which of the following can be said about schemes?
a) They behave as patterns organizing our interactions with the environment.
b) They are primitive templates for learning.
c) They develop via the process of maturation.
d) They behave as patterns that organize our interactions with other human beings.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
130. Piaget said that when existing ideas are modified or new ideas are created in order to fit new information, the process is called
a) accommodation.
b) assimilation.
c) schemes.
d) learning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
131. A young child believes that all four-legged creatures with fur and a tail are called dogs. According to Piaget, what is this type of mental framework?
a) assimilation
b) scheme
c) accommodation
d) adaptation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
132. Declan believes that any object that flies is a bird. This would be an example of _________.
a) accommodation
b) assimilation
c) schemas
d) concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
133. _____ was one of the first scientists to prove that a child’s cognitive processes are fundamentally different from those of an adult.
a) Baumrind
b) Beck
c) Piaget
d) Elkind
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
134. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development conceives of cognitive development occuring as ___ shifts in our thinking.
a) qualitative
b) quantitative
c) cephalocaudal
d) proximodistal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
135. _____ occurs when existing schemas are used to interpret new information, whereas _____ involves changes and adaptations of the schemas.
a) Accommodation; assimilation
b) Adaptation; representation
c) Representation; operationalization
d) Assimilation; accommodation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
136. Piaget defines _____ as the balance in the mental framework.
a) centering
b) adaptation
c) equilibration
d) organization
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
137. Two-year-old Chloe sees a man with a bald head and long, fuzzy hair sticking out on the sides. She calls out, “Clown! Clown!” Embarrassed, her father explains that, although the man has funny hair, he was not wearing a costume or doing tricks to make people laugh. After this explanation, Chloe is now able to see distinctions between clowns and ordinary people and so can now ______________.
a) assimilate
b) accommodate
c) reach a state of equilibrium
d) develop a schema for “man”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
138. Jeremy took his two-year-old daughter, Hanna, to the circus. There she saw a big bear in the ring and pointed and said “Rufus! Rufus!” Jeremy chuckled at the misunderstanding and privately agreed that their dog Rufus was a bit bear-like but said nothing to Hanna. Hanna will ______________ her “Rufus” category.
a) assimilate the bear to
b) accommodate the bear to
c) adapt the bear to
d) remove the bear from
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
139. An infant, understanding that sucking on a nipple provides food, may try to suck on a blanket as well. When the blanket does not provide food, but instead leaves the baby with lint in his mouth, the baby may learn that not everything is for sucking, and may find other uses for the blanket, such rubbing it against his face. In Piaget’s terms, the infant is demonstrating:
a) assimilation
b) accommodation
c) implicit memory
d) intelligence
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
140. Young Lilly has come to believe that cars are vehicles with wheels and four doors. When her parents show Lilly a two-door sports car, Lilly must alter her idea of what a car is, to include vehicles with wheels that may have only two doors. This is an example of
a) assimilation.
b) accommodation.
c) schemas.
d) animism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
141. When a child learns that a truck is different from a car, even though both have four wheels and a metal body, ______________ has occurred.
a) incorporation
b) accommodation
c) conservation
d) assimilation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
142. What is the critical distinction between assimilation and accommodation?
a) Assimilation involves adding new information, whereas accommodation requires the modification of an existing scheme or the formation of a new scheme.
b) Accommodation involves adding new information, whereas assimilation requires the modification of an existing scheme or the formation of a new scheme.
c) Accommodation involves splitting an existing scheme into two categories, whereas assimilation involves the hierarchic ordering of scheme.
d) Assimilation involves splitting an existing scheme into two categories, whereas accommodation involves the hierarchic ordering of scheme.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
143. The four stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development are _____.
a) assimilation, accommodation, adaptation, and association
b) sensory, motor, operational, and abstract
c) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
d) sensorimotor, precognitive, operational, and abstract operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
144. Which of the following is NOT associated with Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
a) birth to two years old
b) perceptual-motor skills
c) conservation
d) object permanence
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
145. Based on the information processing view, Piaget’s theory is to Information-Processing theory as ___ is to ___.
a) inability; ability
b) ability; inability
c) sensorimotor; reflexes
d) reflexes; sensorimotor
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
146. Which of Piaget’s following stages is from ages 2–7?
a) preoperational
b) sensorimotor
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
147. Which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development includes children ages 7 to 11?
a) sensorimotor
b) pre-operational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
148. A researcher places 5 daisies and 3 roses in a vase. He then asks Gabriella if there are more daisies or flowers in the vase. Gabriella responds that there are more flowers. This answer reflects Gabriella’s ability of ___ and suggests she is in the ___ stage of cognitive development.
a) reversibility; preoperational
b) conservation; concrete operational
c) categorization; concrete operational
d) abstract thinking; formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
149. Three-year-old Mia and her six-year-old brother, Ethan, are out trick-or-treating for Halloween when they meet an adult dressed in a rabbit costume. Which of the following will be true?
a) Both Mia and Ethan will think they are meeting a large rabbit.
b) Mia will think she is meeting a large rabbit, Ethan will understand that it is a person dressed in a rabbit costume.
c) Both Mia and Ethan will understand they are meeting a person in a rabbit costume.
d) Jodi will know they are meeting a person dressed in a rabbit costume, and Brad will think it is a large rabbit.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
150. Mikhail is dangling a toy just out of his six-month old daughter’s reach. She loves this game and is smiling and chortling. But when Mikhail accidentally drops the toy his daughter seems unaware that it is gone. This game illustrates that children under the age of approximately 8 months have not yet developed which cognitive ability?
a) conservation
b) object permanence
c) continuity
d) egocentric thought
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
151. The sense of object permanence develops at around ___ months, according to Piaget.
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
152. The idea that objects exist independently of us and independently of them being seen is referred to as _____ and is demonstrated by young baby’s interest in games such as _____.
a) object permanence; hide and seek
b) object permanence; peekaboo
c) representation; hide and seek
d) representation; peekaboo
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
153. Piaget argues that every time a mother walks out of sight she ceases to exist, at least until the child is about _____ and has acquired _____.
a) 2 months; self-concept
b) 4 months; self-concept
c) 6 months; object permanence
d) 8 months; object permanence
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
154. Critics have suggested that Piaget ‘s view of object permanence is flawed for all the reasons below EXCEPT one. Which criticism is not an actual criticism?
a) Babies who cannot yet speak cannot tell us whether they have mastered object permanence.
b) Piaget used mistakes to determine cognitive abilities.
c) Babies do not yet have enough control over their bodies to initiate a search.
d) Piaget focused on what the baby could not do, instead of what it could do.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
155. Which is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory?
a) he overestimated the capacities of children and infants
b) he focused too heavily on rational thinking
c) he assumed that a child's thinking was at one stage or another
d) all are criticisms of Piaget's theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
156. The process in which individuals pay less attention to a stimulus after it is presented to them over and over again is called ________________.
a) habituation
b) desensitization
c) violation-of-expectations
d) object permanence
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
157. Zeke habituated to a patterned stimulus shown repeatedly on a screen. Since he is habituated, we know that Zeke is
a) unable to detect the stimulus.
b) in a state of refusal.
c) bored with the stimulus.
d) resistant to exposure.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
158. The ____________ is an experimental approach that capitalizes on infants’ and toddlers’ heightened reactions to an unexpected event.
a) theory of mind
b) habituation approach
c) violation-of-expectation
d) violation-of-operations
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
159. Karen Wynn was able to use the violation of expectation to show all of the following EXCEPT that
a) babies have object permanence.
b) 5 month old babies can understand rudimentary mathematics.
c) 9 month old babies could solve adding and subtracting problems with five to ten objects.
d) babies have conservation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
160. Egocentric thinking is associated with Piaget’s _______________ stage.
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
161. Joney loves to go to the park. She can slide and swing by herself without falling. Her mother worries about injuries because Joney often seems oblivious of other children ducking quickly in front of her. The other children are equally oblivious to Joney as they zig-zag around without watching out for others. What could be concluded about Joney and the other children?
a) Joney and the other children are in the preoperational stage of development.
b) The other children are egocentric, whereas Joney is no longer egocentric.
c) The other children are preoperational, whereas Joney is in the concrete operational stage.
d) Joney and the other children are in the sensorimotor stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
162. Children in the preoperational stage show all the following limitations EXCEPT
a) egocentrism
b) centration
c) irreversibility
d) representation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
163. Which of the following best describes a child’s preoperational belief of animism?
a) My mommy wants a pony for her birthday.
b) If my ball is hidden behind the couch, it doesn’t exist.
c) My truck moves because I pushed it with my hands.
d) The sun is shining because it is happy and smiling.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
164. A 4-year-old child is speaking on the phone with her grandmother, and instead of verbally responding to her grandmother's questions, she shakes and nods her head. This child is demonstrating____________ because she knows she is responding and therefore thinks that her grandmother can see her gestures.
a) object permanence
b) egocentric thinking
c) imaginary thinking
d) animistic thinking
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
165. Three year old Sawyer is furious because he believes his seven year old brother, Elliott, has more juice than he does because Elliott’s cup is bigger. Sawyer’s mother exasperated, knowing she poured exactly the same for each boy, finally gets out a third glass and pours some of Sawyer’s juice into the second glass. She then says, “Now you have TWO glasses, Sawyer, and Elliott has only one.” How will Sawyer and Elliott each react?
a) Sawyer will be satisfied but now Elliott will be upset.
b) Sawyer will see thorough this ruse and ask for more juice. Elliott will demand that he too gets more juice.
c) Sawyer will be satisfied, and Elliott will find it funny that their mother was able to fool Sawyer this way.
d) Sawyer will ask to have the same amount as Elliott in both glasses; Elliott will be upset that Sawyer has two glasses.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
166. John was shown a ball of string, then the teacher unraveled until the string became one long piece that was more than 10 feet long. John knows that the ball of string has the same amount of string as when it is unraveled into one long piece. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is John exhibiting?
a) sensory operation
b) formal operation
c) conservation
d) stability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
167. You are in the lab with a child named Avery. You show Avery two equal lines of ten pennies. Then, while Avery is watching, you stack one group of ten pennies, leaving the other group of ten pennies spread out across the table. Avery tells you that the spread-out group contains more pennies than the stack. Which of Piaget's stages describes Avery's cognitive abilities?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
168._________________ is the ability to understand that certain physical characteristics remain unchanged even when their outward appearance changes.
a) A sensory operation
b) A formal operation
c) Conservation
d) Stability
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
169. A researcher asks three-year-old Madeline if she has a sister. Madeleine responds that she has a big sister named Harper. Then the researcher asks Madeline if Harper has a sister. How is Madeline likely to answer and why would she give that answer?
a) Madeline will respond that she is Harper’s sister. Madeline can answer because she has overcome the limitation of conservation.
b) Madeline will respond by saying that Harper does not have a sister. There is just the two of them in the family. Madeline is limited by irreversibility.
c) Madeline will respond that she is Harper’s sister. Madeline can answer because she has overcome the limitation of object permanence.
d) b) Madeline will respond by saying that Harper does not have a sister. There is just the two of them in the family. Madeline is limited by appearance versus reality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
170. Hugo said, "The sun is shining today because it knew we were going to the Stampede." This example of _____thinking suggests that Hugo is in the _____ stage.
a) egocentric; preoperational
b) representational; sensorimotor
c) conservation; preoperational stage
d) animistic; sensorimotor
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
171. Camden and Jack each have two piles of candy of equal amounts. Camden has his candy spread out and so Jack complains that Camden has more. Jack does not possess:
a) conservation of number
b) transitivity
c) intermodal processing
d) symbolic thought
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
172. Four year old Mila and her grandfather are walking together. After they walk two blocks Mila’s grandfather says, “Let’s walk two more blocks and then we will have walked four blocks.” Once they walk the four blocks Mila indicates that she wants to go home, saying, “Four blocks is a lot Papa; I am tired.” After they turn and walk back two of the blocks, Mila’s grandfather said cheerfully, “We just walked two blocks toward home, almost there.” Mila says, “I need you to carry me Papa, I can’t walk four more blocks.” What is Mila’s area of difficulty?
a) Mila has difficulty with the concept of reversibility.
b) Mila has difficulty with the concept of conservation.
c) Mila has difficulty because he is egocentric.
d) Mila has difficulty with hypothetical reasoning.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
173. Samuel is not quite five years old. His father says to him “If you have two candies and I give you two more candies, how many candies will you have?” Samuel correctly answers, “Four candies.” Then, his father says, “If you have four candies, and you give two candies to me, how many candies will you have left?” Based on his age, what would Piaget predict that Samuel’s response would most likely be?
a) zero
b) two
c) four
d) It is impossible to predict Jordan’s answer.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
174. Aoife is five years old and Hinata is seven years old. They are each offered their choice of either: one toonie or three dimes or 10 nickels. Which combination will each child choose?
a) Both children will choose the toonie.
b) Aoife will choose the toonie and Hinata will choose the dimes.
c) Aoife will choose the nickels and Hinata will choose the toonie.
d) There is no way to predict which combination each child will choose.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
175. Sally is in Piaget’s pre-operational stage. The woman who lives next door dresses up as a man for Halloween, with a beard and moustache. When Sally sees her, she is likely to think
a) that her neighbour is a woman.
b) that her neighbour is a man.
c) that her neighbour is both a man and a woman.
d) that her neighbour is mentally ill.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
176. Which of the following accurately reflects the findings using the theory of mind task involving Maxie and the chocolate?
a) 3- to 4-year-olds pass about 10% of the time.
b) 3- to 4-year-olds pass about 20% of the time
c) 4- to 5-year-olds never passed.
d) 4- to 5-year-olds passed most of the time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
177. A researcher tells 4-year old Hailey and 6-year old Maya a story about Maxi who sees his mother place chocolate in an upper cupboard. After Maxi goes outside, his mother moves the chocolate to a lower cupboard. When asked where Maxi will look for the chocolate when he comes back inside, which of the following most accurately reflects what the two children’s’ answers will be?
a) Hailey – upper cupboard; Maya - upper cupboard
b) Hailey – lower cupboard; Maya - lower cupboard
c) Hailey – upper cupboard; Maya - lower cupboard
d) Hailey - lower cupboard; Maya – upper cupboard
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
178. Three year old Yosef is in a study where he is shown a Band-Aid box. He is asked what he thinks is in it. He replies, “Band aids.” But then the research shows him that it is really full of ribbons. The researcher then asks Yosef what his friend, Mick, will think is in the box. Yosef responds, “Ribbons.” Yosef assumes that his friend Mick knows what he knows. Piaget called this _____.
a) false beliefs
b) conservation
c) theory of mind
d) egocentrism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
179. The Smarties task and the Maxi task are designed to measure children’s understanding of ___.
a) conservation
b) object permanence
c) false-beliefs
d) scaffolding
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
180. According to Piaget, children who are able to speak with confidence about complex relationships such as cause and effect and categorization, but who are not able to grasp abstract concepts are in the ______________ stage.
a) sensory operational
b) preoperational
c) post operational
d) concrete operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
181. Which of the following is an example of the concrete operational stage?
a) Alissa believes that 8 + 12 = 20 because she can see the total using counting blocks.
b) Theodore squishes his food with hands before deciding whether to eat it or not.
c) Rae understands she has a sister, but not that her sister has a sister.
d) Olivia believes her pimple will make her the laughingstock of the class.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
182. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Piaget’s pre-operational and concrete operational stages?
a) Piaget’s test depended on children’s understanding of the language used. By making questions non-verbal or child-friendly they found different results.
b) Piaget failed to consider the influence of social factors on children’s cognitive development.
c) Piaget overestimated the role of culture in cognitive development.
d) Theory of mind experiments suggest children can take the perspective of others much sooner.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
183. Piaget did NOT fully appreciate the role of _____________ factor(s) in cognitive development.
a) genetic and cultural influences
b) parenting style
c) individual differences
d) peer influences
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
184. Geometry poses a problem for many children in late elementary because they are not yet able to
a) understand the concept of conservation.
b) understand abstract relationships.
c) apply the principles of conservation to this level of thinking.
d) understand reversibility.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
185. The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget’s _____ stage.
a) preoperational
b) post formal
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
186. Saoirse and Kenna were each asked the following question, “What would happen if the polar ice caps melted, covering coastal areas in water?” Saoirse answered that her dad told her that was just politics, it was never going to really happen, but Kenna responded that people in low lying cities needed to be making plans about where to move infrastructure and people. Based on their answers, which of the following is most likely?
a) Saoirse is in the concrete operational stage; Kenna is in the formal operational stage.
b) Saoirse is in the formal operational stage; Kenna is in the concrete operational stage.
c) Saoirse is in the concrete operational stage; Kenna is in the concrete operational stage.
d) Saoirse is in the formal operational stage; Kenna is in the formal operational stage.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
187. Bruner’s term for providing support during the learning process that is tailored to the needs of the student is instructional ________.
a) scaffolding
b) modeling
c) structuring
d) accommodating
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
188. The developmental adjustments that adults make to give children the help that they need, but not so much that they fail to move forward was first referred to as____________ by ____________.
a) accommodation; Piaget
b) assimilation; Piaget
c) scaffolding; Bruner
d) accommodation; Bruner
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
189. Vygotsky’s concept of the “zone of proximal development” labels
a) a socially driven critical period for cognitive and language development.
b) the range where children’s intellectual abilities are optimally challenged.
c) the difference between what a child can accomplish alone and what they can accomplish with the help of others.
d) the process by which a child learns about the correspondence between actions and results.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
190. A teacher is required to provide less and less _____________, as the child’s ______________ becomes smaller.
a) instruction; schema
b) instruction; ability to accommodate
c) scaffolding; zone of proximal development
d) accommodation; zone of proximal development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
191. A kindergarten teacher expects students to put on their own shoes but then helps them learn to tie their shoelaces. According to Vygotsky, what is the teacher working within?
a) theory of mind
b) provincial core standards
c) the zone of proximal development
d) concrete operations
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
192. Vygotsky would say that twelve year old Nazar’s zone of proximal development refers to__________.
a) thoughts and feelings Nazar experiences that no one else understands or appreciates
b) what Nazar can accomplish on his own and what he can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent
c) Nazar’s understanding of what is ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong’ as indicated by society’s rules
d) Nazar’s ability to negotiate his identity with his friends, family, and culture
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
193. A biologically-based tendency to respond to certain situations in similar ways throughout our lifetime is the definition of
a) personality.
b) genotype.
c) temperament.
d) disposition.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
194. Learned is to genetic as _____ is to _____.
a) personality; temperament
b) temperament; attachment
c) rooting; conditioning
d) critical period; cognition
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
195. Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up and unique – these are all types of ______________ described by ____________.
a) personality; Kagan
b) attachment; Ainsworth
c) temperament; Kagan
d) temperament; Thomas and Chess
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
196. Nadine has travelled with her 5-month-old son, Patrick, to visit her mother. For the entire week they are visiting, Patrick is extremely irritable, will not sleep, and screams every time Nadine’s mother tries to hold him. According to Thomas and Chess, Patrick would be described as _____.
a) unique
b) anxious-ambivalent
c) difficult
d) slow-to-warm-up
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
197. Six-month-old Sakura is generally cheerful and easy-going, however, when her mother takes Sakura to a playgroup, she becomes very inhibited and irritable. Thomas and Chess would describe Sakura as having a(n) ___________ temperament.
a) easy
b) difficult
c) slow-to-warm-up
d) unique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
198. Margarita is a happy new mother. Her 3-month-old baby sleeps through the night, has regular naps, eats at about the same time each day, and is very interested in what is going on around her. According to Thomas and Chess, Margarita’s baby would be described as __________.
a) unique
b) easy
c) difficult
d) slow-to-warm-up
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
199. Which of the following is true about Kagan’s research about temperament?
a) Temperament is inborn and consistent across situations and time.
b) Temperament is inborn but is not consistent across situations and time.
c) Temperament is not inborn but, once established, is consistent across situations and time.
d) Temperament is not inborn and is not consistent across situations and time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
200. Kagan suggested that temperament is inborn, arguing that
a) temperament is hereditary.
b) temperament is present at birth and remains consistent across the lifespan.
c) temperament is determined in part, by individual differences in arousal of the amygdala.
d) temperament is influenced by parenting styles.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
201. Which of the following theorists is NOT correctly matched with their beliefs about attachment.
a) Freud – the infant’s emotional tie to the mother formed the foundation for all relationships.
b) Erikson – infants need to develop trust in the first year of life
c) Bowlby – the drive for attachment is inborn
d) Harlow – feeding forms the basis of attachment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
202. A newborn requires ________ to properly attach with their caregiver.
a) contact comfort
b) constant nurturing
c) strict schedules
d) the mother’s milk
Difficulty: Knowledge
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
173. Erikson believed that attachment
a) was motivated by the need for food.
b) was motivated by the need for comfort.
c) arose from relationships built from reflexes such as rooting or reaching out.
d) was based on trust developed in the first year of life when we are completely dependent and vulnerable.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
174. Rhesus monkeys who were reared with a “wire mother” with food or a “soft, terry cloth mother” without food spent most of its time with the “soft” mother. This illustrated ___.
a) food is the key element in forming attachment with a caregiver.
b) contact is the key element in forming attachment with a caregiver.
c) infant monkeys do not truly form attachments to caregivers the way humans do.
d) the infant monkeys could only develop an attachment if they overcame the challenge of figuring out which “mother” had food.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
175. The suggestion that infant reflexes such as rooting or reaching out help babies develop attachment with their mother was suggested by ________________.
a) Bowlby
b) Ainsworth
c) Erikson
d) Harlow
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
176. _____ is a significant emotional attachment with another person, such as a caregiver.
a) Bonding
b) Attachment
c) Love
d) Intimacy
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
177. The sense of security embedded in the feelings an infant has for a specific caregiver is
a) also known as social interaction.
b) stressful for children with difficult temperaments.
c) determined by parenting style.
d) known as "attachment".
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
178. _____ says that the internal working model is a template that children devise regarding the world themselves and those they attach to.
a) John Bowlby
b) Mary Ainsworth
c) Harry Harlow
d) Eleanor Gibson
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
179. Which is NOT one of the attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?
a) secure
b) anxious/avoidant
c) insecure
d) anxious/resistant
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
180. According to Ainsworth’s research using the Strange Situation procedure, _____ infants used the mother as a safe base from which to explore the environment.
a) disorganized/disoriented
b) secure
c) anxious/ambivalent
d) anxious/avoidant
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
181. Which of the following infants is MOST likely to be identified as securely attached in the Strange Situation?
a) An infant who is distressed when the caregiver leaves the room but who is happy when the caregiver returns.
b) An infant who displays confused and contradictory behaviour when the caregiver leaves the room and when the caregiver returns.
c) An infant who is distressed when the caregiver leaves the room and who demonstrates both happiness and anger when the caregiver returns.
d) An infant who is indifferent when the caregiver leaves the room and when the caregiver returns.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
182. Eleven-month-old Abigail is in a room with her mother. When her mother leaves her alone with a stranger, Abagail appears confused and does not seem to know how to respond. When her mother returns and picks her up, Abagail appears flat and depressed and exhibits rigid posture. According to Ainsworth, Abagail is showing signs of ______________ attachment.
a) secure
b) anxious/ambivalent
c) anxious/avoidant
d) disorganized/disoriented
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
183. Fourteen month old Farzana is in a room a room with her mother. She is playing with unfamiliar toys and periodically shows one to her mother, and occasionally crawls over to get closer to her mother. When her mother unexpectedly leaves the room, Farzana crawls after her crying piteously. However, as soon as her mother returns and picks her up, Farzana stops crying. Farzana is displaying a _____ attachment.
a) secure
b) ambivalent
c) insecure
d) avoidant
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
184. Amber was raised in a nurturing environment by parents who interacted with her on a frequent basis. In contrast, Kim grew up as a ward of the state, often transferring to different foster homes. Kim was removed from her first foster home, where she lived during the first five years of life, due to extreme neglect and abuse. What will be the MOST likely difference between Amber and Kim as they mature?
a) Kim will have significant delays in the areas of communication and social skills, while Amber will reach all age-appropriate milestones.
b) Due to overcoming early hardships, Kim will be more adaptable and well-adjusted than Amber.
c) Kim will be less likely to marry and more likely to have children out of wedlock, while Amber will be more likely to delay marriage and children until middle-age.
d) When confronted with stressors, Kim is more likely than Amber to seek help from a therapist.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
185. The Q-sort approach to determining attachment style
a) identifies attachment style by gender, age, and mother’s report.
b) identifies an attachment quotient for children.
c) categorizes infant attachment styles based on the child’s age.
d) categorizes attachment styles according to the frequency of behaviours.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
186. The benefit of the Q-sort approach to determining attachment style applies to all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is incorrect?
a) Q-sort provides a more fluid assessment of the child’s general attachment patterns.
b) Q-sort measures frequency of behaviours during a parent-child interaction.
c) Q-sort results are highly correlated with the Strange Situation.
d) Q-sort can predict future defiant and conduct disordered behaviours.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
187. Which of the following is true about the differences in parenting styles in individualistic and collectivist countries?
a) Parents of collectivist countries do not fall into the same four categories as those in individualistic countries.
b) Collectivist cultures tend to use more permissive parenting than individualistic cultures.
c) Individualist cultures tend to use more authoritarian parenting than collectivist cultures.
d) Authoritarian parenting style does not necessarily lead to negative child outcomes in some collectivist cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
188. After eight-year-old Eitan accidentally broke a glass in the kitchen, his father became extremely angry and took away his bicycle for a week. “You are a bad boy!” his father yells at him. Eitan’s father is exhibiting a(n) ________________ parenting style.
a) authoritarian
b) authoritative
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
189. An eleven-year-old child loses his second winter jacket at school. His parents are sympathetic but have him help pay for the new jacket. Which parenting style BEST explains this consequence?
a) uninvolved
b) permissive
c) authoritarian
d) authoritative
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
190. Mr. and Mrs. Green think that children should not speak at the dinner table unless an adult asks them a question. They stress obedience to their house rules and proper table manners; they expect mature behavior in their children. Baumrind would classify the Green parents as _____ parents.
a) inflexible
b) authoritative
c) authoritarian
d) laissez-faire
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
191. When three-year-old Isleen grabs a toy from another child at the playground, her mother takes the toy from her and says, “I understand you want to play with the toy, but Tobi is playing with it right now. You will have to wait for your turn.” Her mother then gives Isleen another toy to play with. Isleen’s mother is exhibiting a(n) ________________ parenting style.
a) authoritative
b) authoritarian
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
192. Which of the following situations is most likely to occur in a household where the parents are permissive?
a) Janet is 10. She is expected to get up when her alarm goes off, dress herself, make her bed, and eat breakfast before going to school.
b) Hector is 10. When he gets into a fight with another child at school, he is sent to bed with no dinner and grounded for two weeks.
c) Sarah is 10. Her parents allow her to do whatever she wants as long as she doesn’t get into trouble.
d) Nicholas is 10. His parents don’t help him with his homework and let him eat dinner in front of the TV.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
193. Eighteen-year-old Martha has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. She cannot understand why it is wrong – after all, she only steals from large stores that can afford to lose the items. Which parenting style did Martha’s parents probably exhibit?
a) authoritarian
b) authoritative
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
194. How are the permissive and uninvolved parenting styles similar but different to one another?
a) Both styles involve low levels of control, but permissive parents are more responsive to their children.
b) Both styles involve high levels of responsiveness, but permissive parents are less accepting of their children.
c) Both styles involve moderate levels of control, but permissive parents are more indifferent to their children.
d) Both styles involve high levels of control, but permissive parents are more responsive to their children.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
195. Which statement represents an authoritative parenting style?
a) Rules exist for a reason; they cannot be changed.
b) There is no discussion of my rules; just do as I say.
c) I really love you so you can do whatever you like.
d) Rules are necessary to help you know boundaries.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
196. When it comes to parenting styles, which of the following reflects the current view?
a) Authoritarian style produces the most positive outcomes for the child.
b) A good fit between a parent and child’s behavioural styles is more important than trying to determine a right or wrong way to parent.
c) Most criminals experienced an authoritative parenting style as a child.
d) Being too permissive as a parent is worse than being authoritarian.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
197. Colin is in kindergarten. He quickly gets upset if the teacher corrects him, and he is very aggressive with the other boys in his class. Colin also has a tough time expressing himself and often starts crying when others have difficulty understanding him. Based on this information, what parenting style do Colin’s parents MOST likely rely on?
a) authoritarian
b) authoritative
c) permissive
d) uninvolved
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
198. ___% of single parent families and ___% of two-parent families use some form of non-parental care for their children.
a) 40; 30
b) 60; 50
c) 50; 60
d)70; 60
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional developments that take place during infancy and during childhood.
Section Reference: Infancy and Childhood
199. Richmond is learning to manipulate abstract and concrete objects, events, and ideas mentally. Richmond is in the _____ stage.
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
200. Elena is able to engage in reasoning using abstract thought. Which stage of cognitive development would Piaget say that Elena is in?
a) sensorimotor stage
b) preoperational stage
c) concrete operational stage
d) formal operational stage
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
201. Mrs. Percival draws a figure on the board that is lopsided, and has 4 sides, all of unequal lengths. Physically, the right side is three inches, but the left side is six inches. Mrs. Percival tells the class that the figure is a square. She tells the class that the right side is three inches in length and asks them how long the left side is. Which of the following responses is correctly matched?
a) Peter is in the concrete operations stage of development; his answer is “three inches.”
b) Janice is in the formal operations stage of development; her answer is “three inches.”
c) Paul is in the formal operations stage; his answer is “six inches.”
d) Candice is in the formal operations stage; her answer is “I don’t know.”
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
202. Which of the following is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics?
a) thyroid gland
b) pituitary gland
c) hippocampus
d) amygdala
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
203. The biological end of childhood is signaled by
a) adolescence.
b) entering the teenage years.
c) puberty.
d) growth in logical reasoning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
204. Which of the following is triggered by the thyroid gland?
a) the onset of the female menstrual cycle
b) deepening of the male voice in puberty
c development of breasts in females
d) the growth spurt
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
205. Which of the following is considered to be a primary sex characteristic?
a) development of breasts in adolescent females
b) growth of the ovaries and testes
c) release of hormones during puberty
d) growth of pubic and armpit hair
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
206. Which of the following is true about those who enter puberty either early or late, as compared to those who enter puberty “on time”?
a) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature early and boys who mature early.
b) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature late and boys who mature late.
c) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature early and boys who mature late.
d) Problems tend to occur most often for girls who mature late and boys who mature early.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
207. Ten-year old Georgia just begun menstruating. Additionally, her mother had to buy Georgia her first bra two months ago. What would you hypothesize about Georgia’s transition through adolescence?
a) Georgia will transition through adolescence normally.
b) Georgia will be more confident than her friends who mature later.
c) Georgia will have more difficulty transitioning through adolescence than her friends.
d) Georgia may have some difficulty initially, but it will level off after about 6 months.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
208. Eric and Sofia are fraternal twins. With regard to adolescent growth spurts, you can predict that _____.
a) Eric will be the same height as Sofia until around age 19 in late adolescence
b) Sofia will be taller than Eric between the ages of 10 and 14
c) Eric will be taller than Sofia from about age 9 onward
d) Sofia will be taller than Eric until around age 19 in late adolescence
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
209. Francesca is with her friends and thinks it would be funny to steal the stop sign and watch all the people speed through the dangerous intersection. What part of Francesca’s brain needs to develop some more for her to be able to consider the consequences of her decisions?
a) the visual cortex
b) the parietal lobe
c) the amygdala
d) the prefrontal cortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
210. Jax and his friends were at his family cottage on their own for the long weekend. The had been drinking heavily when they decided to take the boat out in the dark. Elkind would say that this type of risk-taking behaviour in adolescence is related to _____. This type of behaviour is more common in adolescence due to the relative immaturity of the _____.?
a) imaginary audience; amygdala
b) personal fable; prefrontal cortex
c) imaginary audience; temporal lobe
d) personal fable; limbic system
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
211. Thirteen-year-old Warren believed that he was the centre of other people's thoughts and attention, so he worried excessively about whether his hair looked good or whether he was wearing the "right" clothes. This type of belief is an example of what David Elkind referred to as
a) the personal fable.
b) the imaginary audience.
c) primary egocentrism.
d) secondary egocentrism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
212. Amanda, 17, felt that although it was unsafe for others to text while driving, it was perfectly safe for her to do so as she felt that she was an unusually attentive driver. Elkind would say Amanda’s faulty thinking is due to
a) postconventional moral reasoning.
b) the personal fable.
c) the imaginary audience.
d) role confusion.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
213. Ansh believes he is uniquely invulnerable to the consequences of drinking and driving. His thinking reflects ___________________.
a) adolescent omnipotence
b) the optimism of ignorance
c) the personal fable
d) adolescent self-centrism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
214. Which of the following is accurate regarding changes to the brain during adolescence?
a) Myelination is complete.
b) Synaptic pruning decreases.
c) Myelination increases in the somatosensory cortex.
d) Unnecessary synaptic connections continue to be reduced in prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
215. During lunch, fifteen-year-old Tanya spilled a small amount of chocolate milk on her shirt. She is horrified when her teach tells her she is not allowed to skip her next class to go home and change because she knows that everyone will notice the stain and laugh at her. Tanya is exhibiting _____________.
a) delusions of grandeur
b) the personal fable effect of adolescent egocentrism
c) the flashlight effect
d) the imaginary audience effect of adolescent egocentrism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
216. Which of the following statements best describes Elkind’s concept of personal fable?
a) Mary believes that everyone on the soccer team was staring at her when she showed up without her uniform.
b) Mary tells her mother that nobody understands what it feels like to not have a date for the prom.
c) Mary understands that her grandparents also felt awkward as teenagers, too.
d) Before applying for graduate school, Mary asks herself what she does best and what work she enjoys.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
217. The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory was
a) cognitive development.
b) the influence of parenting style on adolescent outcomes.
c) moral reasoning.
d) logical reasoning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
218. Which of the following is NOT one of the beliefs that Kohlberg held about the development of moral reasoning?
a) Moral reasoning develops independently of cognition or intelligence.
b) To reach the highest level of moral reasoning, individuals must be exposed to complex social situations.
c) Each stage of moral development represents a new way of thinking for making moral decisions.
d) The process of moral development is different in collectivist versus individualistic cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
219. Which theorist questioned Kohlberg’s findings that suggested that girls were less morally developed than boys?
a) Skinner
b) Piaget
c) Vygotsky
d) Gilligan
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
220. You find a wallet on the street with identification and three hundred dollars. You have to decide whether to keep the wallet. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
a) No, I do not want people to think I am a bad person: conventional.
b) No, I need this money but the person who lost it might need it even more than I do: preconventional.
c) Yes, I need this money to buy food: postconventional.
d) Yes, I see this address and this person is very well off and does not need this money: conventional.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
221. Each of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development EXCEPT one. Which one is not an existing criticism?
a) Moral reasoning and moral behaviour only loosely related.
b) The role of education is not assessed in his model.
c) Kohlberg claimed that males were morally superior.
d) Women and men differ in their moral orientations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
222. Noor wanted all of the grape flavored gum from Halloween, so she made a deal with her little brother that if he gave her his grape gum, she would help him get an extra cookie at dinner time. According to Kohlberg, what level of moral development is this?
a) preconventional
b) postconventional
c) conventional
d) social contract
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
223. Wesley is drinking with friends. He decides not to drive home because he does not want to risk getting a DUI and lose his car, licence, and be fined. Kohlberg would say that Wesley’s moral reasoning is at the ______________ level.
a) justice-based
b) preconventional
c) conventional
d) postconventional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
224. How does Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development differ from the preconventional level?
a) Moral reasoning at the conventional level is focused on other people rather than self, and rules are followed for the benefit of society rather than the individual.
b) Moral reasoning at the conventional level is based on personal standards of right and wrong rather than standards of self-satisfaction, and adherence to rules is more fluid than rigid.
c) Moral reasoning at the conventional level is based on what is best for the self rather than what is best for society, and rules are followed to protect the self from punishment rather than to protect society as a whole.
d) Moral reasoning at the conventional level is focused on individual cases rather than universal standards, and rules are followed on a case-by-case basis rather than as a matter of course.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
225. Jaya wants a pair of earrings similar to ones her friends are all wearing. She has asked her parents to buy them for her, but they refused and told her to wait for her birthday. Jaya can’t see being able to save the money herself for several weeks. She knows the store owner is not very careful about watching for shoplifters, so she considers stealing a pair. However, she is concerned about what her parents and teachers will think if she gets caught. Kohlberg would say that Jaya’s moral reasoning is at the ______________ level.
a) preconventional
b) care-based
c) conventional
d) postconventional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
226.A person defines "right" and "wrong" personally and devises abstract moral values that are universal, and this can be applied in innovative ways to protect human rights. Which stage of development does this illustrate?
a) Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development.
b) Erikson's adulthood psychosocial stage of development.
c) Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral development, which focuses on law and order orientation.
d) Erikson's final stage (eighth), in which the adult has achieved the highest level of moral development.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
227. Which of the following individuals is MOST likely at Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral development?
a) Genevieve understands that laws serve an important societal purpose. However, she also believes that there are times when it is necessary to violate laws for the good of individuals.
b) Luis knows that it is important to be kind to others and wants others to like him. He also tries to see the good in others and put himself in their shoes whenever possible.
c) Margot always follows the rules because she does not want to run into trouble with the authorities or be punished in anyway. She also does not pay much attention to other people.
d) Will knows that rules and morals are important for the society to function smoothly. He never breaks the rules, no matter the situation, and harshly judges those who do break the rules.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
228. Fredrik is a pharmacist and is approached by a young man who is having trouble breathing and has a noticeably swollen face. The young man explains that has inadvertently eaten peanuts and that he is allergic to peanuts, and that he needs an EpiPen, although he has no money. If Fredrik is in Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral development, what is he likely to say?
a) “I can’t do that. You’ll have to pay for it first or else I could get fired.”
b) “Of course. I wouldn’t want you to think that I’m a bad pharmacist.”
c) “I’m sorry, but I can’t give you this because it is against the law. Perhaps you should go to the hospital.”
d) “Of course. Your welfare is much more valuable than the cost of the injection.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
229. Most researchers believe that the difference in scores on Kohlberg’s scale between collectivist cultures and individualistic cultures is a result of
a) greater industrial development in individualistic cultures.
b) intense pressures towards conformity in individualistic cultures.
c) the tendency for individual cultures to have democracies for governments.
d) differences in the kind of moral problems faced by people in different cultures.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
230. Moral reasoning and behaviour
a) are highly correlated for men but not for women.
b) are highly correlated in that attitudes accurately predict behaviour.
c) are loosely correlated as attitudes do a poor job of predicting moral behaviour.
d) are highly correlated in collectivist cultures but loosely correlated in individualistic cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
231. Robert is an adolescent who is sullen and withdrawn. He does not seem to know where he fits in society. As a result, Robert may have difficulty resolving the _____ developmental stage.
a) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b) identity vs. role confusion
c) initiative vs. guilt
d) industry vs. inferiority
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
232. Which of the following individuals is MOST likely at Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development?
a) Ben changes his “look” on a weekly basis. Sometimes he dresses in preppy clothes, sometimes in skater clothes, sometimes in athletic gear. He tries out different activities and hangs out with different friends almost as often as he changes his appearance.
b) Suzanne’s children have graduated from college and are starting families of their own. She wants to be involved with them, their spouses, and children, but she has a tough time nurturing them because she would rather concentrate on her own problems.
c) James is learning to “do unto others” and act in ways that benefit his friends and his parents as well as himself. He has started picking up after himself without being asked and often offers to help his parents clean up the house.
d) Diana’s friends often try to set her up with people they know, and she will sometimes go out on dates arranged by her friends. A few times, these set ups have led to relationships that last several months, but Diana struggles to form intimate bonds and often ends the relationships.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
233. Kareem is a teenager and is beginning to make choices about his future and his friends and his values. Erikson would say that this behaviour is typical of a teenager at a specific stage in the lifespan. Which of Erikson’s stages describes this search for self in adolescence?
a) initiative versus guilt
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) autonomy versus shame and doubt
d) identity versus role confusion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that take place during adolescence.
Section Reference: Adolescence
234. Adulthood is best defined as
a) an outcome of earlier periods of development.
b) the beginning of a period of decline.
c) a time of developmental stagnation.
d) a time of continuing change.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
235. Fifty-eight year old Ava resented the time her grandchildren needed. She was tired of her friends and her coworkers. Although pleased with her home and car, and other material possessions she was able to acquire through her work, she regretted the career path she had chosen to follow. Which concept related to Erikson's theory of development applies to Ava?
a) generativity
b) stagnation
c) integrity
d) despair
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
236. Mateo derived immense pleasure from caring for his two daughters. Patrice cared only for herself and consequently was increasingly bored, dissatisfied, and unhappy with her life. Erikson would say that these two individuals are each experiencing one end of the spectrum of conflict experienced in middle age. What is this conflict called?
a) generativity versus stagnation
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) integrity versus despair
d) midlife satisfaction versus the midlife crisis
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
237. Emily is looking back at the last few decades of her life. She feels deep regret at the opportunities she passed up, knowing she does not have enough time left to start over. Emily is likely to be in Erikson’s _____ stage of development.
a) ego integrity vs. despair
b) intimacy vs. isolation
c) industry vs. remorse
d) generativity vs. stagnation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
238. Forty-year-old Carl is very proud that he has the fastest car on the road and the finest house on the block but feels lonely and isolated when he goes home to his family. Carl is likely to be in Erikson’s _____ stage of development.
a) ego integrity vs. despair
b) generativity vs. stagnation
c) intimacy vs. isolation
d) identity vs. role confusion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
239. Rebecca finds it difficult to establish close bonds with others. As a result, she avoids anything other than superficial relationships. According to Erikson, it is likely that Rebecca had difficulty with the developmental challenge of _____.
a) intimacy vs. isolation
b) ego integrity vs. despair
c) trust vs. autonomy
d) initiative vs. industry
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
240. Which of the following is NOT a change that is likely to occur between 18 years old and the mid-30s?
a) growing a few centimeters in height
b) slowing of metabolism
c) decline in sensory ability
d) decline in problem solving skills
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
241. The series of changes in hormonal function occurring in women during their 50s, which lead to the end of reproductive capabilities is called
a) menarche.
b) post-menarche.
c) reproductive cessation.
d) menopause.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
242. Reshma is in her 50s and is experiencing headaches, mood swings, and hot flashes. She is, however, NOT alarmed as she knows that this experience was inevitable, and that at her age she would experience the results of changes in hormonal function known as
a) menopause.
b) andropause.
c) ovarian failure.
d) amenorrhea.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
243. Matthieu is in his late fifties. Which of the following would NOT be true of Mathieu?
a) Matthieu’s metabolism is slower than it was a decade ago.
b) Matthieu is becoming farsighted.
c) Matthieu recovers more quickly from glare due to change in pupil reactance.
d) Matthieu is less sensitive to high frequency sounds.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
244. Which of the following accurately reflects a cognitive change that occurs in adulthood?
a) The brain begins to shrink in volume and weight due to the loss of active brain cells.
b) Our ability to solve problems declines in our 60s.
c) Adults’ confidence in their ability to remember and solve problems declines.
d) There are significant declines in vocabulary.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
245. Which of the following symptoms is correctly matched with the ages at which the symptoms first appear?
a) 20s; metabolism slows, and it is more difficult to keep fit.
b) 30s and 40s; decline in immune system functioning.
c) 50s; changes in skeletal structure and metabolism.
d) 60s and 70s; pupils shrink, making it difficult to see in low light.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
246. Muscular strength and sensory abilities have already begun to decline by _____ years of age.
a) 20
b) 30
c) 40
d) 50
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
247. Which of the following is NOT a normal consequence of aging?
a) a decline in memory function due to widespread death of neurons
b) a decline in the speed of recall and retrieval
c) a decline in visual and auditory acuity
d) a decline in depth perception
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
248. Which of the following statements about dementia is true?
a) Dementia is only moderately correlated with age.
b) Dementia affects approximately 50% of people over the age of 85.
c) Severe memory problems combined with at least one other cognitive problem are characteristic of dementia.
d) Dementia usually affects cognitive functions such as abstract thinking or language.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
249. Which of the following theories suggests that aging is caused by telomeres growing shorter as time passes?
a) free-radical theory
b) wear and tear theory
c) cellular clock theory
d) immunodeficiency theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
250. Which theory of aging provides a chemical-oriented explanation of aging?
a) wear-and-tear
b) free radical
c) cellular clock
d) use-it-or-lose-it
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
251. Which of the following best describes the healthy adult brain?
a) As we age, we typically experience shrinkage in brain volume and weight.
b) Significant loss of neurons begins in middle adulthood and continues.
c) No new neurons form beyond the age of 50.
d) Broad intellectual capacities remain intact throughout our lives.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
252. Experience is to __________________ as chemistry is to ________________.
a) cellular clock theory; telomere theory
b) wear-and-tear theory; telomere theory
c) cellular clock theory; free-radical theory
d) wear-and-tear theory; free-radical theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
253. Which of the following goals is properly matched with the age group?
a) pre-adulthood – to attain wisdom
b) early adulthood – to attain love
c) middle adulthood – find a place in society
d) later adulthood – contribute to the next generation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
254. The period between ages 17 to 22 is often referred to as
a) late adolescence.
b) early adulthood.
c) post-adolescence.
d) emerging adulthood.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
255. Eighteen-year old Brittany begged her parents to be allowed to go away to university. She wanted the experience of living in residence and being in a new city. But now that she has her parent’s permission and has been accepted at the university of her choice, she is having second thoughts and is now hinting that she might prefer to stay at home and take a gap year. Levinson argued that this period of _____ is especially difficult as it represents a _____ from one stage to another.
a) intimacy vs isolation; shift
b) late adolescence; change
c) emerging adulthood; transition
d) career consolidation; conversion
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
256. Sylvie is busy with her three small daughters and baby son and is busy establishing a writing career. She hopes to move into publishing once her children are all in school. Her parenting brings her enormous pleasure, but she feels stretched for time and is concerned that her creativity is suffering. Levinson would most likely say that Sylvie is in which stage of development?
a) the early adult transition
b) early adulthood
c) the middle life transition
d) middle adulthood
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
257. Aramis just turned 45 years old. Aramis is frustrated and depressed and feels that life is passing him by. He is anxious that he has not met many of his life’s goals and that he might not be able to ever do so at this point. Levinson would say that Phillip is probably going through the _____ and might even be experiencing _____.
a) intimacy vs isolation; a midlife crisis
b) middle life transition; a midlife crisis
c) mid-adult transition; male menopause
d) midlife crisis stage; male menopause
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
258. Hamish feels that life is passing him by. He is no longer young and worries that he has too many responsibilities and too little time to chase his dreams. Levinson would most likely say that Hamish is in which stage of development?
a) the early adult transition
b) early adulthood
c) the mid life transition
d) middle adulthood
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
259. It is estimated that, by the year 2051 there will over _______________ people in the oldest-old group, the majority of which will be ___________.
a) 1 million; males
b) 1 million; females
c) 2 million; males
d) 2 million; females
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
260. Although in the past, researchers have categorized elderly people according to their age, there are some who now think they should be grouped according to ___.
a) chronological age
b) functional age
c) physical age
d) mental age
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
261. Which of the following offers the best description of the population of elderly adults?
a) There are many commonalities among them.
b) Many of the elderly have shared similar experiences because of cohort effects.
c) Elderly adults are quite heterogeneous in that they are more dissimilar than similar
d) Most elderly males are very similar, whereas elderly females are quite different from each other.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
262. Beatrice is part of the fastest growing age group in Canada? How old is Beatrice likely to be?
a) 65 and above
b) 75 and above
c) 85 and above
d) 95 and above
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the key physical, social, and emotional changes that take place throughout adulthood.
Section Reference: Adulthood
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