Ch.5 Complete Test Bank Probation

Chapter 5: Probation

Test Banks

Multiple Choice

1. The father of modern probation is ______.

a. Cesare Beccaria

b. John Howard

c. William Penn

d. John Augustus

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Probation has its origins in which country?

a. United States of America

b. France

c. England

d. Italy

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Roughly ____ of all probationers are convicted of a felony offense, with the misdemeanor population consisting of 41%.

a. 32%

b. 57%

c. 22%

d. 78%

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Probationers

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is the most frequent reason for a probation revocation?

a. receiving another criminal sentence

b. using crack-cocaine while on probation

c. failing to contract their probation officer

d. moving jurisdictions

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Common Reasons for Revocation

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Who is often responsible for completing the presentence investigation report?

a. police officer

b. district attorney

c. public defender

d. probation officer

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Presentence Investigation

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Probation systems can be separated into which of the following categories?

a. juvenile

b. county

c. state

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Probation Agency

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Applicants for federal probation officer positions may not be older than _____ years old.

a. 41

b. 30

c. 37

d. 55

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualifications for Probation Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The ______ is a file that includes a wide range of background information on the offender.

a. postsentence investigation report

b. presanction analysis

c. presentence investigation report

d. presentence commission account

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Presentence Investigation

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Most probation officers have at least what level of education?

a. general education degree (GED)

b. vocational degree

c. law degree

d. college degree

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demographics of Probation Officers: Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which state was the last to formally establish adult probation?

a. Maryland

b. Kentucky

c. Mississippi

d. South Carolina

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for probation began in 1995 in the state of ______.

a. California

b. Florida

c. Virginia

d. New York

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The first official probation program began in 1869 in ______.

a. New York

b. New Jersey

c. Massachusetts

d. Rhode Island

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The ______ tends to view his or her job as just that, a job. These individuals will tend to do as little as possible, and they do not have passion for their jobs.

a. passive agent

b. welfare workers

c. punitive agent

d. punitive officers

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The ______ will view the offender more as a client rather than a supervisee on his or her caseload. These individuals believe that, ultimately, the best way they can enhance security and safety of the community is by reforming the offender.

a. punitive officer

b. welfare worker

c. passive agent

d. paternal officer

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Parole officer applicants are usually administered all of the following examinations except ______.

a. physical examination

b. written examination

c. psychological examination

d. social examination

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge and Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which is not a basic category used to describe the probation officer’s general tendency when supervising offenders?

a. paternal officer

b. maternal officer

c. punitive officer

d. welfare worker

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Probationers have general conditions of probation that they must meet. Which of the following conditions is not a general condition of probation?

a. The probationer can possess a firearm.

b. The probationer cannot leave the jurisdiction without court approval.

c. The probationer must remain drug free.

d. The probationer must pay probation fees.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conditions of Probation

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. More than half of all juvenile probation agencies are administered at the ______ level.

a. local

b. state

c. federal

d. city

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Probation Agency

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which is the first stage of the revocation proceeding?

a. sentencing stage

b. preliminary hearing

c. postsentence hearing

d. adjudication hearing

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Revocation

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which stage of probation revocation proceedings provides the offender with an opportunity to refute the evidence provided?

a. preliminary hearing

b. arraignment

c. sentencing stage

d. hearing stage

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Revocation

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Probation began when a man being charged with ______ was bailed out and helped become a functioning and productive member within the community.

a. disorderly conduct

b. statutory rape

c. trespassing

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. From the standpoint of the probation officer, what are the two most important sections of the presentence investigation report?

a. evaluation and assessment

b. recommendation and interviews

c. evaluation and recommendation

d. assessment and interviews

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Presentence Investigation

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The majority of offenders tend to commit crimes that are petty, nonserious, or nonviolent. This means that they will tend to qualify for jail or ______.

a. incarceration

b. confinement

c. probation

d. transfer

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contemporary Probation: When the Jail Is Full

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which system is far superior to any other program of supervision because it ensures that probation officers have near-instantaneous notification of an offender’s violation of his or her community supervision?

a. Global Positioning Systems

b. work release

c. unsupervised probation

d. shock incarceration

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Use of GPS Tracking and Home Confinement

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Probationers continue to account for the largest proportion of persons under corrections supervision, with _____ of all convicted offenders being on probation.

a. 32%

b. 78%

c. 58%

d. 12%

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Probationers

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. How do probation officers maintain supervision?

a. personal contact with the offender

b. personal contract with the offender’s family

c. contact with the offender’s employer

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Tasks and Nature of Work for Probation Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Entry-level probation officers should be in good physical and emotional condition. Most agencies require applicants to be at least ____ years old and, for federal employment, not older than 37 years old.

a. 21

b. 18

c. 25

d. 22

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Qualifications for Probation Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The ______ stage is when a judge requires either that the offender be incarcerated or, as in many cases where the violation is minor, that the offender continue his or her probation sentence but under more restrictive terms.

a. hearing

b. sentencing

c. preliminary

d. secondary

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Revocation

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. When was federal probation authorized by Congress?

a. 1933

b. 1980

c. 1925

d. 1918

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. ______ criminologists contend that capitalism and the effects of the market economy are particularly prone to generating criminal behavior.

a. Critical

b. Deviant

c. Classical

d. Peacemaking

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Critical Criminology and Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Entry-level probation officers should be in good physical and emotional condition. Most agencies require applicants to be at least 21 years old and, for federal employment, not older than ______ years old.

a. 37

b. 21

c. 25

d. 22

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Qualifications for Probation Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which agent tends to view his or her job as just that, a job? These individuals tend to do as little as possible, and they do not have passion for their jobs.

a. passive agent

b. welfare agent

c. punitive agent

d. parlor agent

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. More than ______ of all juvenile probation agencies are administered at the local level.

a. half

b. three quarters

c. one quarter

d. three fourth

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Probation Agency

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The ______ stage of probation revocation proceedings provides the offender an opportunity to refute the evidence provided.

a. preliminary hearing

b. arraignment

c. sentencing

d. hearing

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Revocation

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. What is the most common sanction administered throughout the United States?

a. parole

b. probation

c. incarceration

d. death

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 2. Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which worker views the offender more as a client rather than as a supervisee on his or her caseload?

a. punitive worker

b. welfare worker

c. passive worker

d. maternal worker

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. ______ violations are actions that do not comply with the conditions and requirements of a probationer’s sentence, as articulated by the court that acted as the sentencing authority.

a. Mental

b. Physical

c. Logistical

d. Emotional

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Common Reasons for Revocation

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. ______ is far superior to any other program of supervision because it ensures that probation officers have near-instantaneous notifications of an offender’s violation of his or her community supervision?

a. Global Positioning Systems

b. work release

c. unsupervised probation

d. shock incarceration

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Use of GPS Tracking and Home Confinement

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for probation began in _____ in the state of Florida.

a. 1995

b. 2010

c. 1980

d. 1972

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Probation, as implemented by county and state jurisdictions around the nation, is the most common sanction administered in the United States.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 5.2 Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Among the probation population, almost 1 out of 4 (25%) is a female offender.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Probationers

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Physical violations are actions that do not comply with the conditions and requirements of a probationer’s sentence, as articulated by the court that acted as the sentencing authority.

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Common Reasons for Revocation

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The most frequent reason for a probation revocation tends to be absconding or failing to contact their probation officer.

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Common Reasons for Revocation

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Probation does not exist at the federal level.

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Probation Agency

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Most probation officers legally carry a firearm while at work.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Working Conditions

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Without the use of probation sanctions, jails would simply collapse in their operation.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contemporary Probation When the Jail Is Full

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Arizona became the last state to formally adopt adult probation.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Shock probation started in Ohio in 1965.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. In 1914, New Jersey started the first electronic monitoring of first-time offenders.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for probation began in 1995 in the state of Florida.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017) indicated 63.8% of all probation officers are African American.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demographics of Probation Officers: Race

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Probation is a sanction that serves to reduce prison overcrowding.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The presentence investigation (PSI) report is typically the final point of assessment and is rarely utilized when the offender is first brought into a prison facility.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized. | 5.5 List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Presentence Investigation

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The judge often is not the primary decision maker with regard to an offender’s sentencing and/or the granting of probation.

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge and Comprehension

Answer Location: Granting Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Corrections are intended to do more than simply punish the offender but instead seeks to reform the offender.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Probation is the most common sentence for violent criminal offenders.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. All probation officer applicants are administered a polygraph examination.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge and Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. There is rarely agreement between the probation officer’s recommendations and the judge’s decision when sentencing.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge and Comprehension

Answer Location: The Presentence Investigation

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The American Probation and Parole Association was founded in Houston, Texas in 1984.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. In many cases, probation is administered through the same jurisdiction that also oversees the jailhouse.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 5.3 Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Administration of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. William Penn founded modern probation in Massachusetts.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 5.2 Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. In 1983, the state of Georgia created intensive supervised probation.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Developments in Probation in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Parole is a control valve mechanism that mitigates the flow of inmates sent directly to the jailhouse.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 5.2 Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. The rate of probation absconders has, during the past decade, slightly increased from 9% to 10% and indicates a general need for improved methods of security for probationers.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Probationers

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. What is the importance of Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) and Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)?

AnsThe Morrissey court ruled that parolees facing revocation must be given due process rights through a prompt informal inquiry before an impartial hearing officer. The court ruled that this be through a two-step hearing process when revoking parole. The reason for this two-step process is to first screen for the reasonableness of holding the parolee since there is often a substantial delay between the point of arrest and the revocation hearing. The Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) applied the standards or parolee revocation in Morrissey to probation revocation and noted that offenders on community supervision do not have an absolute constitutional right to appointed counsel during revocation proceedings.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 5.2 Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the probation system categories. What is the purpose of each category?

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application and Analysis

Answer Location: The Probation Agency

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What are the several qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers?

Learning Objective: 5.4: Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Qualifications for Probation Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the early development of probation in England.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The History of Probation in England

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss who has the final authority on rulings related to probation sentencing and conditions.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized. | 5.5 List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Presentence Investigation

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What is the basic tenet of critical criminology?

Learning Objective: 5.5: List some of the reasons probation would be revoked.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Critical Criminology and Probation Supervision

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Who is the father of probation, and how did he initially implement the practice of probation?

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. How does probation influence jurisdiction?

Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe briefly the history of probation.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Granting Probation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain the role of a probation officers. What are the different types of parole officers?

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized. | 5.4 Identify the qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application and Analysis

Answer Location: Probation Officers in the Role of Law Enforcers and Brokers of Services.

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. There are two primary cases that established due process rights for probationers. Identify each case and their role in the revocation process.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Discuss how probation impacts the jail and prison systems of a jurisdiction. | 5.3 Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application and Analysis

Answer Location: Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. How is Global Positioning Systems (GPS) used in probation. What are some advantages and disadvantages of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) being used in probation?

Learning Objective: 5.3: Compare different means by which probation agencies are organized.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application and Analysis

Answer Location: The Use of GPS Tracking and Home Confinement

Difficulty Level: Hard