Ch.4 The Research Endeavor Test Questions & Answers

Abnormal Psychology, 8e (Nolen-Hoeksema)

Chapter 4 The Research Endeavor

1) In which closed community was Janice Egeland's study of psychological disorders conducted?

A) Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania

B) Old Colony Mennonites of South America

C) Native American community in New Mexico

D) Gypsy communities of Syria

2) In the study of psychopathology, researchers must often rely on ________, which are people's own accounts of their internal states and experiences.

A) case studies

B) self-reports

C) naturalistic observations

D) personal essays

3) Which of the following statements is true of the study of psychopathology?

A) Self-reports are often accurate and reliable sources of information.

B) Observer assessments ensure the absence of any type of bias.

C) The multiple causes of abnormality can be easily captured in a single study.

D) It is often difficult to obtain the participation of populations of interest.

4) A multimethod approach in research means that:

A) a researcher generates multiple hypotheses.

B) the research method utilizes several theoretical frameworks.

C) a variety of methods are used to study the same issue.

D) several researchers are responsible for developing the research.

5) The process of following a basic series of steps that are designed to obtain and evaluate information relevant to a research problem in a systematic way is known as the ________ method.

A) subjective

B) scientific

C) organizational

D) schematic

6) A ________ is a testable statement of what we predict will happen in our study.

A) criterion

B) variable

C) diagnosis

D) hypothesis

7) Which of the following is the correct sequential order of the steps followed in the scientific method?

A) Define a problem; generate a hypothesis; collect and analyze the data; develop a method to test the hypothesis; draw conclusions.

B) Generate a hypothesis; collect and analyze the data; define the problem; draw conclusions.

C) Define a problem; generate a hypothesis; develop a method to test the hypothesis; collect and analyze the data; draw conclusions.

D) Generate a hypothesis; develop a method to test the hypothesis; draw conclusions; collect and analyze the data.

8) A hypothesis which states that there is no relationship between the phenomena being studied relative to the population is called a ________ hypothesis.

A) null

B) zero

C) nondirectional

D) latent

9) The primary hypothesis:

A) is often supported, while the null hypothesis is often rejected.

B) must be constantly reevaluated and modified during the course of the study.

C) may eventually be dropped or modified if the null hypothesis continuously gets more support than the alternative hypothesis.

D) may be dropped if the null hypothesis uses a single methodology.

10) A factor or characteristic that can vary within an individual or between individuals is known as a(n)

A) variable.

B) hypothesis.

C) null hypothesis.

D) operational definition.

11) A(n) ________ variable is a factor researchers try to predict or the outcome they are interested in studying.

A) dependent

B) mediating

C) extraneous

D) independent

12) The variable that we believe will affect the dependent variable is known as the ________ variable.

A) confounding

B) discrete

C) independent

D) extraneous

13) As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

A) Consumption of alcohol

B) Religious environments

C) College freshmen

D) Surveys

14) As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study?

A) Consumption of alcohol

B) Religious environments

C) College freshmen

D) Surveys

15) Dr. Williams wants to know if room temperature influences students' performance on exams. She randomly determines which classes will receive the experimental conditions and then increases the temperature in those classrooms. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?

A) Performance on exams

B) College students

C) Room temperature

D) Expectations of increased performance

16) Which of the following is the independent variable in a study that investigates the impact of religious environments on discipline problems in children?

A) The children in the study

B) Religious environments

C) Parenting styles

D) Discipline problems

17) Professor Sanders wants to study how constant distractions during an exam affect student performance. She randomly assigns her students to different classrooms where the experimental group will receive a predetermined number of distractions while taking an exam. In this study, the independent variable is the ________ and the dependent variable is the ________.

A) classrooms where the exams were taken; number of distractions

B) number of distractions; performance scores on the exam

C) classrooms where the exams were taken; students taking the exam

D) performance scores on the exam; number of distractions

18) A hypothesis states, "Adolescents in divorced families experience more depressive episodes than those in intact families." In this hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables are ________, respectively.

A) adolescents and depressive episodes

B) depressive episodes and family situation

C) family situation and depressive episodes

D) adolescents and family situation

19) The operationalization of variables in a study refers to the way the variables:

A) have no definitive meaning.

B) are immeasurable.

C) are measured or manipulated.

D) cannot be controlled.

20) Researchers who favor a continuum model of psychopathology:

A) argue that the results of studies of people with moderate depression cannot be generalized to individuals with diagnosed depressive disorders.

B) argue that people who fall short of a diagnosable disorder are inherently different from those who have a disorder.

C) believe that the results of studies of people with moderate depression will be different from those of studies on people with diagnosed depressive disorders.

D) believe that people who have symptoms of a disorder but do not meet the criteria for diagnosis provide valuable insights into people who suffer from diagnosable disorders.

21) Which of the following is a committee that reviews the procedures of studies done with humans to ensure that the benefits of the study substantially outweigh any risks to the participants and that the risks to the participants have been minimized?

A) A participant review board

B) A human participants committee

C) An ethical research association

D) A procedural review committee

22) Which of the following statements is true of the ethical issues involved in research?

A) Researchers should offer substantial monetary incentives to participants so that they cannot refuse to participate.

B) Researchers should explain the deception to their participants after the research is completed in cases where deception is necessary to the experiment.

C) Researchers should report data gathered from individual participants rather than data aggregated across participants.

D) Researchers may impose some sort of a negative consequence on participants if they choose to withdraw their participation once the study has begun.

23) Which of the following statements is true of the ethical issues involved in research?

A) Once a study has begun, participants are not allowed to withdraw their participation.

B) Individuals not capable of understanding the risks of a study (e.g., children) must have a parent, guardian, or other responsible adult make the decision about their participation in the study.

C) Written consent of participation is mandatory under all circumstances, even if participants are put at risk if it is discovered that they talked with researchers.

D) Researchers are allowed to deceive participants about research aspects that might affect their willingness to participate, but only when such techniques are absolutely essential and justified.

24) Explaining the purpose of a research study and answering participants' questions at the end of the study is known as:

A) admission.

B) declaration.

C) debriefing.

D) acknowledgement.

25) A detailed history of an individual who has suffered a psychological disorder is called a(n)

A) research report.

B) case study.

C) executive summary.

D) biography.

26) Case studies help researchers:

A) focus on unconscious motivations and conflicts.

B) measure overt behaviors.

C) make general inferences about the sources of psychopathology.

D) eliminate biological factors from the potential causes of psychopathology.

27) Which of the following statements is true about case studies?

A) Case studies are not used in the study of rare problems, as people often have biased recollections of their experiences.

B) Case studies are the most apt method for capturing the uniqueness of an individual's perspective and experiences.

C) Case studies have high generalizability, that is, their findings can be applied to other individuals and groups.

D) Case studies have a high degree of objectivity on the part of the people telling their stories and on the part of the therapists and researchers listening to the stories.

28) When the conclusions drawn from a study are widely applicable to other individuals or groups, this is known as

A) rationalization.

B) operationalization.

C) conceptualization.

D) generalizability.

29) Correlational studies:

A) are forms of cause-and-effect research.

B) do not involve the manipulation of variables.

C) involve single-subject designs.

D) do not involve continuous variables.

30) A researcher is interested in the relationship between depression and the loss of a loved one. The individuals of interest are bereaved adults and nonbereaved adults. The variables in this study receive no manipulation, and depression is measured in both sets of adults. This is an example of:

A) naturalistic observation.

B) a group comparison study.

C) an experimental study.

D) a case study.

31) The type of correlational study that observes people on two or more occasions over time is a

A) cross-sectional study.

B) temporal study.

C) case study.

D) longitudinal study.

32) Dr. Samuel wants to study the relationship between test anxiety and age. His participants are third-, fourth-, and fifth-graders who will be studied over a three-year period. He does not wish to establish a cause-effect relationship between variables. This is an example of a(n):

A) cross-sectional study.

B) experimental study.

C) longitudinal study.

D) case study.

33) Which of the following is a limitation of case studies?

A) Case studies are used to study only rare problems for which there aren't enough people with specific problems to investigate.

B) Case studies capture the uniqueness of an individual's experience.

C) Case studies may lack objectivity.

D) Case studies may be boring in their focus on a single subject.

34) A case study is conducted of the suicide of a celebrity. A limitation of this study is that

A) it cannot be generalized to understand why other people commit suicide.

B) it only explains the effect of fame on suicidality.

C) it only helps us to understand the likelihood of suicide among the celebrity's family.

D) it does not account for the effect of genes on suicidal depression.

35) Cross-sectional studies observe:

A) different groups at only one point in time.

B) similar groups over different periods of time.

C) the same group over different periods of time.

D) different groups over different periods of time.

36) Brad wants to study the relationship between anxiety and registration events in first-semester freshman. If Brad wanted to use a correlational method, he would most likely use a(n)

A) group comparison study.

B) experimental design.

C) sequential type study.

D) cross-sectional study.

37) The correlation coefficient is:

A) a qualitative method of measuring the outcomes of a study.

B) a statistic used to represent the relation between variables.

C) a reference to the themes generated across descriptive research.

D) indicative of the number of participants randomly assigned to each group in a study.

38) A ________ between stress and depression would mean that people who report more stressors have higher levels of depression, and a ________ would mean that people who report more stressors actually have lower levels of depression.

A) positive correlation; positive correlation

B) negative correlation; negative correlation

C) negative correlation; positive correlation

D) positive correlation; negative correlation

39) A researcher conducting a correlational study found that the more cooperative children were with their parents, the more they cooperated with their teachers. This is an example of a(n) ________ correlation.

A) unknown

B) negative

C) zero

D) positive

40) Dr. Peters investigated the relationship between academic performance of middle school students and the length of recess in the school. The study revealed that the longer the periods of recess for students, the better were their performances. This study is indicative of a:

A) zero correlation.

B) positive correlation.

C) negative correlation.

D) cross-correlation.

41) Luther realized that the more he engaged in outdoor activities, the less time he spent playing video games. This is an example of a ________ correlation.

A) zero

B) positive

C) negative

D) one-to-one

42) Which of the following represents a perfect correlation?

A) −.01 or +.01

B) −1.0 or +1.0

C) −10.0 or +10.0

D) −100 or +100

43) If two variables have a correlation (r) of + .95, it means that:

A) there is a weak positive correlation between the variables.

B) the study resulted in a near perfect negative correlation.

C) the variables show no correlation.

D) there is a strong positive correlation between the variables.

44) Judith has been complaining of pain in her lower back. Her friends suggested that Judith change the heel height of her shoes. Judith began wearing a lower heel, but still continued to experience pain in her lower back. In this case, the relationship between Judith's back pain and the heel height is representative of a ________ correlation.

A) zero

B) positive

C) negative

D) one-to-one

45) Statistical significance represents:

A) the quantification of the dependent variable in an experiment.

B) the probability that the results of a research study occurred by chance.

C) the correlation coefficient that supports the hypothesis of a study.

D) the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in an experiment.

46) Dr. Dell designed a group comparison study and he tested this using an independent samples t-test. His findings produced a t-statistic with p = .20. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of his findings?

A) His sample was probably skewed and bias was evident.

B) The results indicate a non-statistically significant difference in the group means.

C) The results indicate that his groups were statistically significantly different.

D) There is not enough information to draw accurate conclusions about his study results.

47) James found a strong relationship between stress and depression in his correlational study. However, he suspects that another variable was responsible for the results. This is an example of the ________ problem.

A) continuous variable

B) intervening variable

C) third variable

D) pseudo-variable

48) Marta created a correlational study to consider the possible relationship between anxiety and life-stressors. She hypothesized that more life-stressors lead to greater anxiety. What do we call life-stressors and anxiety in this correlational study?

A) Intervening variables

B) Third variables

C) Pseudo-variables

D) Continuous variables

49) Robert is gathering data for his graduate research project. He targets psychology students as his participants. He randomly selects several psychology classes of which to administer his questionnaire. Which of the following is true about Robert's participants?

A) The students in the psychology classes represent the population and all the psychology students on campus also represent the population.

B) The students in the psychology classes represent the population and psychology students in general represent the sample.

C) The students in the psychology classes represent the sample and psychology students on campus also represent the sample.

D) The students in the psychology classes represent the sample and psychology students in general represent the population.

50) A representative sample in research means that:

A) the participants were hand-picked by the research according to race.

B) the participants in the sample are highly typical of the population of interest.

C) the participants were invited to participate in the study by a representative of the research group.

D) some participants have a greater chance of being selected than others.

51) A sample that is not representative is said to be

A) generalizable.

B) truly random.

C) random.

D) biased.

52) External validity refers to the extent to which the:

A) results of a study can be generalized to real-life phenomena.

B) results of a study can be replicated.

C) independent variable is responsible for a change in the dependent variable.

D) study measures what it intends to measure

53) One of the advantages of conducting a longitudinal study instead of a cross-sectional study is that:

A) it shows that the independent variable precedes and predicts changes in the dependent variable over time.

B) it produces results that are almost always generalizable to the larger population.

C) it is often inexpensive and the least time consuming of all research designs.

D) it rarely suffers from the third variable problem and can accurately separate causes from consequences.

54) The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders in a population is known as

A) quantitative correlation.

B) biostatistics.

C) epidemiology.

D) disease diffusion mapping.

55) An instructor asks you to report the proportion of the population that has a specific disorder during a specific point in time. The instructor has asked you for the ________ of the disorder.

A) incidence

B) course

C) prevalence

D) duration

56) In epidemiological research, ________ refer(s) to the number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specific period of time.

A) risk factors

B) prevalence

C) course

D) incidence

57) Conditions or variables that are associated with higher susceptibility to a disorder are called:

A) potentialities.

B) risk factors.

C) prone positions.

D) eligibilities.

58) Which of the following represents the appropriate sequence of steps followed by researchers to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for a disorder?

A) Identify the population of interest; estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have the disorder; identify a random sample; interview participants.

B) Identify the population of interest; identify a random sample; interview participants; estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have the disorder.

C) Estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have a disorder; identify the population of interest; identify a random sample; interview participants.

D) Estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have a disorder; identify a random sample; interview participants.

59) Epidemiological studies:

A) can establish that a risk factor causes a disorder.

B) overcome almost all of the limitations of correlational studies.

C) are generally unaffected by the problem of the third variable.

D) provide valuable information on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for disorders.

60) In human laboratory studies, the research is designed to:

A) create conditions that capture some of the key characteristics of real-world events.

B) alter conditions that will cause a psychological disorder to manifest.

C) control conditions so that the impact of stress is lessened.

D) reduce the exposure to control for third variable problems.

61) Internal validity in experimental research means that:

A) the dependent variable was responsible for the manipulation.

B) the dependent variable received the manipulation.

C) the dependent variable was responsible for the changes that occurred to the independent variable.

D) the changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable.

62) In an experimental study, the group that shares all the same experiences as the group of interest but does not receive the key manipulation is the

A) experimental group.

B) randomly selected group.

C) control group.

D) treatment group.

63) If participants in the experimental group and control group differ significantly, this may directly threaten the ________ validity of the study.

A) construct

B) internal

C) face

D) extraneous

64) Dr. Tuten randomly assigned students of abnormal psychology to participate in a study of memory encoding specificity. This means that:

A) each student was hand-picked.

B) the sample was not truly representative of the identified population.

C) each student had an equal chance of being selected.

D) all the students participated in the study to eliminate biased selection.

65) Internal validity of an experimental study is threatened by:

A) the qualifications of the researcher.

B) the random assignment of participants.

C) the experimental conditions of the study.

D) the presence of demand characteristics.

66) Steven was participating in an experimental study where the experimenter interacted with the participants. After several conversations, the experimenter started unintentionally providing subtle hints about the way Steven should behave during the experiment. By doing so, the experimenter ran the risk of creating

A) demand characteristics.

B) filler measures.

C) high internal validity.

D) high reliability.

67) To avoid demand characteristics, participants may be given tests, often called ________, that have nothing to do with the purpose of the study in order to obscure the real purpose of the study.

A) fabrications

B) double-blind stories

C) filler measures

D) analogues

68) A ________ design study is when neither the researchers nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

A) quasi-experimental

B) double-blind

C) placebo control

D) single-blind

69) Darin participated as a subject in a double-blind experimental study. In this study:

A) the experimenter and Darin knew who received the treatment.

B) only Darin knew who received the treatment.

C) neither Darin nor the experimenter knew who received the treatment.

D) only the experimenter knew who received the treatment.

70) What is the primary advantage of human laboratory studies?

A) Reliability

B) Validity

C) Participants

D) Control

71) In human laboratory studies, ________ is considered a primary limitation.

A) reliability

B) operationalization

C) replication

D) generalizability

72) Because researchers cannot know whether the results will generalize to what happens outside of the laboratory, human laboratory studies often have ________ validity.

A) high external

B) low external

C) high internal

D) low internal

73) Studies designed to test whether a specific therapy—whether it be a psychological therapy or a biological therapy—reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called ________ studies.

A) naturalistic

B) human laboratory

C) therapy outcome

D) single-subject case

74) Dr. Wayne and his associates developed a new therapy for anxiety. In their research, they had participants who met the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Group 1 received no treatment while Group 2 received the newly developed treatment for GAD. In this example, Dr. Wayne and his associates most likely used a ________ group.

A) simple control

B) wait list control

C) double-blind

D) placebo control

75) The participants in a wait list control group receive the treatment:

A) before the experimental group.

B) at the same time as the experimental group.

C) at a later time than the experimental group.

D) before and after the experimental group.

76) Lee participated in a study that involved the treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The researchers assessed Lee with others who were participating in the study. However, he received the treatment several weeks later, once the study was complete. Lee most likely was part of a(n) ________ group.

A) double-blind

B) simple control

C) placebo control

D) wait list control

77) Which of the following is most often used for measuring the effectiveness of new drugs using therapy outcome studies?

A) Experimental group

B) Placebo control group

C) Simple control group

D) Wait list control group

78) In therapy outcome studies, participants who are part of the placebo control group:

A) have little or no interaction with the experimenters.

B) are fully aware that they are not receiving the real treatment.

C) receive the same treatment as the experimental group.

D) are unaware that the treatment is an inactive substance.

79) Which of the following is an ethical problem associated with a placebo control group?

A) The withholding of treatment or providing treatment known to be ineffective.

B) The testing of potentially dangerous medications on unaware people.

C) The intentional manipulation of subjects' opinions to sway research results.

D) Telling subjects that the experimental treatment will help them when there is no way of knowing in advance that it will.

80) A group of participants in a study receiving an "inactive" treatment, such as daily check-ins that do not include actual therapy is an example of

A) poor research design.

B) mismanaged control group.

C) a wait list control group.

D) a placebo control group.

81) Which of the following is NOT true of therapy outcome research?

A) Even when a therapy works, researchers often cannot know exactly what it is about the therapy that works.

B) Some researchers believe it is unethical to withhold treatment or to provide a treatment they believe is ineffective for people in distress.

C) Therapists who vary the dosage of a drug or deviate from a study's procedure for psychological intervention may compromise the results of the study.

D) In the real world, mental health services are delivered in controlled, high-quality atmospheres, and patients fit neatly into the criteria for an "optimal patient."

82) Therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people is said to test the ________ of a therapy, while therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in real-world settings is said to test the ________ of a therapy.

A) external validity; internal validity

B) efficacy; effectiveness

C) objectivity; subjectivity

D) passivity; activity

83) In ________, one individual or a small number of individuals are studied intensively.

A) therapy outcome studies

B) human laboratory studies

C) group comparison studies

D) single-case experimental designs

84) With laboratory studies, researchers have more control over the independent variable, the dependent variable and the

A) third variables.

B) demand characteristics.

C) risk factors.

D) poor experiment design.

85) According to the textbook, which of the following is a criticism of laboratory studies.

A) They are highly dependent on unpredictable funding sources.

B) Their results are not necessarily generalizable to real-life situations.

C) They make it difficult to identify third variables that may affect results.

D) They generally cannot be reproduced in other laboratory settings.

86) The major difference between a case study and a single-case experimental design study is that:

A) case study participants are subject to the manipulation of variables.

B) single-case experimental design studies involve naturalistic observation.

C) case study participants' behaviors are measured by some standard method.

D) single-case experimental design study participants receive some type of intervention or manipulation, and behaviors are measured more than once.

87) Janice was involved in a single-case experiment where the treatment was introduced, withdrawn, and then reintroduced. Janice most likely participated in a study that used a ________ design.

A) longitudinal

B) cross-sectional

C) reversal

D) multiple-baseline

88) In single-case experimental designs, a(n) ________ design is the design where an intervention might be given to the same individual but in different settings or to different individuals at different points in time.

A) multiple baseline

B) reversal

C) ABAB

D) single-case experimental

89) Which of the following is true of single-case experimental designs?

A) Single-case experimental designs allow for only cursory assessments of participants.

B) Single-case experimental designs allow researchers to pinpoint the types of behaviors that can be affected by interventions.

C) The results of single-case experimental designs may be generalized to the wider population.

D) All hypotheses can be tested with single-case experimental designs.

90) Which of the following types of research provides researchers with the most control over laboratory conditions and third variables?

A) Human laboratory studies

B) Animal studies

C) Longitudinal studies

D) Single-case experimental studies

91) As part of Seligman and colleagues' animal study, it was discovered that the dogs in the experimental group were unable to recognize opportunities for control that arose. The researchers labeled this set of behaviors

A) locus of control.

B) aversive conditions.

C) learned response deficits.

D) learned helplessness deficits.

92) Seligman and colleagues posited that the learned helplessness deficits in the experimental dogs could be applicable to individuals with the psychological symptoms of:

A) depression.

B) anxiety.

C) compulsion.

D) disorganized behaviors.

93) Which of the following statements is NOT true of animal studies?

A) Animal research may be crucial to the advancement of our knowledge of how to help people overcome psychopathology.

B) Studies conducted on animals rarely have any ethical issues.

C) Generalizing results of animal studies to human subjects is suspect.

D) Many researchers feel it is acceptable to expose animals to situations in the laboratory that would not be ethical to impose on humans.

94) To conduct family history studies, researchers must

A) gather information from primary care physicians on families who suffer from debilitating psychological problems.

B) identify any external stressors that create disorders in families.

C) use a biopsychosocial methodology.

D) clearly identify the probands and control groups, and then trace family trees.

95) Abdul is interested in conducting a family history study. His focus is on compulsive behaviors. His sample will consist of the first-degree relatives of individuals diagnosed with compulsive behaviors. Therefore, Abdul's sample will probably consist of

A) families with adopted children.

B) families with biological children.

C) families with stepchildren.

D) families without children.

96) Dizygotic twins share ________ percent of their genes.

A) roughly 25

B) roughly 50

C) roughly 75

D) 100

97) In identical twin pairs, the probability that both twins will have a disorder if one twin has the disorder is called the

A) variable ratio.

B) time-space interval.

C) concordance rate.

D) genetic ratio.

98) Michael and Michelle are adolescent siblings who share the same birth date. Michael received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. On the other hand, Michelle shows no signs of mood disturbance. In this example:

A) Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michael is genetically predisposed to develop a mood disorder.

B) Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michael developed the disorder because he modeled behaviors of other family members.

C) Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is usually low.

D) Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because she has a higher tolerance for stress.

99) For which of the following studies would separating genetic and environmental factors be problematic?

A) Family history studies and adoption studies

B) Adoption studies and nontraditional family studies

C) Twin studies

D) Extended family studies and adoption studies

100) In adoption studies, if a disorder is strongly influenced by ________, then researchers should see ________ rates of the disorder among biological relatives of the adoptee than among the adoptive relatives.

A) genetics; lower

B) environment; higher

C) genetics; higher

D) environment; greater

101) ________ studies allow researchers to search for associations between specific genetic abnormalities and psychopathology.

A) Adoption

B) Molecular genetic

C) Twin

D) Family history

102) Which of the following statements is NOT true of cross-cultural research?

A) Theoretical concepts in English might not translate properly into another language.

B) Verbs and pronouns are universal across languages, and researchers should have no difficulty understanding first- and second-person references.

C) Interviewers can accidentally offend a respondent by violating a social norm implicit in a language.

D) Researchers are more careful to search the possibility that the characteristics that predict psychopathology in one culture are irrelevant in other cultures.

103) Alias, a Native American student, was being reprimanded by his third grade teacher for talking during class. The teacher became agitated when Alias constantly looked at the floor while she was talking to him. In the conversation, she repeatedly told Alias, "Look at me when I am speaking to you." Although he attempted to look at the teacher, he found it difficult and his gaze always returned to the floor. What explanation can be offered for this situation from a cross-cultural perspective?

A) Alias was simply being rude and defiant and did not want to comply with the teacher's request.

B) It is unreasonable for third grade teachers to expect students to look at the teacher when being spoken to.

C) The teacher and Alias need a better system of communicating, and Alias needs to follow the stated rules.

D) Alias was most likely following a cultural norm, and the teacher misunderstood his behavior.

104) A statistical technique for summarizing the results across several studies is called a

A) demand characteristic.

B) multiple statistical significance test.

C) correlation coefficient.

D) meta-analysis.

105) In a meta-analysis, the results of each study are transformed into a statistic that is common across all studies. This is called the

A) affect size.

B) statistical strategy.

C) common statistics.

D) effect size.

106) Which of the following statements is true of meta-analyses?

A) They are usually methodologically strong with little room for error.

B) The results of meta-analyses are generally highly valid and bias-free.

C) They give equal representation to studies that find the expected results and to those that do not.

D) They overcome some of the problems of small numbers of participants in an individual study.

107) Studies that do not support the hypothesis they are designed to test are less likely to get published than studies that do. This is known as the

A) affect size.

B) demand characteristic.

C) effect size.

D) file drawer effect.

108) When conducting research using an integrationist approach to abnormality, researchers must

A) gather information about people's biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities and strengths.

B) devise new psychological and biological theories.

C) base their hypotheses on social and biological theories.

D) use research methodology from psychodynamic and sociological theories.

109) Researchers who use an integrationist approach to conducting research:

A) find it difficult to integrate the theories without first applying a psychological approach.

B) rely more heavily on one perspective when offering a theoretical perspective.

C) maintain that one discipline is more important than the others.

D) often obtain training in multiple disciplines and methods.

110) Which of the following is true about Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)?

A) RDoC corrects all variances that may occur in correlational studies.

B) RDoC integrates several research methodologies.

C) RDoC has been discredited by molecular genetic studies,

D) RDoC integrates dependent, independent and third variables.

111) Which of the following is NOT true of Research Domain Criteria?

A) It advocates the biopsychosocial approach

B) It reflects the continuum model of abnormality

C) It separates genetic from environmental influences on psychopathology.

D) It reflects the role of common mechanisms underlying multiple disorders.

112) Briefly describe the scientific method of research.

113) Briefly describe the basic rights of research participants.

114) What are the advantages and disadvantages of case studies?

115) What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study? What advantages do longitudinal studies have over cross-sectional studies? What are the limitations of longitudinal studies?

116) What are the strengths and limitations of correlational studies?

117) Explain why a high correlation between an independent variable and a dependent variable does not demonstrate causation.

118) Define demand characteristics and explain one way to manage them.

119) What are epidemiological studies? What are the three types of data they focus on? How do researchers determine the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for a disorder?

120) What is internal validity? What can researchers do to safeguard the internal validity of experiments?

121) What is a meta-analysis? How is it conducted? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

122) Explain the purpose of control groups for research in psychotherapy.

123) Identify an ethical concern with human laboratory studies as discussed in the textbook.

124) Identify three elements of Research Domain Criteria.

125) Identify two drawbacks of case studies

126) Researchers use adoption studies to separate the role of genetics and the environment in a study. Why does this work?