Ch3 Evolution, Immunity, and Viral Biology Test Bank Docx

Student name:__________

1) Select three of the components that Darwin proposed were part of the process of natural selection.

A) Populations experience differential reproductive success.
B) Members of a population must have a long lifespan.
C) Variation within a population must be heritable.
D) Populations experience competition for resources.

2) Which of the following structures are associated with the lymphatic system? (Check all that apply.)

A) thymus
B) spleen
C) lungs
D) red bone marrow
E) lymph nodes

3) Despite their differences, all viruses have the following components: (check all that apply)

A) genetic material
B) tail fibers
C) spikes
D) capsid

4) From the list provided, select all viruses that have DNA as the genetic material. (Check all that apply.)

A) Smallpox
B) HIV
C) SARS-CoV-2
D) Chickenpox
E) Herpes

5) Transitional fossils help us to understand the process of evolution because (check all that apply.)

A) they provide evidence of how a species has changed over time.
B) they help predict how a population will further evolve.
C) they contain radioactive compounds that help scientists calibrate a timeline of evolution.

6) From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

A) There must be a variation for a trait within a population.
B) There must be competition for resources.
C) The environment should remain constant.
D) A population must already be adapted to the environment.

7) Complement proteins enhance the innate immune response by (check all that apply.)

A) enhancing inflammation.
B) lysing cells.
C) marking cells for phagocytosis.
D) assisting in the presentation of antigens to the adaptive immune system.
E) secreting antibodies.

8) The following statements relate to either the innate or the adaptive system. Select the statement(s) that only apply to the adaptive immune system. (Check all that apply.)

A) antibody production
B) cell-mediated immunity
C) antibody-mediated immunity
D) inflammatory response
E) cytokines
F) natural killer cells

9) Common hosts for coronaviruses include (check all that apply)

A) humans.
B) rats.
C) bats.
D) bears.

10) Which of the following are possible modes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 from person to person? (check all that apply)

A) aerosols and droplets released by an infected person when they breathe, cough, or sneeze
B) blood contamination from unsterile needles
C) touching a contaminated surface
D) mosquito bites

11) Common symptoms of COVID-19 include (check all that apply)

A) a dry cough.
B) pain while urinating.
C) difficulty breathing.
D) chest pain.

12) The most effective ways to prevent contracting and spreading COVID-19 include (check all that apply)

A) covering your mouth when you sneeze or cough.
B) disinfecting surfaces that are frequently touched.
C) wearing a single-layer thin polyester mask when in public.
D) getting vaccinated.

13) Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses require alternate enzymes to replicate their genome. Why does this present a challenge for the RNA virus?

14) Describe the events of the inflammatory response and explain whether the inflammatory response is part of the innate or the adaptive immune system.

15) Explain the process of natural selection as a mechanism of evolutionary change.

16) During the hyperinflammation phase, the immune system sometimes produces an excess of ________blank, which has been linked to problems with the most severe forms of COVID-19 including organ failure.

17) A nasal swab is an example of a ________blank COVID-19 test.

18) Although he believed that all species were created at the same time, and that catastrophic events had caused some to go extinct, the work of ________blank showed a succession of different forms of life over time.

19) Almost every aspect of the biological sciences may be explained by the process of ________blank because it plays a role in all levels of biology, from cells, to the internal physiology of individual organisms, to the complex interactions of ecosystems.

20) The process whereby viruses evolve due to mutations in the genetic code that result in small changes to the surface spike proteins is called antigenic ________blank.

21) The immune system works very closely with the ________blank system to return filtered fluid back to the circulatory system.

22) The millions of species that inhabit our planet are the product of the process of ________blank.

23) The ability of the adaptive immune response to remember past exposures to pathogens is called ________blank.

24) Which of these best describes a virus?

A) a multicellular parasite
B) the smallest bacteria known
C) an invasive cell that cannot stop reproducing
D) a noncellular complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein capsid

25) All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

A) a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.
B) RNA and DNA.
C) a plasma membrane and DNA within a nucleus.
D) fiber proteins that extend from the body of the virus and one or more tails that are used for locomotion.

26) What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

A) Penetration, attachment, integration, biosynthesis, maturation, release
B) Endocytosis, uncoating, maturation, and release
C) Attachment, fusion, biosynthesis, maturation, and release
D) Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release

27) The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a cell is called the ________blank cycle.

A) lysogenic
B) apoptosis
C) lytic
D) retroviral

28) Which of the following types of cells would a coronavirus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

A) epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
B) endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
C) osteoclasts within bone cells
D) epithelial cells lining the urinary tract

29) A full immune response to the virus in the airways and alveoli of the lungs begins during which phase of a COVID-19 infection?

A) asymptomatic phase
B) pulmonary phase
C) hyperinflammation phase
D) cytokines storm phase

30) In order to create an effective vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what did scientists need to identify?

A) Scientists needed to identify whether SARS-CoV-2 was a DNA or an RNA virus.
B) Scientists needed to identify the proteins common to all known types of COVID viruses.
C) Scientists needed to identify how the virus is transmitted from person to person.
D) Scientists needed to identify a protein that was unique to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

31) Tromethamine may be added to a mRNA vaccine in order to

A) help the mRNA molecules enter the cells.
B) initiate a cytokine storm.
C) preserve and stabilize the vaccine.
D) directly destroy any SARS-CoV-2 viruses that it encounters.

32) Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

A) bird wings, but not insect wings, function on the physics principles of lift.
B) the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.
C) birds and insects did not evolve in the same region or during the same time period.
D) there is no fossil link between these groups.

33) The protein cytochrome c contains between 100 and 104 amino acids. A comparison of cytochrome c amino acids in several species yielded the following information: 13 differences between humans and dogs, 17 differences between monkeys and chickens, 27 differences between turtles and tuna, and 31 differences between moths and chickens. Based on the data above, which two species are most closely related?

A) humans and dogs
B) monkeys and chickens
C) turtles and tuna
D) moths and chickens

34) Which of the following is a method used by several pharmaceutical companies to produce vaccines that help protect against COVID-19?

A) SARS-CoV-2 viruses are injected into fertilized eggs and incubated. The viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines.
B) SARS-CoV-2 viruses are injected into mammalian cells and allowed to incubate. The viral particles are then extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines.
C) The mRNA sequence responsible for the spike (S) protein is extracted from live viruses and added to harmless viruses and used to infect insect cells. The insect cells produce massive amounts of S spike protein that is extracted, purified, and used to make vaccines.
D) An artificial mRNA sequence for the spike (S) protein is manufactured and placed in a lipid coating. These artificial mRNA sequences are then used to make vaccines.

35) Which of the following statements about the component of the COVID-19 vaccine and its intended function is true?

A) Aluminum is included to prevent the growth of bacteria during vaccine preparation and storage.
B) Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from any viral particles or bacteria that may have been present during production.
C) Sodium acetate, acetic acid, and sucrose are used to stabilize the vaccine and protect it from temperature variations during storage.<!--Markup Copied from Habitat-->
D) Antibiotics are used as a preservative in multidose vials of vaccine in order to prolong their shelf life. Antibiotics allow the vaccine to withstand extreme temperature changes.

36) A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed primarily on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

A) stabilizing selection
B) disruptive selection
C) directional selection
D) artificial selection

37) In most organisms, the flow of information is from

A) DNA to RNA to protein.
B) RNA to DNA to protein.
C) protein to DNA to RNA.
D) protein to RNA to DNA.

38) Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein have resulted in the formation of variants such as Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. These small variations in the spike protein are an example of

A) antigenic drift.
B) antigenic shift.
C) artificial selection.
D) the founder effect.

39) When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses and reassemble them into a new variant. This process is calledbl

A) antigenic drift.
B) antigenic shift.
C) the founder effect.
D) artificial selection.

40) Macrophages

A) are part of the adaptive immune response.
B) stimulate lymphocytes and initiate the innate immune response.
C) stimulate the production of memory B and memory T cells.
D) are part of the innate immune response.

41) Which of the following best describes T cells?

A) T cells develop and mature in the bone marrow.
B) Some T cells can attach to a target cell and release a protein called perforin, which opens a hole in the membrane.<!--Markup Copied from Habitat-->
C) T cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies.
D) T cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

42) How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

A) "Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).
B) "Self" cells contain a triple layer of phospholipids on their plasma membranes.
C) "Self" cells contain cytokines on their cell surfaces.
D) "Self" cells contain spike proteins on their outer surface.

43) When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

A) placing viral antigens on its cell surface, which alerts cytotoxic T cells.
B) initiating an inflammation response.
C) placing antibodies on its cell surface, altering memory B cells to destroy it.
D) causing mutations in the genetic material of the virus, preventing its replication, and halting the spread of the virus.

44) Why are new flu vaccinations required each year?

A) The vaccination does contain enough preservatives to last in the body longer than a year.
B) The flu virus mutates frequently.
C) The flu virus can become latent, meaning it can hide from the immune system within the body, so new vaccinations are important to allow for continuing immunity.
D) The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response.

45) Research for a universal COVID-19 vaccine is primarily focused on

A) nucleocapsid proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as S proteins, and they tend to be similar between different coronaviruses.
B) the S protein because it mutates rapidly, which increases the longevity of the vaccine.
C) viral tails because they exist in all coronaviruses and do not mutate often.
D) the E protein because it tends to vary between different coronavirus strains.

46) Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following is not a stage of the life cycle that is targeted?

A) attachment
B) uncoating
C) release
D) maturation

47) Monoclonal antibodies are

A) a new type of COVID-19 vaccine that is being developed and tested.
B) antibodies extracted from a person who has been infected with COVID-19.
C) molecules that carry the information to make mRNA molecules that code for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
D) antibodies produced in a lab that specifically target the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein.

48) COVID-19 tests that detect the active presence of the virus in your body are called

A) antibody tests.
B) diagnostic tests.
C) antigen tests.
D) S protein analysis.

49) Which of the following characteristics is specific to coronaviruses?

A) Genetic material consisting of RNA instead of DNA.
B) The presence of multiple tail fibers that help the virus adhere tightly to cell surfaces.
C) The presence of an envelope that surrounds the capsid.
D) Crown-like spikes covering the surface of the capsid.<!--Markup Copied from Habitat-->

50) The name given to a coronavirus is based on

A) the number of spikes attached to the capsid.
B) the primary type of spike protein attached to the capsid.
C) the type of disease it causes.
D) the geographic location in which it was first discovered.

51) Which of the following characteristics of life are present in all viruses?

A) ability to process energy and nutrients
B) ability to evolve over time
C) ability to respond to stimuli
D) ability to maintain an internal environment

52) Which of the following best distinguishes the genetic material of a virus from the genetic material of a living organism?

A) The viral genome always consists of RNA rather than DNA.
B) The viral genome contains more genes.
C) The viral genome is contained within a structure known as a capsid.
D) The viral genome is less prone to mutation.

53) The number of genes within a viral genome is________blank that of living organisms.

A) equal to
B) less than
C) greater than

54) How does the SARS-CoV-2 virus attach itself to specific receptors on the target host cell?

A) The virus uses the envelope to attach itself to the host cell receptors.
B) The virus uses S proteins to attach itself to the host cell receptors.
C) The virus uses E proteins to attach itself to the host cell receptors.
D) The virus uses M proteins to attach itself to the host cell receptors.

55) The characteristic spikes that comprise the corona or "crown" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are composed of

A) carbohydrates only.
B) lipoproteins.
C) glycoproteins.
D) fatty acids.

56) The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the ________blank cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

A) lysogenic
B) lytic

57) Individuals that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are in what phase of a COVID-19 infection?

A) asymptomatic phase
B) pulmonary phase
C) hyperinflammation phase

58) The SARS-CoV-2 virus targets ACE-2 receptors on the epithelial cells that line the interior surfaces of the lungs. What is the normal function of these receptors?

A) The receptors are involved with the regulation of a peptide hormone that is involved in controlling blood pressure.<!--Markup Copied from Habitat-->
B) The receptors normally bind to a neurotransmitter that facilitates the opening of ion channels into the cell.
C) The receptors are involved in the relay of extracellular signals into the cell.
D) The receptors function as enzymes that stimulate the growth and division of epithelial cells.

59) Which body tissues contain cells with ACE-2 receptors?

A) Lungs, spleen, and gallbladder
B) Lungs, GI tract, and kidneys
C) Nostrils, bronchioles, and lungs
D) Lungs, bladder, and urethra

60) As SARS-CoV-2 progresses through the respiratory tract, the ________blank of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

A) capsid
B) M proteins
C) S proteins
D) E proteins

61) Basic methods for protecting yourself and others from the SARS-CoV-2 virus include all of the following except

A) getting vaccinated.
B) covering your mouth when you sneeze or cough.<!--Markup Copied from Habitat-->
C) touching your nose, eyes, or mouth with unwashed hands.
D) disinfecting commonly touched surfaces.

62) Why are lipids added to a mRNA vaccine?

A) Lipids are added to cushion and protect the fragile mRNA molecules during storage and transport.
B) Lipids are added to the vaccine to protect it from temperature variations during storage.
C) The lipids function as a preservative which protects the vaccine from bacterial and fungal contamination.
D) The lipids are added to the vaccine to assist the mRNA molecules in entering the cell.

63) The innate immune response involves

A) cytotoxic T cells.
B) helper T cells.
C) natural killer cells.
D) B cells.

64) The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ________blank over time.

A) individual
B) community
C) ecosystem
D) species

65) The idea that viruses are not living organisms is being challenged by the discovery of a new group of viruses known as

A) mutant viruses.
B) monster viruses.
C) diminutive viruses.
D) giant viruses.

66) When two different forms of the virus infect the same cell, it is possible that the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses, and then reassemble them into a new variant. This process is known as

A) mutation.
B) antigenic shift.
C) antigenic drift.
D) transformation.

67) Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the

A) South Pacific Islands.
B) Galápagos Islands.
C) west coast of South America.
D) Andes.

68) Consider the following scenario: A fish that was normally found in freshwater has evolved and can now survive in brackish water which contains a mixture of fresh and salt water. How would this affect other levels of biology?

A) The evolution of the fish would affect all other levels of biology, including other populations, communities, and ecosystems.
B) The evolution of the fish would only affect the population of that fish species.
C) The evolution of the fish would only affect the community in which it occupies.
D) The evolution of the fish would only affect the organisms it eats.

69) Darwin explained his idea of descent with modification by proposing the concept of

A) gene mutation.
B) natural selection.
C) inheritance of acquired characteristics.
D) catastrophism.

70) Similarities in cytochrome c proteins are associated with what type of evidence of evolution?

A) embryonic
B) fossils
C) genetic
D) anatomical

71) Protein and DNA sequences are sometimes used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. This is because

A) more similarities in their DNA sequences indicate they are closely related on an evolutionary scale.
B) more similarities in their DNA sequences indicate they are less related on an evolutionary scale.
C) fewer similarities in their DNA sequences indicate they are closely related on an evolutionary scale.

72) Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ________blank structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ________blank structures.

A) homologous; analogous
B) analogous; homologous
C) homologous; inherited
D) inherited; homologous

73) Studying the Hox gene has shown geneticists that

A) the more similiar theHox gene is between organisms, the more similiar the embryonic development is between those organisms.
B) the more similiar theHox gene is between organisms, the more dissimiliarities there are in the embryonic development between those organisms.

74) Antigenic shift

A) has only been observed in the influenza virus.
B) can result in small changes to the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike proteins but does not result in new variants of the virus.
C) has not yet been observed in the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
D) can limit the duration of immunity conferred by infection and vaccination.

75) The enzyme ________blank does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses.

A) RNA polymerase
B) helicase
C) DNA polymerase
D) ligase

76) The role of the immune system is to

A) actively seek and destroy pathogens.
B) regulate the internal body temperature.
C) filter waste products out of the circulatory system.
D) increase digestive enzymes.

77) The ______ glycoproteins are present on all nucleated cells, while the ________blank glycoproteins are only present on some of the immune system cells.

A) MHC-I; MHC-II
B) MHC-II; MHC-I
C) MHC-I; MHC-III
D) MHC-III; MHC-II

78) Which of the following cells become antigen-presenting cells after digesting, ingesting, and displaying part of a foreign antigen on their cell surface?

A) macrophages
B) B lymphocytes
C) T lymphocytes
D) neutrophils

79) Which of the following disorders results from the inability of the immune system to differentiate self from non-self?

A) lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
B) Type II diabetes and heart disease
C) lung and skin cancer
D) influenza and pneumonia

80) When a macrophage presents an antigen with an MHC-II protein,

A) it interacts with neutrophils.
B) it interacts with helper T cells which release cytokines.
C) it interacts with B cells.
D) it interacts with cytotoxic T cells which release cytokines.

81) One of the four mechanisms of the innate defense system is the inflammatory response. What is the main function of the inflammatory response?

A) decrease blood flow to the infected area
B) isolate the infection to a limited area
C) block fluid containing cells from the immune system from reaching the infected area
D) block the release of histamine

82) Adaptive immunity is comprised of

A) antibody-mediated immunity.
B) cell-mediated immunity.
C) both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

83) Cytotoxic T cell activation results in the

A) production of memory B cells.
B) the release of cytokines.
C) production of plasma cells.
D) phagocytosis or apoptosis of infected cells.

84) B cell activation results in the

A) production of memory T cells.
B) secretion of antibodies.
C) activation of macrophages.
D) cell-mediated immunity.

85) Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells, when activated during a secondary response,

A) produce a higher amount of antibodies.
B) slow down recovery time from an infection.
C) decrease the efficiency of the immune response.
D) activate the innate immune system.

86) The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ________blank in reserve.

A) memory B cells
B) helper T cells
C) cytotoxic T cells
D) natural killer cells

87) The COVID-19 vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

A) mRNA molecules.
B) cytotoxic T cells specifically primed to kill the virus.
C) antibodies against the virus.
D) a killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus.

88) If a mutation results in the production of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant with a different S protein, this

A) would not be life threatening because S proteins have nothing to do with the immune response to the virus.
B) could be life threatening because the S proteins are used as antigens to identify the virus by the immune system.
C) could be life threatening because S proteins allow quicker viral replication in host cells.

89) What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

A) Interferon increases the permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area.
B) Interferon alerts neighboring cells to the presence of an infecting virus.
C) Interferon regulates the general immune responses.
D) Interferon activates cytotoxic T cells.

90) What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

A) Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area.
B) Histamine alerts neighboring cells of an infecting virus.
C) Histamine regulates the general immune responses.
D) Histamine activates helper T cells.

91) What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

A) Interleukin increases permeability of the capillaries for fluid release into the infected area.
B) Interleukin alerts neighboring cells to the presence of an infecting virus.
C) Interleukin regulates the general immune responses.
D) Interleukin produces antibodies in response to viral antigens.

92) Which of the following groups of coronaviruses are most dangerous to humans?

A) 229E, NL63, and OC43
B) OC43, KHU1, and SARS-CoV
C) SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2
D) OC43, Mers-CoV and 229E

93) SARS-CoV-2 originated in

A) the country of Jordan.
B) Wuhan province of China.
C) the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.
D) the western part of Montana.

94) A virus that is transmitted from an animal host to humans is called a

A) zoonotic virus.
B) horizontal transfer virus.
C) lateral species jumper.
D) super virus.

95) What percentage of all diseases in humans, including influenza, salmonella, and the plague, originated in animals other than humans?

A) 60%
B) 40%
C) 80%
D) 25%

96) Genetic analyses suggest that SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated in

A) bats.
B) pangolins.
C) minks.
D) a research laboratory.

97) Malaria is a disease prevalent in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The disease, transmitted by a protozoan parasite, causes anemia in patients and can prove fatal if left untreated. According to recent research, 200 to 500 million people suffer from malaria every year. The level of movement of Malaria in the population would be described as ________blank.

A) endemic
B) epidemic
C) pandemic
D) an outbreak

98) The Great Pestilence, which occurred in the year 1576, was an unknown illness characterized by high fevers and bleeding. The disease caused millions of deaths in Mexico, resulting in the collapse of some Indigenous populations. This disease would be described as

A) an outbreak.
B) endemic.
C) a pandemic.
D) an epidemic.

99) Coronaviruses are ________blank viruses.

A) airborne
B) waterborne
C) bloodborne
D) foodborne

100) How does SARS-CoV-2 identify a potential host cell?

A) The S protein identifies a receptor called ACE-2 on the surface of the host cell.
B) The E protein identifies a receptor called ACE-2 on the surface of the host cell.
C) The M protein identifies a receptor called ACE-2 on the surface of the host cell.
D) The virus identifies a specific type of ion channel in the cell membrane.

101) When SARS-CoV-2 viral particles are ready for export from a host cell, they are packaged within

A) a lysosome.
B) a vesicle leaving the Golgi apparatus.
C) a peroxisome.
D) a centrosome.

102) A(n) ________blank uses evolutionary relationships to organize and group organisms.

A) ecologist
B) anatomist
C) geneticist
D) systematicist

103) In the typical habitat of oysters, very light-colored and very dark-colored oysters blend in best while those intermediate in color are more likely to be found and eaten by a predator. This is an example of

A) disruptive selection.
B) directional selection.
C) stabilizing selection.
D) artificial selection.

104) Within a DNA molecule, the information for a trait is stored in the sequence of

A) nucleotides.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) deoxyribose sugar units.
D) phosphate functional groups.

105) A person with type A blood cannot be given a transfusion with type B blood because the glycoproteins on the surface of the type B blood cells may cause an immune reaction. The glycoproteins on the B blood would be considered ________blank in the body of the Type A individual.

A) antigens
B) antibodies
C) cytokines
D) interleukins

106) While primarily considered to be a respiratory illness, COVID-19 can impact other body systems. Symptoms such as inflammation and blood clots are the result of damage to the ________blank system.

A) cardiovascular
B) digestive
C) nervous
D) urinary

107) The tissue where the lymphocyte cells of the body are produced and where B lymphocytes mature is the

A) red bone marrow.
B) lymph nodes.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.

108) A vaccine exposes an individual to an ________blank that is specific to the pathogen, but is not the entire intact pathogen. Once exposed, the body begins an immune response and generates ________blank.

A) antigen, memory B and T cells
B) antibody, memory B and T cells
C) antigen, memory cytokines and interleukins
D) antibody, memory cytokines and interleukins

109) Developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has focused on identifying an antigen our body can respond to without actually giving us the disease. The prime candidate is

A) the S protein.
B) the M protein.
C) the E protein.
D) a combination of the E and M proteins.

110) Current COVID-19 vaccines have over a ________blank success rate in preventing severe forms of COVID-19.

A) 90%
B) 60%
C) 75%
D) 50%

111) What is the major challenge facing scientists in the development of a universal COVID-19 vaccine?

A) the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 virus
B) the lack of government funding
C) disagreements between the pharmaceutical companies and the CDC
D) difficulty in sequencing the genome of the SARS-CoV-2 virus

112) The most effective way to prevent contracting and spreading COVID-19 is to

A) get vaccinated.
B) wear a mask while in public.
C) wash your hands with soap several times a day.
D) practice social distancing.

113) The general regulations for social distancing mandate a minimum distance of ________blank feet from other people.

A) 6
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

114) Describe the two ways in which a new SARS-CoV-2 variant could appear.

115) When creating a vaccine, targeting the nucleocapsid proteins of a coronavirus may be more effective than targeting the spike protein.

⊚ true
⊚ false

116) Some scientists think viruses should be classified as living organisms because some viruses possess the ability to manufacture their own proteins.

⊚ true
⊚ false

117) While suffering from COVID-19, most of the symptoms are caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus destroying the host cells.

⊚ true
⊚ false

118) Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

⊚ true
⊚ false

119) The innate immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens.

⊚ true
⊚ false

120) The sum of all of the genes in an organism is commonly called its genome.

⊚ true
⊚ false

121) Currently, there are five types of coronaviruses that infect humans.

⊚ true
⊚ false

122) In late December of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 originated in the country of Jordan and quickly spread across the Arabian Peninsula.

⊚ true
⊚ false

123) Research has not yet definitively determined the origin of SARS-CoV-2.

⊚ true
⊚ false

124) COVID-19 began as an outbreak in Wuhan, China. The disease quickly became a pandemic as it spread throughout China and then reached the level of epidemic as it began infecting people worldwide.

⊚ true
⊚ false

125) Most viruses are very specific in the types of cells they infect.

⊚ true
⊚ false

126) In science, the word "theory" can be used interchangeably with the word "hypothesis".

⊚ true
⊚ false

127) The virus COVID-19 produces a highly infectious form of respiratory illness called SARS-CoV-2.

⊚ true
⊚ false

128) COVID-19 and the typical influenza have a similar impact on our physiology.

⊚ true
⊚ false