Ch30 – Homeostasis & Excretion | Complete Test Bank

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) The marine invertebrates that have surfaces permeable to salts and water (and are thus always in osmotic equilibrium with their saltwater environment) are called

A) hyperosmotic.
B) hypoosmotic.
C) osmoconformers.
D) osmoregulators.
E) stenohaline.

2) Animals that are restricted to living in a narrow salinity range are

A) euryhaline.
B) osmotic conformers.
C) stenohaline.
D) hyperosmotic regulators.
E) hypoosmotic regulators.

3) Eriocheir, a bracksh-water shore crab

A) is a hyperosmotic regulator that maintains a higher salt concentration in their internal fluids than that found in the dilute seawater outside.
B) is a hypoosmotic regulator that maintains a lower salt concentration than the surrounding seawater.
C) tends to gain salt from the seawater.
D) is an osmotic conformer and is euryhaline.
E) is anosmotic conformer and is stenohaline.

4) Freshwater animals

A) lose water from their bodies osmotically.
B) lose salt by outward diffusion.
C) must keep the salt concentration of their body fluids lower than that of fresh water.
D) must drink water to maintain dilute body fluids.
E) are permanent and highly efficient hypoosmotic regulators.

5) Replacement of needed salt or disposal of excess salt against its concentration gradient requires

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) active transport.
C) a kidney system.
D) impervious membranes, usually covered with mucus.
E) a hydrogen ion pump.

6) In the evolution of bony fish,

A) modern freshwater bony fish originated from marine bony fish ancestors.
B) modern marine bony fish originated from freshwater bony ancestors.
C) modern marine bony fish had marine bony ancestors and modern freshwater bony fish had freshwater bony ancestors.
D) modern marine bony fish has bony freshwater ancestors and modern freshwater bony fish had marine bony fish ancestors.
E) None of the choices is correct.

7) Sharks maintain osmotic equilibrium with the ocean water by the kidney conserving _______, allowing it to accumulate in the blood until osmolarity is near that of seawater.

A) ammonia
B) sodium ions
C) calcium
D) all salts
E) urea

8) Marine bony fishes

A) gain water by osmosis.
B) absorb salt through the gills.
C) must drink water to compensate for water loss.
D) neither lose nor gain salt.
E) use active transport to expel water.

9) Terrestrial animals can replace water losses by getting some liquid from their food, drinking water, and by

A) absorbing moisture from the air.
B) swimming in water periodically.
C) forming metabolic water in the cells by oxidation of organic compounds.
D) eating salt to retain water.
E) forming water from the hydrogen and oxygen secured by the lungs from the air.

10) You notice that some flour beetles have been living in a kitchen canister of "dry" flour for a year. As animals, beetles must have water for internal cellular metabolism, hemolymph, etc. How are they probably getting their water?

A) By flying to a water source at night
B) By cannibalism
C) By breakdown of sugar into water and carbon dioxide
D) They are probably 100% efficient and can continually recycle the water in their body
E) None of the choices is correct.

11) The most likely mechanism operating a contractile vacuole is

A) proton pumps actively moving water.
B) microtubules actively moving water molecules.
C) sodium pumps keeping the sodium ions on the outside of the membrane.
D) simple osmosis of water.
E) proton pumps forming an ion gradient.

12) What is the flatwormexcretory organ called?

A) Protonephridium
B) Mesonephridium
C) Metanephridium
D) Nephridium
E) Eunephridium

13) The ___________ of annelids and molluscs is an open, or "true," nephridium.

A) protonephridium
B) mesonephridium
C) metanephridium
D) nephridium
E) eunephridium

14) Compared to kangaroo rats, humans

A) evaporate a higher proportion of water.
B) have considerably more water in their feces.
C) urinate considerably more.
D) All of the choices are correct.

15) Ciliated flame cells propel fluids through the excretory system in

A) earthworms.
B) insects.
C) humans.
D) planarians.
E) marine fish.

16) In many modern animals, the ancient archinephric duct became

A) a duct for sperm transport.
B) the urethra.
C) the ureter.
D) the loop of Henle.
E) the whole kidney.

17) What is the name of the tube that transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A) urethra
B) ureter
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) loop of Henle
E) renal pelvis

18) Blood pressure in the capillaries forces a protein-free filtrate out of the

A) glomerulus.
B) proximal tubule.
C) loop of Henle.
D) distal tubule.
E) renal pelvis.

19) The transport maximum is the upper limit to the amount of a substance that can be

A) dissolved in the plasma before it will filter across the glomerulus.
B) reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
C) eliminated in the urine per hour.
D) withdrawn from the blood per hour.
E) cycled through the kidney per day.

20) After drinking tea, reabsorption of fluids in the tubules drops from 99% to 98%. This would

A) reduce urine volume 1%.
B) increase urine volume by 1%.
C) increase urine by 98%.
D) double urine volume.
E) make no change in urine flow.

21) Why is glucose found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine?

A) The kidney stores glucose as glycogen.
B) Kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport.
C) Glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
D) Glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidney.
E) Glucose molecules are too large to pass through the tubules.

22) The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by the enzyme renin, which is produced by the

A) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
B) glomerulus.
C) juxtanephritic apparatus.
D) loop of Henle.
E) renal pelvis.

23) Which hormone promotes the secretion of antidiuretic hormone?

A) aldosterone
B) angiotensin
C) renin
D) androgen
E) None of the choices is correct.

24) The effect of renin release will

A) lower the number of red blood cells.
B) lower blood volume by reducing angiotensin.
C) result in production of angiotensin.
D) inhibit aldosterone secretion.
E) eliminate sodium and water.

25) An increased amount of ADH leads to

A) an increased amount of urine.
B) a decreased amount of urine.
C) no change in the amount of urine.
D) kidney failure.
E) None of the choices is correct.

26) Animals maintaining a constant and elevated body temperature independent of ambient conditions are

A) homeothermic.
B) poikilothermic.
C) ectothermic.
D) mesothermic.
E) None of the choices is correct.

27) An animal having a body temperature that is determined solely by the temperature of the environment is said to be

A) poikilothermic.
B) homeothermic.
C) ectothermic.
D) endothermic.
E) None of the choices is correct.

28) The capacity of most ectotherms to adjust their metabolic rates to the prevailing temperature such that the intensity of metabolism remains mostly unchanged is called

A) poikilothermy.
B) temperature compensation.
C) metabolic ectothermy.
D) homeothermy.
E) behavioral thermoregulation.

29) The flow of arterial blood downward alongside the ascending venous blood in the leg of the arctic wolf illustrates the concept of

A) universal cell metabolism.
B) behavioral thermoregulation.
C) countercurrent exchange.
D) nonshivering thermogenesis.
E) augmented muscular activity.

30) A large mammal, such as an eland, can cool itself physiologically in a hot, arid environment when the environmental temperature exceeds the body temperature by

A) evaporative cooling (sweating and panting).
B) voiding urine.
C) drinking water.
D) nonshivering thermogenesis.
E) augmented muscular activity.

31) In a cold environment, many species of birds and mammals maintain homeothermy by decreasing conductance and

A) increasing heat production.
B) allowing the extremities to operate at low temperatures.
C) augmented muscle activity (e.g., muscular thermogenesis).
D) All of the choices are correct.

32) Hummingbirds are able to reduce energy expenditure when inactive by

A) hibernation.
B) decreasing insulation.
C) becoming torpid while asleep.
D) employing nonshivering thermogenesis.
E) sweating and panting.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
33) The term "homeostasis" was coined by the American physiologist ______ ______.

34) Animals incapable of regulating their body fluid osmotic pressure are referred to as __________.

35) In freshwater fish, water that enter the gills osmotically is pumped out by the ___________.

36) Sharks solve their water balance problems by having their blood carry large amounts of trimethylamine oxide and __________.

37) Freshwater animals tend to lose too much salt and gain too much ____________.

38) In Amoeba and Paramecium, water balance is achieved by a tiny, spherical organ called the __________.

39) In the metanephridium, the tubule is open at both ends and fluids are swept in through a funnel-like _____________.

40) Insects and spiders have a unique excretory system consisting of ____________ tubules.

41) It is believed that in flatworms, water enters the protonephridia (flame cells) from the surrounding tissue by negative pressure generated by the beating of __________.

42) The ancestral kidney of vertebrates is the __________, a name that means "first kidney."

43) Urine is produced continuously by the kidney and stored in the _________.

44) The area of a nephron that constitutes a countercurrent multiplier system is called the ________.

45) The amount of water retained and the final concentration of the urine depend on the permeability of the walls of the __________.

46) Animals having a variable body temperature are said to be _____________.

47) Animals that conserve their own metabolically derived heat to elevate their body temperature are called __________.

48) The only vertebrate endotherms to have body temperatures higher than those of mammals are _________.

49) Hummingbirds may reduce the energetic cost of homeothermy by allowing their body temperature to drop at night, an adaptation called ____________.

50) Some animals enter a state of summer dormancy, or __________, when food is scarce or there is a potential for dehydration.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
51) Why is it so physiologically distressing for freshwater aquarium fish to be dumped into the ocean, or a marine aquarium fish to be dumped into a local city park freshwater pond?

52) In cases of heart disease, where the physician desires to ease the burden on the heart, why would a medication be given that dramatically affects the amount of water that is urinated? Should this medication be a diuretic (increase urine flow) or an antidiuretic?

53) Why is homeostasis so important to animals? Why should any kind of constancy of the internal environment be important?

54) Describe what is meant by an organism functioning in an integrated way to maintain a constant internal environment around a "setpoint."

55) Briefly describe how marine invertebrates meet and solve the problems of salt and water balance. If many invertebrates can survive in marine environments, why can't insects?

56) What is the difference between an osmoregulator and a hyperosmotic regulator?

57) What kind of osmoregulatory problems were encountered by the ancestors of marine bony fishes (that apparently evolved in freshwater ecosystems)?

58) Why should stored fat become an important source of metabolic water in diving mammals? Would glucose be a better solution because it can be "burned" almost immediately?

59) Why does the excretion of wastes present a special problem in water conservation?

60) Compare excretory structures of single-celled organisms with those of marine invertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates.

61) Compare and contrast the arthropod Malpighian tubules with a human kidney. Be sure to outline the function of both organs.

62) Explain the physiological process of glomerular filtration.

63) Briefly describe the function of the following: aldosterone, renin, angiotensin, and antidiuretic hormone.

64) Compare and contrast ectotherms with endotherms. How do ectotherms achieve temperature independence, and what would be the "metabolic cost" to them if they evolved homeothermy?

65) Some insects are "facultative endotherms," which means they can warm up parts of their body, such as the thorax, by muscular thermogenesis.How does this compare to the endothermy found in most mammals and birds?

66) Outline various adaptive strategies for survival in cold environments used by both invertebrates and vertebrates.

67) What is so "adaptive" about adaptive hypothermia in birds and mammals? Why not just become ectothermic?

68) Why does temperature have such a profound effect on biochemical reactions, and subsequently all of metabolism?

69) Based on what you know, is it likely that the larger dinosaurs were ectotherms or endotherms? Think of their entire lifestyle and how that might reflect their thermoregulatory strategies.