Mammals | Ch28 – Test Bank – 18th Edition

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) All mammals share the following characteristic(s):

A) hair
B) mammary glands
C) a diaphragm
D) middle ear bones
E) All of the choices are correct.

2) Mammals belong to the

A) anapsid lineage.
B) synapsid lineage.
C) diapsid lineage.
D) polydont lineage.
E) dinosaur lineage.

3) The most successful therapsid group that survived to enter the Mesozoic was the

A) cynodonts.
B) pelycosaurs.
C) sphenacodontines.
D) theropods.
E) mesopods.

4) Which is NOT one of the cynodont modifications?

A) heterodont dentition
B) a secondary bony palate that allowed breathing while holding prey
C) a stronger bite
D) a high metabolic rate
E) All of the choices are cynodont modifications.

5) The teeth of mammals are

A) homodont.
B) placoid.
C) diphyodont.
D) polydont.
E) continuously replaced.

6) The earliest mammals

A) were endothermic, although probably not as warm as modern mammals.
B) had two sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent teeth.
C) were small mouse-sized animals.
D) arose in the late Triassic.
E) All of the choices are correct.

7) Mammals began a dramatic expansion in the

A) Pleistocene.
B) Paleocene.
C) Oligocene.
D) Triassic.
E) Eocene.

8) The adaptive diversification of early mammals was due to

A) their homeothermic advantage.
B) their metabolic efficiency that allowed lower food consumption per unit of body mass.
C) the independence of their young.
D) the extinction of many competing amniote groups at the end of the Cretaceous.
E) their larger size which made them better predators.

9) The fur of mammals

A) consists of underhair and guard hair.
B) is molted twice annually in most mammals.
C) is composed of keratin.
D) is used for a variety of purposes such as protection, temperature regulation, etc.
E) All of the choices are correct.

10) Some northern mammals have a white winter fur that

A) serves to conserve body heat by reducing radiation loss.
B) represents living rather than dead hair cells.
C) serves to camouflage the animal
D) insulates the body better.
E) All of the choices are correct.

11) White fur of winter animals is due to

A) albinism, where a recessive gene blocks formation of pigments.
B) chromatophores, just as occurs in amphibians and reptiles that change their colors.
C) leukemism, a simple seasonal change in pigment.
D) aging of hair follicle cells induced by cold temperatures.
E) None of the choices is correct.

12) The specialized hairs on the nose that are tactile in function (e.g., used to "measure" width of passageways) are

A) guard hairs.
B) underfur.
C) vibrissae.
D) quills.
E) filamentous hairs.

13) True horns are

A) the same as antlers.
B) restricted to males.
C) not normally shed.
D) usually branched.
E) seasonal and not continuously grown.

14) The growth of antlers causes an animal to

A) become aggressive.
B) become anemic.
C) increase intake of protein.
D) increase intake of calcium salts.
E) All of the choices are correct.

15) Rhinoceros horns differ from other horns or antlers because they

A) are not attached to the skull.
B) are shed annually.
C) consist of hair-like keratinized filaments that arise from dermal papillae cemented together but not attached to the skull.
D) are one big hair follicle.
E) can be easily harvested from living animals without harming the animal.

16) The glands that are NOT derived from the mammalian integument are

A) sebaceous glands.
B) sweat glands.
C) scent glands.
D) mammary glands.
E) All of the choices are derived from integument.

17) Which is NOT a correct association of mammalian glands and functions?

A) scent glands—mark territory, defense, etc.
B) eccrine glands—cool by evaporation
C) apocrine glands—secrete a milky film in cue with the reproductive cycle
D) sebaceous glands—form an oil that keeps the skin pliable
E) mammary glands—sexual attraction

18) Mammals have a variety of teeth specialized for different functions, a pattern called

A) heterodont.
B) diphyodont.
C) homodont.
D) multicuspid.
E) ambidontous.

19) A grazing animal, such as a cow, that mainly had to shear off grass and grind it would lack

A) molars.
B) incisors.
C) canines.
D) This animal would need all these teeth.
E) This animal would only need molars.

20) Although there are exceptions, which of the following teeth are never deciduous in most mammals?

A) incisors
B) canines
C) premolars
D) molars
E) All mammal teeth are deciduous.

21) Hares, rabbits, and some rodents pass food through their digestive tract twice because

A) their food supply is scarce and limiting.
B) it saves on energy for chewing.
C) it decreases the impact on the environment by half.
D) fermentation occurs after food has passed through the small intestine.
E) they are just animals with disgusting habits.

22) Which is NOT a strategy for mammalian herbivores digesting cellulose?

A) regurgitation and rechewing
B) special anaerobic bacterial "vats" where cellulose-digesting bacteria can break down grasses, etc.
C) consuming feces in order to pass food through the digestive system twice
D) a side-pocket or diverticulum called a cecum
E) directly digesting cellulose by stomach enzymes

23) Which is NOT a correct association of ruminant stomach organ and its function?

A) abomasum—true acid stomach with proteolytic enzymes
B) reticulum—final chamber where undigested pulp is stored for disposal
C) omasum—water, soluble food, and microbial products are absorbed
D) rumen—first chamber where cud is formed
E) All of the choices are correct ruminant associations.

24) A raccoon or bear that eats both plants and animals for food is

A) multivorous.
B) ambivorous.
C) carnivorous.
D) omnivorous.
E) facultatively herbo-carnivorous.

25) The smaller the mammal

A) the less oxygen it uses per gram of body weight.
B) the lower its metabolic rate.
C) the less food it needs to consume per gram of its body weight.
D) the more food it needs to consume per gram of its body weight.
E) the less it needs lungs.

26) The barren-ground _____ undergo annual migrations from winter ranges on the tundra to summer ranges in the boreal forest.

A) antelope
B) lemmings
C) caribou
D) snowshoe hare
E) polar bears

27) The mammal that makes one of the longest migrations to breeding areas in the Pribilof Islands is the

A) barren-ground caribou.
B) northern fur seal.
C) humpback whale.
D) sperm whale.
E) lemming.

28) The calls of echolocating bats are "frequency modulated," meaning that

A) each pulse repeatedly rises and falls in frequency.
B) the rate of pulse production declines as the bat nears an object.
C) the frequency of the pulse is high at the beginning and drops toward the end.
D) the transmission-to-reception time increases as the bat nears an object.
E) None of the choices is correct.

29) In mammals, estrus is the time when the animals are

A) mating.
B) pregnant.
C) menstruating.
D) giving birth to young.
E) None of the choices is correct.

30) Which of the following is NOT correct?

A) Most mammals have definite mating seasons.
B) Many male mammals are capable of fertile copulation at any time.
C) The estrous cycle allows females to mate at any time of the year.
D) Estrus is a short period of mammalian "heat."
E) All of the choices are correct.

31) A duck-billed platypus differs from most mammals because it

A) doesn't give live birth but lays eggs.
B) is "cold-blooded" or not homeothermic/endothermic.
C) lacks hair.
D) doesn't secrete milk.
E) All of the choices are correct.

32) Examples of density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect mammal populations would be, respectively,

A) fires and hurricanes.
B) disease and fires.
C) fires and disease.
D) food supply and disease.
E) disease and food supply.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
33) The red blood cells of mammals typically lack a __________.

34) Hair is produced by the layer of skin called the __________.

35) The secretion that serves as a dressing for the skin and hair is produced by the ______ glands.

36) The so-called mammal-like reptiles of the early Mesozoic from which the modern mammals descended were the ____________.

37) Mammals belong to an amniote lineage, the __________, characterized by a skull having a single pair of lateral openings in the temporal region of the skull.

38) Animals, such as most mammals, that generate a high body temperature by an internal heat source are called __________.

39) Hair is produced by the ___________ layer of the skin.

40) During their annual growth, antlers develop beneath a covering of highly vascular skin called ___________.

41) The four kinds of teeth that are generally recognized in mammals are molars, premolars, canines, and ________.

42) Of the two kinds of mammalian sweat glands, the one that produces a watery sweat is called the ____ gland.

43) All mammalian skin glands are derivatives of the __________.

44) Typically, mammals produce two sets of teeth during their lifespan, a kind of dentition called ___________.

45) Which is missing from this list: incisors, molars, canines, and ___________?

46) The multichambered stomach of some grazing animals is called the ________________.

47) The final chamber of the four-chambered ruminant stomach is a "true" stomach where normal digestion takes place, called the __________.

48) A species of North American mammal that makes mass migrations of several hundred miles between the boreal forests and the tundra is the ___________.

49) The only mammals having true flight are the __________ or Chiroptera.

50) Egg-laying mammals, such as the duck-billed platypus, are collectively called ___________.

51) The seasonal fertility cycle of the female mammal is referred to as the __________ cycle.

52) An area occupied and defended against invasion by other members of the same species is called a mammals' __________.

53) The North American mammal that shows 10-year cycles in population density, and that is preyed upon by lynx and other predators, is the ______.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
54) Discuss a possible scenario of early mammal evolution that would have favored the evolution of hair and endothermy.

55) Discuss the significance of the evolution of a true placenta. Why would this have been an evolutionary milestone?

56) Discuss the significance of the evolution of heterodonty—the specialization of mammalian teeth.

57) Discuss the importance of NOT overhunting wild stocks of animals. What might happen if the world's predatory species decline precipitously because of overhunting?

58) Explain the changes in morphology of the lower jaw, and its joint with the rest of the skull, that occurred during the evolution of mammals.

59) Compare the morphology and likely physiology of pelycosaurs and therapsids.

60) Why should the loss of lumbar ribs in cynodonts be correlated with the evolution of a diaphragm? What else may have been provided by the loss of lumbar ribs in this lineage?

61) Explain why the mammalian lineage, alive and well during the "reign of the dinosaurs," may have been evolutionarily "depressed" in the ecological sense of the word.

62) With the evolution of a new jaw joint between the dentary and squamosal (temporal) bones in mammals, bones of the previous jaw joint, the articular and quadrate continued their gradual reduction in size and became relocated. Identify what these two bones became.

63) Discuss the recent fossil evidence on the origin of whales. What evidence suggests that they are the sister group to the hippopotamus?

64) Compare the horns of the pronghorn antelope with the true horns of bovids and the horns of the giraffe.

65) What evidence do we have that mammary glands evolved from apocrine glands?

66) Place Paranthropus robustus , Ardipithecus ramidus, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and Homo sapiens in a general phylogeny. Where do the Neanderthals fit into this scheme, and why?

67) Discuss the relationship between mammalian size and the amount of energy intake needed.

68) Discuss the significance of the evolution of echolocation in bats. Could that partially explain why bats are the most diverse group of mammals today?

69) Give evidence that suggests that a chorioallantoic placenta was present in the common ancestor of marsupials and placental mammals, but later was lost in most marsupials.

70) How does a home range differ from a territory? What is the ecological significance of these two terms?

71) Explain how density independent and density dependent factors differ in their effects on mammalian populations.

72) Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of placental and marsupial modes of reproduction.