Internal Fluids & Respiration – Ch31 | Test Bank 18e

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) In multicellular animals, body fluids are divided into two main phases,

A) blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
B) blood plasma and lymph.
C) bloodstream and digestive fluids.
D) bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluids.
E) intracellular and extracellular.

2) Extracellular fluid is subdivided into

A) blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
B) blood plasma and lymph.
C) bloodstream and digestive fluids.
D) bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluids.
E) intracellular and extracellular.

3) Interstitial fluid is constantly formed by

A) the lymphatic system producing it.
B) lightweight elements in the blood plasma filtered through capillary walls.
C) absorption across the gut lining.
D) absorption across the lung surface.
E) reabsorption in the kidney tubules.

4) Which of the following is correct?

A) blood plasma—fewer large protein molecules
B) interstitial spaces—three times more water than bloodstream
C) intracellular—sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions
D) extracellular—potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
E) blood plasma—half of the body's water

5) Blood in vertebrates constitutes

A) an organ.
B) an organ system.
C) a tissue.
D) a cell assemblage.
E) merely a fluid matrix.

6) Which of the following associations of blood components and functions is NOT correct?

A) albumin—large protein that maintains osmotic balance
B) serum—plasma minus the proteins involved in clotting
C) fibrinogen—large protein for blood clotting
D) erythrocytes—red blood cells
E) globulins—carriers of simple sugars

7) Which statement of red blood cell (RBC) structure or function is correct?

A) In mammals and birds, RBCs continuously form from erythroblasts in the red bone marrow.
B) Mammal RBCs do not lose their nucleus when they mature.
C) Over 90% of the cell by weight is hemoglobin.
D) The completely flat shape of RBCs provides greater surface area for osmosis.
E) The average life of an RBC is several years after which its components are salvaged by the liver.

8) A blood clot is formed by a fibrin meshwork in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme

A) platelet factor.
B) prothrombin.
C) thrombin.
D) fibrinogen.
E) fibrinase.

9) Platelets

A) are specialized red blood cells.
B) carry the blood type protein.
C) initiate clotting by releasing thromboplastin.
D) transport carbon dioxide in the blood.
E) are responsible for the buildup of plaques on artery walls.

10) The long, insoluble threads of fibrin of a blood clot originate from

A) fibrinogen.
B) thrombin.
C) collagen.
D) prothrombin.
E) platelets.

11) __________ carry blood away from the heart.

A) Capillaries
B) Venules
C) Veins
D) Arteries
E) Lymph vessels

12) The __________ is involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs.

A) systemic circuit
B) internal respiration circuit
C) hepatic circuit
D) pulmonary circuit
E) renal circuit

13) The systemic circuit ultimately circulates blood from the

A) right ventricle to left atrium.
B) left ventricle to left atrium.
C) right ventricle to right atrium.
D) left ventricle to right atrium.
E) pulmonary artery to the lungs.

14) The pulmonary semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the

A) right atrium.
B) left atrium.
C) ventricles.
D) aortic arch.
E) pulmonary trunk.

15) Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the

A) left atrium.
B) left ventricle.
C) right atrium.
D) right ventricle.
E) None of the choices is correct.

16) Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the

A) left atrium.
B) right atrium.
C) aorta.
D) pulmonary vein.
E) pulmonary artery.

17) In the tetrapod heart, the pacemaker is the

A) atrioventricular bundle.
B) purkinje fibers.
C) vagus nerves.
D) cardiac control center.
E) Sinoatrial (SA) node.

18) The heart rate is controlled by the cardiac center located in the

A) cerebellum.
B) medulla.
C) cerebrum.
D) midbrain.
E) heart wall.

19) In some invertebrates, the heart will stop beating if the nerves leading to the heart are cut. Such hearts are considered

A) an open system.
B) myogenic.
C) neurogenic.
D) a deferred pacemaker.
E) asynchronous.

20) The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the

A) pulmonary artery.
B) coronary artery.
C) left carotid artery.
D) renal artery.
E) left subclavian artery.

21) If a person has a blood pressure of 110/60, the "110" refers to the

A) diastolic pressure.
B) systolic pressure.
C) pulse pressure.
D) capillary pressure.
E) venous pressure.

22) The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes (including carbon dioxide) takes place across the walls of the

A) lymph vessels.
B) arteries.
C) capillaries.
D) veins.
E) lymphatic vessels.

23) Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick?

A) capillaries
B) venules
C) veins
D) arterioles
E) arteries

24) Opposing the blood hydrostatic pressure that forces water across capillaries is the

A) cellular hydrostatic pressure.
B) albumin concentration gradient.
C) colloid osmotic pressure.
D) lymphatic hydrostatic pressure.
E) law of coupled balanced flow.

25) The lymphatic system drains lymph back into the

A) large intestine.
B) heart.
C) vena cava.
D) veins of the liver.
E) veins of the lower neck.

26) Specialized tubules in insects that make direct contact with the tissues to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide are called

A) dermal branchiae.
B) tracheae.
C) gills.
D) lungs.
E) branchial tufts.

27) A dung beetle journeys into a ball of dung to lay eggs. To avoid being poisoned by the noxious gases, it closes its

A) papulae.
B) branchial tufts.
C) book lungs.
D) bronchi.
E) spiracles.

28) Which association is NOT correct?

A) pleura—lung and chest epithelium
B) trachea—windpipe
C) alveoli—gas exchange
D) esophagus—vocal cords
E) nasal—inhalation

29) What would happen to the respiratory rate of a mammal that is masked?

A) Its breathing rate would increase in response to more carbon dioxide.
B) Its breathing rate would increase in response to less oxygen in the blood.
C) Its breathing rate would slow down as it suffocated.
D) It is not possible to predict since breathing rate is controlled consciously in mammals.
E) None of the choices is correct.

30) At sea level, air pressure is 760 mm of mercury (Hg). If we altered the oxygen content in a hospital room to 30% oxygen and 70% nitrogen, the partial pressure of oxygen would be

A) 70% - 30% = 40%.
B) 760 x 30% = 228 mm Hg.
C) 760 x 40% = 304 mm Hg.
D) 760 x 70% = 532 mm Hg.
E) There is not enough information to calculate it.

31) Oxygen is carried in circulation primarily

A) as a dissolved gas in the plasma.
B) as carbonic acid.
C) bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
D) by white blood cells.
E) None of the choices is correct.

32) About two-thirds of waste carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs in higher animals by which method given below?

A) by red blood cells on the empty hemes
B) dissolved in blood plasma as bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
C) dissolved in lymph in lymph ducts
D) on myoglobins
E) None of the choices is correct.

33) Which of the following can NOT serve as a respiratory pigment?

A) hemoglobin
B) hemocyanin
C) chlorocruorin
D) hemerythrin
E) All of the choices can function as respiratory pigments.

34) You are a genetic counselor and need to meet with a couple that recently had a baby boy who has hemophilia. As part of the conversation, you explain the basic genetics of the condition and provide advice for the future. Which statement below if most accurate?

A) Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the Y chromosome. Because males have one Y chromosome, should you choose to have subsequent children, males and females have an equal chance of being afflicted with hemophilia.
B) Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the Y chromosome. Because males have one Y chromosome, should you choose to have subsequent children, only males would be afflicted with hemophilia.
C) Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the X chromosome. Because females have two X chromosomes, should you choose to have subsequent children, females are more likely to be afflicted with hemophilia than males.
D) Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that is inherited on the X chromosome. Because males only have one X chromosome, should you choose to have subsequent children, male children are more likely to be afflicted with hemophilia.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
35) ______________ engulf spent erythrocytes.

36) Extracellular fluid in animals with a closed circulatory system is subdivided into blood plasma and _________________ (intercellular) fluid.

37) The major intracellular electrolytes are potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions, while the chief extracellular electrolytes are sodium, chloride, and __________ ions.

38) The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is ___________________.

39) The _____________ are minute, incomplete cells that release substances to initiate the process leading to blood coagulation.

40) In the efficient double circulation of birds and mammals, the blood goes through a systemic circuit and a completely separate _______________ circuit.

41) The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles in the heart, and the ___________ valves prevent backflow from the pulmonary artery and the aorta.

42) The contraction of the heart is known as __________ , and the relaxation is diastole.

43) The volume of blood forced from either ventricle each minute is known as __________.

44) The heartbeat originates in specialized muscle tissue called __________ in the sinoatrial node.

45) The blood vessel that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart is the __________ .

46) The name of the instrument that we use to measure blood pressure is the __________.

47) In very small organisms, or those with a large surface area relative to mass, substantial exchange of respiratory gasess can take place by __________ directly between the organism and the environment.

48) The external openings to the tracheal systems of arthropods are called __________.

49) The rhythm and depth of breathing normally are controlled by the level of __________ in the blood.

50) Oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood capillaries by a process called __________ along partial pressure gradients.

51) The mammailian lung is filled with millions of small air sacs called __________.

52) The lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in the presence of increased carbon dioxide is called the __________ effect.

53) An alternate name for the mouth is the __________.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
54) Why is the catalytic sequence leading to blood clotting so complex? Wouldn't it mtake evolutionary and metabolic sense to have a more immediate and much shorter biochemical sequence?

55) Trace the path of a drop of blood from where it picks up oxygen in the lung to when it returns to the lung, naming the vessels and heart chambers and valves along the way.

56) Compare and contrast the internal fluid compartments within a vertebrate organism.

57) Briefly discuss the functions of the many inorganic and organic substances in solution within body fluids.

58) Describe the plasma and cellular components of vertebrate blood.

59) Outline the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells.Why have red blood cells (erythrocytes) lost the nucleus?

60) What are the physiological roles of fibrinogen, fibrin, prothrombin, and thromboplastin? Where, why, and when are these compounds made?

61) Compare the structure of a major vein with that of a major artery. Why are the two so different?

62) Is the completely separate double circulation of a mammal really superior to that of the incompletely separate circulation of amphibians? Explain your reasoning.

63) Explain the reason for the differences in blood pressure during systole and diastole.

64) Discuss the physiological mechanism by which the heartbeat is set (e.g., discuss the pacemaker cells, Purkinje fibers, and the cardiac control center in the brain).

65) Discern between a myogenic and a neurogenic heart. What types of organisms possess each?

66) Why should arteries farther away from the heart possess more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers than arteries closer to the heart?

67) Outline the functions of the lymphatic system.

68) What are the inherent problems involved in aquatic and aerial breathing?

69) Describe the differences between insect and vertebrate ventilation.

70) Outline the structures and functions of the mammalian respiratory system.