Chapter 23 Respiratory System Verified Test Bank

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 23 Respiratory System

1) The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion.

2) Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A) Alveoli

B) Trachea

C) Larynx

D) Nasal cavity

E) Bronchi

3) Which is not a function of the respiratory system?

A) Sound reception

B) Gas exchange

C) Odor detection

D) Air passage

4) The terms "upper respiratory system" and "lower respiratory system" are ________ categorizations of the respiratory system.

A) structural

B) functional

C) outdated

5) Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A) Oropharynx

B) Nasopharynx

C) Laryngopharynx

D) Oropharynx and nasopharynx

E) Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx

6) The epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the superior larynx (vocal cords) is nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

7) Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

B) simple cuboidal epithelium.

C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

D) stratified columnar epithelium.

E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

8) In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures.

9) Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to

A) increase.

B) decrease.

10) Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins.

11) Mucin ________ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ________ of dust and dirt particles.

A) increases; trapping

B) decreases; flushing

C) increases; diluting

D) decreases; exocytosis

12) Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

A) The air is cooled.

B) The air is humidified.

C) The air is cleansed.

D) The air is moistened.

E) The air becomes turbulent.

13) The nose contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose?

A) One

B) Two

C) Three

D) Four

14) Another name for the nasal septum is the turbinate.

15) Olfactory receptors located in the superior region of the nasal cavity are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucous covering.

16) The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the ________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

A) choanae

B) olfactory region

C) vestibule

D) respiratory region

E) nasopharynx

17) An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

A) vestibule.

B) concha.

C) vibrissa.

D) meatus.

18) Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

A) Sphenoid bone

B) Frontal bone

C) Ethmoid bone

D) Mandible

E) Maxilla

19) What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

B) Laryngopharynx and larynx

C) Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

D) Paranasal sinuses

E) Laryngopharynx and esophagus

20) Which statement is false regarding the oropharynx?

A) It houses the paired palatine tonsils.

B) It is located posterior to the oral cavity.

C) It houses the lingual tonsils.

D) It houses the pharyngeal tonsil.

E) It extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

21) Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

A) Oropharynx

B) Nasopharynx

C) Laryngopharynx

22) Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

A) elevation of the epiglottis.

B) elevation of the soft palate.

C) depression of the hard palate.

D) closure of the nasal conchae.

E) constriction of the esophagus.

23) What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

A) Larynx

B) Pharynx

C) Esophagus

D) Bronchus

E) Trachea

24) What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A) Esophagus

B) Bronchi

C) Alveolar ducts

D) Larynx

E) Nasal cavity

25) What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

A) Esophagus

B) Bronchi

C) Pharynx

D) Nasal cavity

E) Larynx

26) The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

A) Thyroid and corniculate

B) Corniculate and cricoid

C) Cricoid, corniculate, and arytenoid

D) Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid

E) Arytenoid and epiglottis

27) The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have

A) more taut vestibular folds.

B) more air to push through the rima glottidis.

C) wider arytenoid cartilages.

D) shorter and fatter vestibular ligaments.

E) longer and thicker vocal folds.

28) Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.

A) frequency; intrinsic

B) frequency; extrinsic

C) loudness; intrinsic

D) loudness; extrinsic

29) At the inferior end of the trachea is an internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage that initiates a cough reflex when it is stimulated; this structure is the ________.

30) What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

A) Trachea

B) Pharynx

C) Esophagus

D) Bronchioles

E) Alveolar ducts

31) Tracheal cartilages provide for ________ on the ________ aspect of the trachea.

A) flexibility; anterior

B) flexibility; posterior

C) rigidity; anterior

D) rigidity; posterior

32) What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

A) The internal air pressure within the trachea

B) The surrounding muscles

C) The internal epithelium

D) The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

33) Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

A) It lies superior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

B) It lies posterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

C) It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and inferior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

D) It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

E) It lies superior to the esophagus, superior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

34) How long is the average trachea?

A) 12–14 inches

B) 12–14 cm

C) 12–14 mm

35) What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A) Cuboidal epithelium

B) Simple squamous epithelium

C) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

D) Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

E) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

36) Foreign particles

A) are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.

B) are more likely to lodge in the left primary bronchus.

C) lodge equally often in each of the two primary bronchi.

37) Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

A) The right lung has two secondary bronchi and the left lung has three secondary bronchi.

B) The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

C) Each lung has two secondary bronchi.

D) Each lung has three secondary bronchi.

E) Each lung has four secondary bronchi.

38) Another name for the tertiary bronchi is the ________ bronchi.

39) Relaxation of the smooth muscle within the walls of bronchioles leads to ________.

40) Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways.

41) Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A) Respiratory bronchioles

B) Alveolar ducts

C) Terminal bronchioles

D) Pulmonary alveoli

E) Alveolar sacs

42) Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear ________ in cross section.

A) enlarged

B) polygonal

C) stratified

D) circular

E) columnar

43) The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

A) alveolar type II cell.

B) alveolar type I cell.

C) alveolar macrophage.

D) dust cell.

E) septal cell.

44) The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the

A) alveolar type II cell.

B) alveolar type I cell.

C) alveolar macrophage.

D) dust cell.

E) squamous alveolar cell.

45) Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the

A) alveolar type II cells.

B) alveolar type I cells.

C) alveolar macrophages.

D) septal cells.

E) squamous alveolar cells.

46) Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

A) Capillary endothelium

B) Fused basement membrane

C) Plasma membrane of Type I cell

D) Plasma membrane of Type II cell

47) List, in order, the structures of the respiratory membrane that carbon dioxide must cross to move from the blood into an air sac of the lung.

48) Which is not correct about the left lung?

A) It is slightly smaller than the right lung.

B) It has a cardiac impression.

C) It has a cardiac notch.

D) It has 2 lobes and 1 fissure.

E) It has an esophageal depression.

49) Each lung consists of a number of segments called

A) alveolar segments.

B) bronchopulmonary segments.

C) mesothelial segments.

D) pleural segments.

E) systemic segments.

50) The hilum of the lung

A) is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

B) is the point of exit of exhaled air.

C) is the point of entrance for inhaled air.

D) is an elevated area through which the trachea, pulmonary vessels, and nerves pass.

E) serves to anchor all pulmonary structures to the mediastinum.

51) Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

A) The left lung

B) The right lung

52) The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation.

53) Bronchial arteries carry ________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

A) oxygenated

B) deoxygenated

54) Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from the ________ nerves.

55) Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in

A) bronchoconstriction.

B) bronchodilation.

56) On each side of the chest, the ________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall, and the ________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

A) thoracic; pulmonary

B) parietal; visceral

C) visceral; parietal

D) fibrous; serous

E) respiratory; pleural

57) The potential space between the serous membranes surrounding each lung is known as the pleural ________.

58) The main function of serous fluid is to

A) lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung.

B) improve adhesion of the lungs to the thoracic wall.

C) facilitate the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane.

59) Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are

A) dissolved by enzymes in the alveoli.

B) coughed up during normal daily activities.

C) collected by lymph nodes.

D) carried away in blood.

E) stored in nearby pulmonary alcoves.

60) The lungs remain inflated because

A) intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.

B) intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.

C) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure.

D) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure.

61) The chest wall is anatomically configured to contract inwardly, so that when the thorax is opened surgically its walls collapse.

62) Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.

a: O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system.

b: O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation.

c: Cells use O2 and generate CO2.

d: CO2 is exhaled.

e: The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs.

A) a, b, c, d, e

B) b, a, c, d, e

C) b, a, c, e, d

D) c, e, d, a, b

E) e, d, c, b, a

63) Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?

a: Thoracic cavity volume changes.

b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.

c: Air flows down its pressure gradient.

d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

A) b, a, d, c

B) d, c, b, a

C) b, d, c, a

D) a, c, d, b

E) c, a, d, b

64) You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A) The food presses on the bronchi, making air flow difficult.

B) The large quantity of food retards pulmonary blood flow.

C) Oxygen to the lungs is restricted due to fullness in the stomach.

D) A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.

65) These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

A) External intercostals

B) Scalenes

C) Transversus thoracis

D) Internal intercostals

E) Serratus posterior inferior

66) These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A) External intercostals

B) Scalenes

C) Transversus thoracis

D) Internal intercostals

E) Serratus posterior inferior

67) Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but only during forced exhalation.

A) External intercostals

B) Scalenes

C) Transversus thoracis

D) Internal intercostals

E) Serratus posterior inferior

68) According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas ________ if the volume of its container increases.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) remains the same

69) Air flows out of the body during expiration because

A) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

B) intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

C) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

D) intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

70) The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the

A) brainstem.

B) midbrain.

C) cerebellum.

D) cerebral nuclei.

E) occipital lobe of the brain.

71) What is the name of the column of neurons within the medulla that initiates neural impulses for inspiration and expiration?

A) Pontine respiratory center

B) Ventral respiratory group

C) Dorsal respiratory group

D) Phrenic nucleus

72) At rest, a normal person breathes about ________ times per minute.

A) 8

B) 12

C) 26

D) 32

E) 50

73) Also known as the pneumotaxic center, this area allows for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration.

A) Dorsal respiratory group

B) Ventral respiratory group

C) Pontine respiratory center

D) Medullary respiratory center

E) Carotid body

74) When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid,

A) medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

B) medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

C) pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

D) the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase.

75) The carotid bodies contain ________ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in ________.

A) peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2

B) central; blood concentrations of H+, but not CO2 and O2

C) peripheral; cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of H+

D) central; cerebrospinal concentrations of CO2

E) peripheral; concentrations of carbon, dust, and pollution in the lungs

76) Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

A) Between the esophagus and the diaphragm

B) Between the trachea and the diaphragm

C) Superior to the larynx

D) Between the esophagus and the trachea

E) Between the larynx and the pharynx

77) Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the ________ nervous system.

A) somatic

B) autonomic

C) enteric

78) Which type of receptor initiates the inhalation (or Hering-Breuer) reflex?

A) Central chemoreceptors

B) Baroreceptors

C) Peripheral chemoreceptors

D) Proprioceptors

79) The phrenic and intercostal nerves are made up primarily of autonomic nerves for smooth muscle control.

80) Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a

A) pneumothorax.

B) tension hemothorax.

C) hemothorax.

D) cystic fibrosis.

81) ________ is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

82) Airflow is ________ related to the pressure gradient and ________ related to resistance.

A) directly; directly

B) directly; inversely

C) inversely; inversely

D) inversely; directly

83) Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow.

84) If all else remains equal, an increase in the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure results in an increase in airflow.

85) Pulmonary fibrosis

A) decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

B) increases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

C) decreases elasticity, thereby decreasing both resistance and airflow.

D) increases elasticity, thereby decreasing resistance and increasing airflow.

86) During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

A) increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

B) increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

C) expands the rib cage.

D) flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity.

E) stimulates the phrenic nerve.

87) Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a pulmonary ventilation rate of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min.  How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare?

A) The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

B) The faster breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

C) Their alveolar ventilation rates are equivalent.

88) An increase in dead space results in

A) increases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.

B) decreases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.

C) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

D) an increase in alveolar ventilation but a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.

E) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but an increase in pulmonary ventilation.

F) an increase in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

89) A buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia leads to an increase in the

A) physiologic dead space.

B) anatomic dead space.

C) residual volume.

90) The amount of air left in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration is referred to as the ________ volume.

91) The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the

A) inspiratory reserve volume.

B) inspiratory capacity.

C) residual volume.

D) functional residual capacity.

92) The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the

A) tidal volume.

B) functional residual capacity.

C) inspiratory reserve volume.

D) vital capacity.

E) forced expiratory volume.

93) Inspiratory capacity is greater than inspiratory reserve volume.

94) The percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled during a specific time period is known as the

A) tidal volume.

B) alveolar ventilation.

C) forced expiratory volume.

D) maximal lung capacity rate.

E) pulmonary minute ventilation.

95) Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be

A) inspired and then expelled in 1 minute.

B) expired in 1 second.

C) held within the lungs for over 30 seconds.

D) inspired in one breath (regardless of dead space).

96) Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mmHg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg)?

A) Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.

B) Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level.

C) Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level.

D) Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level.

97) When a partial pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower partial pressure to the area of higher partial pressure.

98) Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen's partial pressure in the alveoli is

A) higher.

B) lower.

C) equivalent.

99) Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A) The alveoli of the lungs

B) The blood circulating in systemic arteries

C) The systemic cells

100) Because oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water,

A) it is easily dissolved in water and requires only a slight partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

B) it is easily dissolved in water and the partial pressure gradient is irrelevant to its solubility.

C) it is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

D) it is impossible to dissolve oxygen into water unless the partial pressure gradient is very minor.

101) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called

A) ventilation.

B) systemic respiration.

C) internal respiration.

D) external respiration.

E) cellular respiration.

102) Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen?

A) Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen.

B) Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of oxygen.

C) Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveolus because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen.

D) Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveolus because the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of oxygen.

103) The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are

A) the high degree of moisture and the large ratio of volume to surface area.

B) its large surface area and minimal thickness.

C) its thinness, high water content, and scarcity of capillaries.

D) its hearty thickness and the presence of oxygen transport pumps.

104) An increase in the partial pressure of CO2 causes bronchioles to

A) constrict.

B) dilate.

105) An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen causes pulmonary arterioles to ________, thereby altering ________ to make gas exchange more efficient.

A) constrict; perfusion

B) dilate; perfusion

C) constrict; ventilation

D) dilate; ventilation

106) In a situation where one small bronchus is obstructed, the air in that segment of the lung will develop a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a low partial pressure of oxygen. What changes in ventilation and perfusion will occur in that segment in response to this condition?

107) As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells,

A) the partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules.

B) the partial pressure of oxygen in blood increases as it goes from arterioles to venules.

C) the partial pressure of oxygen on blood remains the same as it goes from arterioles to venules.

108) From moment to moment, the oxygen partial pressure gradient between systemic capillary blood and systemic cells switches: one moment it favors diffusion toward the blood and the next moment it favors diffusion toward the cells.

109) Which statement accurately describes alveolar and systemic gas exchanges?

A) In both alveolar and systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses out of the blood.

B) In both alveolar and systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses toward the blood.

C) In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood.

D) In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses out of the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses into the blood.

110) Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because oxygen has a ________ solubility coefficient in water.

A) high

B) low

111) Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

A) 33%

B) 50%

C) 66%

D) 75%

E) 98%

112) About 23% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is attached to the ________ portion of hemoglobin.

A) heme

B) globin

C) carboxyl

D) anhydrase

113) Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma.

114) Which reaction involving CO2 predominates within erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries of the lung?

A) HCO-3 combines with H+ to form H2CO3, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O.

B) HCO-3 dissociates into H+, CO, and O2.

C) CO2 combines with H+ to form HCO2.

D) CO2 combines with water to form bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid.

115) About 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries

A) directly dissolves in the plasma.

B) combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

C) binds to hemoglobin.

D) forms carbonic anhydrase, which combines carbonic acid and water to solubilize the CO2.

116) In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also transports

A) carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions.

B) calcium and carbon dioxide.

C) carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

D) iron and albumin.

117) If someone at sea level is given pure oxygen to breathe, it would cause the oxygen saturation of their hemoglobin

A) to increase by more than double.

B) to increase by only a tiny amount.

C) to decrease due to uncooperative binding.

118) When blood passes through systemic capillaries, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin changes

A) from about 98% to about 75% saturated.

B) from about 40% to about 80% saturated.

C) from about 70% saturated to about 99% saturated.

D) from about 99% saturated to about 25% saturated.

119) An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift ________ reflecting that hemoglobin releases ________ oxygen.

A) left; more

B) left; less

C) right; more

D) right; less

120) Imagine that someone is climbing a mountain on a very hot day. As their muscles work, acidic by-products are generated. Describe the relevant responses of the respiratory system and also describe how the affinity for hemoglobin will change under these conditions.

121) Hyperventilation leads to hypercapnia.

122) What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels rise.

B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels fall.

C) Oxygen levels rise and carbon dioxide levels fall.

D) Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

123) Airway obstruction can lead to hypoventilation, which can cause

A) hypoxia and respiratory acidosis.

B) hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis.

C) hypocapnia and hyperpnea.

D) hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis.

E) hypocapnia and respiratory acidosis.

124) When someone begins to hyperventilate, the increased movements of their respiratory muscles ________ venous return of blood to the heart.

A) increase

B) decrease

125) When someone exercises vigorously, their breathing is described as demonstrating

A) hyperpnea, involving deeper but not faster breathing.

B) hyperventilation, involving both deeper and faster breathing.

C) bradypnea, involving deeper and slower breathing.

D) hypopnea, involving shallower but faster breathing.

126) The main stimulus that drives increased breathing during exercise is a drop in blood levels of oxygen.

127) In this sagittal section showing the upper respiratory tract, what structure does number 4 indicate?

A) Uvula

B) Soft palate

C) Hard palate

D) Nasal concha

E) Epiglottis

128) In this sagittal section showing the upper respiratory tract, what structure does number 5 indicate?

A) Uvula

B) Soft palate

C) Hard palate

D) Nasal conchae

E) Nasal bone

129) In this sagittal section showing the upper respiratory tract, what number indicates a nasal concha?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

130) In this sagittal section showing the upper respiratory tract, what bone does number 2 indicate?

A) Frontal bone

B) Nasal bone

C) Maxillary bone

D) Ethmoid bone

E) Sphenoid bone

131) Which sinus does the number 1 indicate?

A) Frontal sinus

B) Anterior sinus

C) Ethmoidal sinus

D) Maxillary sinus

E) Sphenoidal sinus

132) Which sinus does the number 4 indicate?

A) Frontal sinus

B) Maxillary sinus

C) Ethmoidal sinus

D) Sphenoidal sinus

E) Sagittal sinus

133) In this view of the larynx, what structure does number 2 indicate?

A) Tracheal cartilage

B) Thyroid cartilage

C) Hyoid bone

D) Cricoid cartilage

E) Epiglottis

134) In this view of the larynx, what structure does number 5 indicate?

A) Tracheal cartilage

B) Thyroid cartilage

C) Epiglottis

D) Cricoid cartilage

E) Corniculate cartilage

135) In these views of the trachea, what structure does number 2 indicate?

A) Trachealis muscle

B) Thyroid cartilage

C) Cricoid cartilage

D) Annular ligament

E) Tracheal cartilage

136) In these views of the trachea, what type of tissue does number 3 indicate?

A) Thyroid cartilage

B) Trachealis muscle

C) Tracheal cartilage

D) Annular ligament

E) Cricoid cartilage

137) In these views of the trachea, what structure does number 1 indicate?

A) Trachealis muscle

B) Thyroid cartilage

C) Cricoid cartilage

D) Annular ligament

E) Tracheal cartilage

138) In this close-up image of a lung, what structure does number 1 indicate?

A) Respiratory bronchiole

B) Alveolar duct

C) Alveolus

D) Terminal bronchiole

E) Bronchiole

139) In this closeup image of a lung, what structure does number 2 indicate?

A) Respiratory bronchiole

B) Alveolar duct

C) Alveolus

D) Terminal bronchiole

E) Bronchiole

140) In this closeup image of a lung, what structure does number 3 indicate?

A) Respiratory bronchiole

B) Alveolar duct

C) Alveolus

D) Terminal bronchiole

E) Bronchiole

141) In this closeup image of a lung, what structures are indicated by number 4?

A) Respiratory bronchioles

B) Alveolar ducts

C) Alveoli

D) Terminal bronchioles

E) Bronchioles

142) The left primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the right primary bronchus.

143) Depression of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

144) Consistent with Boyle's law, air flows from a region of lower pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of higher pressure within the lungs.

145) The pulmonary plexus is a weblike network of nerve fibers that surrounds the primary bronchi and enters the lungs at the hilum. It consists of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

146) Prematurely born infants sometimes experience respiratory distress due to inadequate production of surfactant.

147) During quiet expiration,

A) thoracic cavity volume decreases.

B) the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.

C) inspiratory neurons in the VRG spontaneously depolarize.

D) air moves from the atmosphere to the alveoli.

148) ________ in the ________ cavity provides lubrication and reduces friction as the lungs change size during ventilation.

A) Serous fluid; pleural

B) Synovial fluid; peritoneal

C) Mucus; pericardial

D) Mucus; pleural

149) As the thoracic cavity (and therefore the lungs) increase in size, the pressure inside increases proportionally.

150) The amount of air that moves into and out of the respiratory tract with each breath is called ________.

151) Which of the following accounts for the loss of functional alveoli in an individual with a lung disease?

A) Physiologic dead space

B) Anatomic dead space

152) Compared to carbon dioxide, oxygen has a relatively ________ solubility coefficient and so requires a ________ partial pressure gradient to help diffuse the gas into the blood.

A) low; large

B) low; small

C) high; large

D) high; small

153) The lungs of an individual with emphysema provide poor gas exchange due to the loss of alveolar walls. This exemplifies the need for a large ________ for efficient gas exchange.

A) respiratory membrane surface area

B) respiratory membrane thickness

154) During systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.

155) During systemic gas exchange, what happens to carbon dioxide after it enters a red blood cell?

A) It reacts with water to form carbonic acid.

B) It reacts with bicarbonate to become carbonic acid.

C) It reacts with carbonic acid to become bicarbonate.

D) It attaches to the heme portion of hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin.

156) Select all that can bind to the globin portion of hemoglobin.

A) Oxygen

B) Carbon dioxide

C) H+

D) Bicarbonate

157) Hyperventilation causes generalized ________, which ________ blood flow to the brain and can result in feeling dizzy or faint.

A) vasoconstriction; decreases

B) vasoconstriction; increases

C) vasodilation; decreases

D) vasodilation; increases