Ch23 Fungi in the Natural Environment Full Test Bank

Plants and Society, 8e (Levetin)

Chapter 23 Fungi in the Natural Environment

1) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) As a group, the fungi are among the most abundant organisms in the world.

B) Fungi are vital to the environment as decomposers or as symbiotic partners.

C) Fungi provide us with lifesaving antibiotics, fermented foods, and beverages.

D) Fungi are now known to represent multiple lines of evolution within the Eukarya.

E) Fungi, although abundant, rarely cause plant or animal diseases.

2) The Kingdom Fungi are characterized by which of the following?

A) being evolutionarily more advanced than protists in terms of multicellularity than the Protista.

B) heterotrophic lifestyle

C) the presence of chitin

D) sharing unique molecular similarities derived from DNA sequences

E) All of the above are correct.

3) There are two groups of fungal-like protists: ________ and ________.

A) Myxomycota; Oomycota

B) Chytridiomycota; Zygomycota

C) Basidiomycota; Chytridiomycota

D) Glomeromycota; Zygomycota

E) None of the above are correct.

4) Myxomycota are characterized by which of the following?

A) affinities to both animals and fungi

B) amoeboid feeding stage called the plasmodium

C) feeding by engulfing bacteria and organic matter

D) producing unicellular spores that may remain dormant

E) All of the above are characteristics of the Myxomycota.

5) Which of the following is not a correct association?

A) flagellated cells :: swarm cells

B) amoeboid cells :: myxamoeba

C) encystment :: protection from unfavorable conditions

D) sporangia :: meiosis and spore formation occur in Myxomycota

E) slime molds :: toxic, amoeboid forms that can damage the environment

6) Which of the following is not correct about the Oomycota?

A) They are called slime molds.

B) They are photosynthetic heterotrophs.

C) They are not really closely related to the true fungi.

D) They have threadlike nonseptate hyphae.

E) They have oogonia with one or more oospores, as well as motile zoospores.

7) The water mold Saprolegnia has which of the following characteristics?

A) biflagellate zoospores

B) encysted states during development

C) separate male and female gametangia produce haploid spores

D) relatives of Saprolegnia cause late blight of potato and downy mildew of grapes

E) All of the above are correct.

8) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) The Kingdom Fungi comprises a diverse, monophyletic group.

B) Over 100,000 species have been classified.

C) The Fungi are morphologically diverse.

D) Yeast is a general term to describe unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding.

E) Reproduction in the fungi is always by the production of asexual spores.

9) In the Zygomycota, the thick-walled sexual spores are called which of the following?

A) zygospores

B) sporangiospores

C) mycorrhizae

D) plasmogamids

E) hymenia

10) Which of the following relationships is not correct?

A) sporangiospores :: asexual reproduction

B) plasmogamy :: sexual reproduction

C) hymenium :: asci forming a layer

D) Rhizopus :: a zygomycete laboratory contaminant

E) Ascus :: sexual spores in a saclike structure common in the Basidiomycota

11) The ascocarp is a fruiting body common in which of the following groups?

A) Ascomycota

B) Basidiomycota

C) Boletes

D) Cladosporium

E) None of the above are correct.

12) Hyphae is to mycelium as ________ is(are) to ________.

A) leaves; a branch

B) roots; a root system

C) apples; an apple tree

D) root hairs; a root

E) phloem; a vascular bundle

13) A mushroom is to mycelium as ________ is(are) to ________.

A) leaves; a branch

B) roots; a root system

C) apples; an apple tree

D) root hairs; a root

E) phloem; a vascular bundle

14) Fungi that are imperfect lack which of the following?

A) mycelium

B) cell walls

C) dikaryotic nuclei

D) sexual reproduction

E) More than one of these are correct.

15) Most fungal spores are dispersed by which of the following agents?

A) wind

B) water

C) insects

D) small rodents

E) bats

16) Genetically, true fungi are closest to which of the following groups?

A) plants

B) bacteria

C) archaea

D) animals

E) protists

17) In most sexually reproducing fungi, what event immediately follows plasmogamy?

A) meiosis

B) mitosis

C) karyogamy

D) syngamy

E) isogamy

18) Fungal karyogamy is the fusion of

A) cytoplasm

B) gametes

C) zygotes

D) hyphae

E) haploid nuclei

19) If a basidiomycete has a diploid number of 12, what is the ploidy number immediately after karyogamy?

A) 12

B) 6

C) 6 + 6

D) 12 + 12

E) 24

20) The myxomycetes are most like fungi in their ________ stage.

A) feeding

B) reproductive

C) swarming

D) dormant

E) vegetative

21) Spores of the myxomycetes are in which state?

A) haploid

B) diploid

C) dikaryotic

D) triploid

E) tetraploid

22) This single-celled organism has haploid biflagellated zoospores and antheridia that flank the oogonium. The hyphae are nonseptate except at the base. This single-celled organism belongs in the Division ________.

A) Basidiomycetes

B) Ascomycetes

C) Zygomycetes

D) Myxomycetes

E) Oomycetes

23) In which of the following divisions is the species that is the cause of late blight of potato?

A) Basidiomycetes

B) Ascomycetes

C) Zygomycetes

D) Myxomycetes

E) Oomycetes

24) The only true fungi with motile cells are the ________.

A) Basidiomycetes

B) Ascomycetes

C) Zygomycetes

D) Chytridiomycetes

E) Glomeromycetes

25) What characteristic do chytridiomycetes share with land plants?

A) cellulose cell walls

B) flagellated sperm

C) an alternation of generations

D) true roots

E) Chytridiomycetes share all of these characteristics with land plants.

26) What sets the zygomycetes apart from other fungi?

A) dikaryon nuclei

B) thick-walled sexual spores

C) All zygomycetes are imperfect.

D) They have an alternation of generations.

E) All of these set zygomycetes apart from other fungi.

27) Endomycorrhizal fungi are members of which of the following groups?

A) basidiomycetes

B) ascomycetes

C) zygomycetes

D) chytridiomycetes

E) glomeromycetes

28) All of these fungi are paired correctly with the division they are in except one. Choose the exception.

A) Allomyces :: Chytridiomycota

B) Pilobolus :: Zygomycota

C) Glomus :: Ascomycota

D) Armillaria :: Basidiomycota

E) Boletes :: Basidiomycota

29) In this group of fungi, spores are borne on tiny "spike" that project out from a club-like structure. This group of fungi are which of the following?

A) basidiomycetes

B) ascomycetes

C) zygomycetes

D) chytridiomycetes

E) None of the above are correct.

30) In what specific structure does meiosis take place in the ascomycetes?

A) ascus

B) ascogonium

C) ascospores

D) hymenium

E) antheridium

31) Which of the following statements is correct about fungi?

A) Most are heterotrophs; some are autotrophs.

B) The vast majority are heterotrophs.

C) All are autotrophs and largely marine.

D) Most are autotrophs; some are heterotrophs

E) They are more closely related to plants than animals.

32) Which of the following is not a role of fungi in the environment?

A) parasites

B) pathogens

C) mutual symbionts

D) saprobes

E) primary producers

33) What are facultative parasites?

A) saprobes that can become parasitic

B) two or more parasites that work together

C) parasites that can't exist without their host

D) parasites that are exclusively intracellular

E) None of the above are correct.

34) Beneficial fungi have been used in all of the following except one. Choose the exception.

A) antibiotic production

B) bioremediation

C) cheese production

D) starch production

E) aeration of water in eutrophic lakes

35) Which of the following species has been the focus of research as a potential bioremediation agent?

A) Serpula lacrymans

B) Phaenerochaete chrysosporium

C) Cochliobolus heterostrophus

D) Phytophthora infestans

E) Puccinia graminis

36) Approximately what percentage of plants are mycorrhizal?

A) 5

B) 25

C) 50

D) 75

E) 90

37) Which of the following minerals is the most important one supplied by mycorrhizal fungi to their partner?

A) nitrogen

B) potassium

C) phosphorous

D) magnesium

E) calcium

38) What does a mycorrhizal plant supply to its partner?

A) oxygen

B) water

C) minerals

D) sugars

E) all of these

39) All of the following species are matched correctly with the disease they cause except one. Choose the exception.

A) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis - late blight of potatoes

B) Phytophora ramorum - sudden oak death

C) Ophiostoma ulmi - Dutch Elm disease

D) Puccinia graminis - wheat rust

E) Ustilago maydis - corn smut

40) Which of the following is not a spore stage of Puccinia graminis?

A) basidiosprores

B) uredospores

C) ascospores

D) teliospores

E) spermatia

41) Wheat and ________ are alternate hosts for the wheat rust fungus.

A) potato

B) barberry

C) rhododendron

D) milkweed

E) More than one of the above are correct.

42) Germination of late blight fungus occurs under which of the following conditions?

A) low temperatures and low humidity

B) low temperatures and high humidity

C) high temperatures and low humidity

D) high temperatures and high humidity

E) high temperatures and high light intensity

43) All of the following produce basidiospores except one. Choose the exception.

A) Ustilago maydis

B) Puccinia graminis

C) Morchella esculenta

D) Ganoderma applanatum

E) Armillaria bulbosa

44) Which of the following is a structure produced by an endomycorrhizal fungus?

A) aecium

B) oogonium

C) arbuscle

D) zygospore

E) More than one of these structures are produced by an endomycorrhizal fungus.

45) A disease caused by an ascomycete and spread by bark beetles resulting in wilting and death in trees is the ________ disease.

A) chestnut blight

B) corn smut

C) Dutch elm

D) wheat rust

E) white nose wilt

46) To which group of fungi do the brewing and baking yeasts belong?

A) myxomycetes

B) basidiomycetes

C) ascomycetes

D) zygomycetes

E) imperfect fungi

47) Fungi which develop a mutualistic relationship with the roots of vascular plants are known as which of the following?

A) lichens

B) mycorrhizae

C) saprobes

D) facultative parasites

E) plant pathogens

48) Morels and truffles are fruiting bodies found in which group of fungi?

A) ascomycetes

B) zygomycetes

C) oomycetes

D) basidiomycetes

E) myxomycetes

49) Asexual spores that are not formed within a sporangium are called which of the following?

A) sporangiospores

B) basidiospores

C) ascospores

D) conidia

E) oospores

50) The spore stage of the wheat rust fungus that can infect wheat from barberry is which of the following?

A) spermatium

B) basidiospore

C) aeciospore

D) teliospore

E) uredospore

51) The spore stage of the wheat rust fungus that is called the "repeating stage" is termed the ________.

A) spermatium

B) basidiospore

C) aeciospore

D) teliospore

E) uredospore

52) The spore stage of the wheat rust fungus that can infect barberry is the ________.

A) spermatium

B) basidiospore

C) aeciospore

D) teliospore

E) uredospore

53) The spore stage of the wheat rust fungus that initiates plasmogamy is which of the following?

A) spermatium

B) basidiospore

C) aeciospore

D) teliospore

E) uredospore

54) The slender thread-like structures which compose the body of a fungus are called ________.

55) The oomycetes are in the kingdom ________.

56) An asexual spore not formed in a sporangium is termed a ________.

57) When slime mold spores germinate, they give rise to either ________ or swarm cells.

58) A hypha with 2 different nuclei in each cell is known as a ________.

59) Specialized asexual lichen propagules that consist of small groups of algal cells with interwoven hyphae are called ________.

60) The scientific name for the wheat rust fungus is ________.

61) The use of microorganisms to reclaim contaminated soil and water is known as ________.

62) Some wood-rotting fungi are being investigated for their potential to degrade ________ and environmental toxins.

63) The evolution of fungicide resistant strains of the fungus ________ has resulted in a renewed threat to potato crops worldwide.

64) Ustilago maydis is the fungus that causes ________.

65) An interwoven mass of hyphae is called a(n) ________.

66) The asexual spores formed by oomycetes are called ________.

67) A characteristic cell wall material of organisms in the Kingdom Fungi is ________.

68) Asexual reproduction in yeast is generally carried out through ________.

69) Beadle and Tatum performed their classical genetic studies on an ascomycete classified as ________.

70) ________ parasites can live as saprobes but will invade living tissue when suitable hosts are available.

71) Mycorrhizal fungi aid plants in the absorption of ________ and minerals from the soil.

72) Recent evidence has led to the classification of Division Chytridiomycota in the Kingdom ________.

73) A multifaceted approach to plant disease control that uses sanitation, crop rotation, biological controls, disease forecasting, and genetic resistance along with fungicides is called ________.

74) Brown rot fungi decompose ________ but leave the ________ unchanged.

75) In the oomycetes, spores may be formed from the breakup of hyphae, or on highly specialized hyphal branches often contained within fruiting bodies.

76) Puffball spores are dispersed by insects.

77) The great Bengal famine of 1942 was caused by the wheat rust fungus.

78) Rust fungi lack a fruiting body.

79) Uredospores of the wheat rust fungus can be carried by prevailing winds for hundreds of miles.

80) Chytridiomycetes are often parasites of other fungi.

81) All fungi reproduce sexually.

82) Morels and cup fungi are examples of basidiomycetes.

83) Truffles are traditionally hunted in Europe by using trained pigs.

84) The reproductive perfect stage is also known as the asexual stage.

85) Fungi obtain nutrients from the environment as absorptive heterotrophs.