Ch.25 Fungi That Affect Human Health Verified Test Bank

Plants and Society, 8e (Levetin)

Chapter 25 Fungi That Affect Human Health

1) How does penicillin affect bacteria?

A) It binds to and immobilizes bacterial tRNA.

B) It blocks the formation of bacterial cell walls.

C) It interferes with the storage of glucose.

D) It pokes holes in the bacterial plasma membrane.

E) None of the above is correct.

2) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Fungi produce carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

B) Fungi produce a vast number of secondary compounds.

C) Many fungal metabolites have widespread commercial importance.

D) Fungi may produce both antibiotics that serve as toxins.

E) All of the above are correct.

3) Penicillin was first used to treat war wounds in which of the following wars?

A) the American Civil War

B) the Spanish-American War

C) World War I

D) World War II

E) the American-Korean War

4) Which of the following statements is correct about penicillin?

A) Penicillin is a by-product of metabolism found in specific Penicillium species that inhibits gram-positive bacterial growth.

B) Penicillin saved thousands of lives during WWI.

C) Fleming's discovery occurred when he deliberately put a mold in his bacterial cultures.

D) Fleming was trying to find a cure for deadly E. coli bacteria.

E) Commercial production of penicillin must be carried out in small flasks made of white oak.

5) What has been the downside to the widespread use of penicillin?

A) The evolution of resistance by many bacteria.

B) The development of allergies by many humans.

C) It is very easy to overdose on small amounts of penicillin.

D) Penicillin strains are now highly addictive.

E) The cost of penicillin is prohibitive for much of the world.

6) Which of the following is not a semisynthetic penicillin?

A) amoxicillin

B) ampicillin

C) methicillin

D) cephalosporin

E) All of the above are semisynthetic penicillin.

7) The most valuable commercial strain of penicillin is which of the following?

A) Penicillium chrysogenum

B) Penicillium alba

C) Penicillium notatum

D) Penicillium pylorus

E) All of the above are effective commercial strains of Penicillium.

8) The following pairs are matched correctly except one. Choose the exception.

A) tetracycline :: bactericidal and fungicidal

B) penicillin :: bactericidal

C) griseofulvum :: fungicidal

D) cephalosporin :: fungicidal

E) echinocandin :: fungicidal

9) Mycotoxins most commonly develop in which of the following locations?

A) growing fields.

B) storage.

C) processing.

D) cooking.

E) the digestion process.

10) After World War II, the pharmaceutical industry developed which of the following?

A) Altered versions of penicillin with greater stability

B) Biochemical mutants with 10,000 times more penicillin than the original organisms

C) Altered penicillin with broader antibacterial activity

D) Penicillin that could be taking orally at home

E) All of the above are correct.

11) The fungus ________ is the most common source of mycotoxins affecting human health.

A) Claviceps purpurea

B) Penicillium chrysogenum

C) Aspergillus flavus

D) Amanita verosa

E) Candida albicans

12) In which of the following plants could you find ergot?

A) potato

B) wheat

C) apple

D) squash

E) In all of these plants you could find ergot.

13) All of the following fungal species are matched with the active chemical compound they produce except one. Choose the exception.

A) Claviceps purpurea :: ergometrine

B) Conocybe cyanopus :: amatoxins

C) Amanita muscaria :: ibotenic acid

D) Panaeolus cyanescens :: psilocybin

E) Amanita virosa :: aflatoxins

14) The fungus most closely related to the fungus producing the hallucinogenic drug, LSD is which of the following?

A) Claviceps purpurea

B) Conocybe cyanopus

C) Amanita muscaria

D) Panaeolus cyanescens

E) Psilocybe cubensis

15) Which of the following is true about fungal poisons and toxins?

A) Fungal toxins detrimental to humans fall into two groups, mycotoxins and mushroom toxins.

B) Mycotoxins are commonly produced by fungi growing in contaminated food.

C) Mycotoxins are among the most potent known carcinogens.

D) Brazilian peanut meal contaminated with Aspergillus flavus was the likely suspect in causing Turkey X disease.

E) All of the above are correct.

16) Aflatoxins have been implicated in ________ cancer.

A) breast

B) bone

C) liver

D) pancreatic

E) colon

17) Ergot are fungal ________.

A) basidiocarps

B) asci

C) arbuscles

D) sclerotia

E) conidia

18) Several hours after eating a peanut butter sandwich on rye bread, Bart the bartender starting scratching his itchy skin. He then began having severe muscle cramps and spasms. A short while later, he began having visions of demons dancing on tables. What fungal poison did Bart the bartender ingest?

A) ergometrine

B) amatoxins

C) ibotenic acid

D) psilocybin

E) aflatoxins

19) Which of the following common genera of fungi are known to produce mycotoxins?

A) Aspergillus

B) Penicillium

C) Fusarium

D) Alternaria

E) All of the above produce known mycotoxins.

20) By far most fatalities from mushroom poisonings are caused by mushroom in the genus ________.

A) Galerina

B) Amanita

C) Psilocybe

D) Agaricus

E) Conocybe

21) Which of the following is not a correct statement?

A) Aspergillus flavus is a common saprobe that occurs on many grains and legumes in storage.

B) Aspergillus flavus can produce aflatoxins.

C) Aspergillus flavus may be restricted to specific strains.

D) Aspergillus flavus always produces mycotoxins.

E) Aspergillus flavus cannot be used to prepared fermented food for the above reasons.

22) You find a beautiful tall, white mushroom with a well-defined annulus, veil, and volva, especially in the "button stage," You most likely have found which of the following?

A) Amanita muscaria.

B) Psilocybe cubensis.

C) Agaricus bisporus.

D) Amanita virosa.

E) Lentinus edodes.

23) The following compounds are matched correctly with their effect except one. Choose the exception.

A) cyclosporin :: immunosuppression

B) lovastatin :: lowers LDL

C) amatoxin :: gangrene; hallucinations

D) ergometrine :: vasoconstriction; smooth muscle cramping

E) muscimol :: epilepsy-like seizures; hallucinations

24) Which of the following compounds has its effect by blocking the synthesis of mRNA?

A) aflatoxins

B) lovastatin

C) amatoxins

D) ergometrine

E) muscimol

25) What organ is most affected by amatoxins?

A) heart

B) lungs

C) kidney

D) liver

E) pancreas

26) Which of the following is correct about ergotism?

A) People infected invariably die.

B) Chronic poisoning can lead to gangrenous poisoning.

C) Acute ergotism cannot be caused by contaminated bread.

D) The sclerotia contain only a few secondary metabolites.

E) All of the above are correct.

27) Called by the Aztecs Teonanacatl, this sacred mushroom is of the genus ________.

A) Galerina

B) Amanita

C) Psilocybe

D) Agaricus

E) Conocybe

28) Which among the following provides the best treatment for ringworm?

A) streptomycin

B) griseofulvin

C) cyclosporin

D) simvastatin

E) cephalosporin

29) Preparations made from ergot can be used to affect all of the following except one. Choose the exception.

A) prevent transplant rejection

B) induce abortions

C) aid in childbirth

D) treat migraine headaches

E) induce hallucinations

30) Candida albicans is the causal agent for all of the following except one. Choose the exception.

A) vaginal yeast infection

B) diaper rash

C) thrush

D) ringworm

E) invasive candidiasis

31) Which of the following is not correct?

A) Many scientists believe that fungi still contain a wealth of novel compounds yet to be discovered.

B) Cyclosporin A, a metabolite isolated from Tolypocladium inflatum, was the "wonder drug of the '70s."

C) Cyclosporin A is used for many organ transplants.

D) Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that were originally isolated from fungi.

E) All of the above are correct.

32) Chintu, a chicken farmer, complained to her doctor about shortness of breath. The doctor diagnosed her with tuberculosis. But soon after the diagnosis, the infection became systemic, spreading to other organs. She later died from the infection. Chintu probably did not have tuberculosis. She likely had which of the following?

A) Tinea pedis

B) coccidioidomycosis

C) histoplasmosis

D) ergotism

E) candidiasis

33) The most common of the opportunistic fungi is which of the following genera?

A) Coccidioides

B) Aspergillus

C) Candida

D) Cladosporium

E) Trichophyton

34) The following fungi are correctly matched with their type of mycoses except one. Choose the exception.

A) Microsporum :: systemic

B) Canidia :: superficial

C) Histoplasma :: systemic

D) Trichophyton :: superficial

E) Aspergillus :: systemic

35) Which of the following is one of the most common allergenic fungi?

A) Coccidioides

B) Aspergillus

C) Candida

D) Alternaria

E) Trichophyton

36) Seth the secretary works in one of the oldest buildings in the city. Lately, Seth has been suffering from burning eyes, dizziness, tightness of breath, and headaches. Most likely Seth the secretary has which of the following?

A) tinea pedis

B) sick building syndrome

C) histoplasmosis

D) ergotism

E) candidiasis

37) Which of the following historical events may be associated with ergotism?

A) It may have affected Czar Peter the Great in his attempt to invade Turkey.

B) It may have contributed to the hysteria around the Salem witch trials.

C) It may have played a role in the peasant's collective panic around the French Revolution.

D) All of the above may be correct.

E) None of the above is correct.

38) Living in water-damaged indoor areas and producing potent mycotoxins is the fungus called ________.

A) Coccidioides

B) Aspergillus

C) Stachybotrys

D) Alternaria

E) Trichophyton

39) St. Anthony's fire or the "dancing mania" was probably caused by ingesting which of the following?

A) psilocybin mushrooms

B) fly agaric

C) ergoted grain

D) Amanita virosa

E) Aspergillus spores

40) Which of the following is the most potent psychoactive drug known?

A) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

B) THC

C) Psilocybin

D) Heroin

E) Cocaine

41) Which of the following contains a hallucinogen that can pass through the kidneys unaltered?

A) Atropa belladonna

B) Lophophora williamsii

C) Cannabis sativa

D) Amanita muscaria

E) Papaver somniferum

42) An unusual intoxicant (ibotenic acid), which is excreted by the kidneys unaltered and for this reason has been used with ritual urine drinking, is which of the following?

A) muscimol

B) mescaline

C) psilocybin

D) atropine

E) tannins

43) A ring-like membrane on the stalk of a mushroom is called a(n) ________.

A) gill

B) scale

C) volva

D) annulus

E) mycelium

44) Coccidioides immitis is the cause of which of the following?

A) histoplasmosis

B) candidiasis

C) athlete's foot

D) valley fever

E) ringworm

45) The amatoxins are:

A) protoplasmic toxins

B) neurotoxins

C) gastrointestinal irritants

D) mycotoxins

E) non-toxic

46) Which of the following is not a benefit of statin drugs?

A) They are effective in preventing strokes.

B) Statins reduce coronary artery inflammation, which is a major cause of heart attacks.

C) Statins reduce the risk of colon cancer in combination when combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

D) Statins may lower the risk of Alzheimer's.

E) Statins may lower the risk of breast cancer.

47) Which of the following genera is a sacred mushroom among the native tribes of Mexico and Central America?

A) Amanita

B) Psilocybe

C) Penicillium

D) Claviceps

E) Aspergillus

48) The fungus which infects rye plants and is a source of lysergic acid is known as ________.

49) Tinea pedis is better known as ________.

50) Griseofulvin is an antibiotic that is used to treat ________ diseases.

51) Fungal toxins produced by the hyphae of common molds are called ________.

52) ________ are fungi that parasitize outer layers of the body, such as skin, hair, and nails.

53) Common saprobes that can cause systemic infections in immune-compromised patients are called ________ pathogens.

54) It has been suggested that the consumption of ________ grain may have caused the hysteria that led to the Salem witch trials in 1692.

55) Statin drugs were originally developed to reduce ________ levels and are now being hailed as new wonder drugs.

56) During the Middle Ages, ergotism was called ________.

57) Penicillin production today comes from Penicillium chrysogenum originally isolated from a moldy ________.

58) ________ was first isolated from contaminated animal feed that caused Turkey X Disease.

59) Inhalation of ________ from the spores of Stachybotrys was implicated in the death of infants from pulmonary hemorrhage.

60) This partial veil is a membrane that covers the ________ during mushroom development.

61) A ringworm infection occurring on the scalp is called ________.

62) Psilocybin and psilocin are also known as "magic mushrooms" in the genus Psilocybe.

63) Ibotenic acid, the major toxin of Amanita muscaria, the fly agaric, is converted into muscimol, which produces psychoactive effects on humans.

64) Statin drugs act as inhibitors to one of the enzymes necessary for cholesterol synthesis in the body.

65) Poisonous mushrooms always have an annulus and volva.

66) Pravastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin are all derived from the fermentation process of the fungus Aspergillus aquaticus.

67) LSD affects midbrain activity by interfering with the action of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

68) LSD is associated with ergot of rye.

69) Cladosporium and Alternaria are common allergenic fungi.

70) In many instances, both poisonous and edible species of mushroom occur within a single genus.

71) Antibiotics have ended the threat of all bacterial diseases.

72) The majority of mushrooms are safe for human consumption, although they may not be very palatable.

73) The genus Amanita contains deadly amatoxins, even though a few species in the genus are actually edible.

74) Antidotes are available for amatoxins.