Ch19 – Trilobites & Myriapods | Test Bank – 18e

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Student name:__________

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) The term "myriapod" includes

A) all arthropods, gastropods, and brachiopods.
B) just the millipedes and centipedes.
C) insects and their ancestors.
D) all arthropods except arachnids and crustaceans.
E) centipedes, millipedes, pauropods and symphylans but not insects.

2) The arthropods

A) make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals.
B) are more widely and more densely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals.
C) are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems.
D) are limited in size and generally are smaller than 60 centimeters in length.
E) All of the choices are correct.

3) Arthropods are

A) carnivorous.
B) herbivorous.
C) omnivorous.
D) both carnivorous and herbivorous.
E) All of the choices are correct.

4) Arthropods are successful because they have

A) a very efficient respiratory system.
B) highly developed sensory organs.
C) reduced competition through metamorphosis.
D) a protective exoskeleton that allows both protection and mobility.
E) All of the choices are correct.

5) The correct order for layers of ectoskeleton from outside to inside is

A) endocuticle-epicuticle-exocuticle.
B) endocuticle-exocuticle-epicuticle.
C) exocuticle-endocuticle-epicuticle.
D) epicuticle-exocuticle-endocuticle.
E) exocuticle-epicuticle-endocuticle.

6) What makes the shell of a lobster so hard?

A) It contains chitin which is hard and inflexible.
B) The procuticle is impregnated with calcium salts.
C) It is due solely to a tanning process.
D) The procuticle and epicuticle are laminated.
E) The shell protein contains more lipid.

7) Trilobites exist today as

A) freshwater dwellers.
B) terrestrial crustaceans.
C) aquatic insects.
D) horseshoe crabs.
E) fossils only; they are all extinct.

8) Chelicerate arthropods possess

A) pedipalps.
B) antennae.
C) mandibles.
D) three pairs of walking legs.
E) All of the choices are chelicerate features.

9) Eurypterids

A) resembled insects.
B) are extinct.
C) are called sea spiders.
D) were very small aquatic scorpions.
E) were huge ancient scorpions that wandered on land.

10) Horseshoe crabs

A) are, like their relatives the trilobites and eurypterids, now extinct.
B) are poisonous to humans.
C) live in freshwater habitats.
D) have a long, spine-like telson.
E) are adult forms of trilobites.

11) Sea spiders

A) are extinct.
B) feed on fluids of soft-bodied animals such as cnidarians.
C) resemble crustaceans.
D) have an unusually large abdomen.
E) are marine arachnid spiders.

12) You could collect a sea spider

A) as an ectoparasite on a whale.
B) grazing in kelp beds.
C) from intertidal zones to over 6000 meters deep, especially in polar waters.
D) as an endoparasite in the gut of echinoderms.
E) in underwater webs in coral reefs.

13) Members of the class Arachnida have

A) a cephalothorax and abdomen.
B) antennae.
C) mandibles.
D) five pairs of walking legs.
E) All of the choices are arachnid features.

14) Spiders and insects have an excretory system composed of

A) permeable surface cuticle.
B) enclosed book lungs.
C) flame cells.
D) green glands.
E) malpighian tubules.

15) The excretory system of insects and spiders works by

A) excreting wastes across the digestive system membrane.
B) active transport of just the waste molecules across the tubules.
C) transport of all ions and solutes across the tubule and retrieval of water and useful ions in the rectum.
D) excretion of only ions and wastes in the rectum.
E) packaging and sealing off toxic wastes until the organism dies.

16) How do spiders eat?

A) A spider mashes and manipulates food with its fangs so it can be swallowed whole.
B) Food is soaked into silk threads which are then consumed.
C) Food is partly digested externally and the nutritive juices are sucked into the stomach.
D) Food is stored in a crop and ground up in a gizzard.
E) Food is swallowed whole.

17) Spiders breathe by means of

A) gills.
B) diffusion across the soft cuticle.
C) an extensive system of tracheae more complex than is found in insects.
D) book lungs or primitive tracheae.
E) coxal glands.

18) Spider silk

A) is very strong but cannot be stretched without breaking.
B) is onlyproduced by those orb web spiders that form webs to catch insects.
C) is formed as solid coiled threads internally that can be uncoiled and used whenever needed.
D) is used differently by different spider species.
E) All of the choices are correct.

19) Which arachnid has a bite or sting that is neurotoxic and causes paralysis?

A) Scorpion
B) Brown recluse spider
C) Black widow spider
D) All arachnids have such a toxin.
E) No arachnid has a dangerous neurotoxic bite.

20) A male spider inseminates a female spider by

A) normal abdomen to abdomen mating.
B) external fertilization where a male spider dances a female over a spermatophore packet.
C) injecting sperm with his pedipalps and then rapidly retreating before being eaten.
D) transferring sperm via silk.
E) avoiding the dangerous female spider altogether and fertilizing the eggs after they are laid in an egg case.

21) Scorpions

A) feed during the day.
B) are most common in the temperate areas of the world.
C) are docile animals that, in spite of their reputation, cannot harm humans.
D) are sensitive to surface waves produced by movement on the ground.
E) All of the choices are correct.

22) Which is NOT a correct association of scorpion structures and functions?

A) Pectines—tactile organs to explore the ground
B) Spermatophore—a packet of sperm
C) Chelicerae—large six-jointed pincers
D) Cephalothorax—bears the appendages
E) Postabdomen—bears a tail with sting

23) For scorpions, mating is particularly risky for the male since the female can eat the male. Therefore, the male scorpion

A) uses the same procedure as male spiders.
B) holds the females pincers in a "dance" position, deposits a spermatophore on the ground and dances her over it.
C) transfers a spermatophore from between his body segments directly into hers.
D) fertilizes her by hypodermic insemination where the sperm is injected inside her body cavity.
E) still uses regular mating since this copulatory position keeps her facing away safely.

24) The Acari

A) have a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen.
B) are of great economic and medical importance.
C) are a limited and well known order of about 2,000 species.
D) are all terrestrial.
E) All of the choices are correct.

25) The mites and ticks carry their mouthparts on a little anterior projection called the

A) hypostome.
B) rostrum.
C) capitulum.
D) pedipalp.
E) pectin.

26) Scabies mite ( Sarcoptes scabei) infections

A) are harmless and live in human hair follicles.
B) cause intense itching.
C) are the causative agent of "chiggers."
D) are fatal infections because they carry Lyme disease.
E) are fatal infections because they carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

27) What carries the bacteria that cause Lyme disease?

A) Dermacentor
B) Boophilus annulatus
C) Trombicula
D) Demodex
E) Ixodes

28) As the arthropod ancestors underwent "arthropodization,"

A) their circulatory system became closed.
B) their hemocoel took on a new function as a hydrostatic skeleton.
C) there was an expansion of surfaces for respiration and excretion.
D) Intersegmental septa became unnecessary.
E) a closed circulatory system became necessary.

29) Centipedes

A) are herbivorous.
B) have poison claws.
C) have five pairs of legs.
D) use gills for respiration.
E) are parthenogenetic and always oviparous.

30) The millipedes

A) bear two pairs of legs on most body segments.
B) are very beneficial because they feed on insects.
C) are more active than centipedes because they have more legs.
D) have flattened bodies in contrast to centipedes.
E) lack spiracles and tracheae and therefore differ from centipedes.

31) Reproduction in millipedes is

A) external in moist moss or soil.
B) internal and the young are born live.
C) internal and the eggs are abandoned under rocks and rotting logs.
D) internal and eggs are laid in a nest and guarded by the female.
E) by asexual segmentation.

32) You are given a large tropical millipede to raise in a humid terrarium lined with soil and leaf litter. What should you feed it?

A) Insects
B) Sliced apples and dead soft plant tissues
C) Freshly cut wood
D) Fresh meat or dog food
E) All of the choices would be food for a millipede.

33) You would be most likely to find a pauropod if you examined

A) the fur of a mammal, since they are parasites.
B) under a rock in a stream.
C) moist soil, leaf litter, or decaying debris.
D) inside the juicy tissues of a host plant.
E) an intertidal pool.

34) Pauropods lack

A) eyes.
B) tracheae.
C) a circulatory system.
D) spiracles.
E) All of the choices are lacking in pauropods.

35) You find a white, soft-bodied myriapod in the soil in a flower pot. It has long antennae but lacks eyes and fang-like claws. It most likely is a

A) pauropod.
B) symphylan.
C) centipede.
D) millipede.
E) None of the choices is correct.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
36) Groups of segments fused or combined into functional groups are called __________.

37) The tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide in the cuticle of arthropods is __________.

38) Members of the subphylum __________ were abundant during the Cambrian period.

39) Male sea spiders have a subsidiary pair of legs called __________ on which they carry developing eggs.

40) Most spiders feed on __________.

41) The excretory system of spiders and insects is a structure known as __________ tubules.

42) Two poisonous spiders in the United States that are dangerous to humans are the black widow and the brown __________.

43) Another name for the harvestman is __________ longlegs.

44) Acarines differ from all other arachnids in having complete fusion of the __________ and abdomen.

45) The parasitic or micropredatory arachnids belong to the order __________.

46) Some mites, such as __________ mites from the family Tetranychidae, are very destructive to plants.

47) Tactile organs on the ventral side of scorpions are __________.

48) During mating in spiders, the male inserts his __________ into the genital opening of the female.

49) During the process of "arthropodization," the role of the coelomic compartments as a __________ skeleton was lost.

50) Four classes of myriapods are Chilopoda, Pauropoda, Symphyla and __________.

51) Many millipedes defend themselves by secreting toxic or repellant fluids from __________ glands.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
52) The exoskeleton is a "suit of armor" with muscles attached from inside. Yet the exoskeleton must be periodically shed. Imagine that a spider is going through such a shed. Describe the layers of the exoskeleton and the process of molting for that spider.

53) There are animal groups that have smaller individuals than arthropods and they have a few hundred or a few thousand species. And there are animal groups that contain much larger organisms, and they have a few hundred or a few thousand species. Why do the intermediate-sized arthropods have over a million species?

54) Why is the formation of the cuticular exoskeleton with jointed appendages considered central to the success of arthropod diversity?

55) What features constitute "arthropodization" and what evidence exists that these features evolved once rather than several times independently?

56) What is the evolutionary significance of arthropodization? Aren't tetrapods such as humans as successful as arthropods? Explain your reasoning.

57) The arthropodan cuticle is not entirely hardened. Why not? Include reasons forthe need to be mobile and flexible in your answer.

58) Arthropodan cephalization is pronounced. Would this have anything to do with tagmatization? If an organism is highly cephalized does it always exhibit tagmatization? If an organism exhibits tagmatization, is it always highly cephalized?

59) Outline the apparent reasons why arthropods have achieved such incredible diversity and abundance.

60) Discuss the Importance of the exoskeleton to a Spider. What does it allow the spider to accomplish, and how would the spider be vulnerable without a hardened exoskeleton?

61) How does a small organism such as a beetle retard water loss? Discuss both structural and physiological mechanisms.

62) There is a hypothesis that euryterid predation on early fish induced the selection for armor in these vertebrates. What kind of evidence would you require to show that there might be a causation here, rather than just a correlation in the fossil record?

63) What is the evidence that suggests pycnogonids are more closely related to crustaceans than to other arthropods? Why is this evidence contrary to molecular evidence that suggests otherwise?

64) Discuss the ecological position of the spiders as a group.

65) Discuss the importance of cuticular mechanoreceptors in the spiders.

66) You are fortunate to be able to observe a garden spider on campus. You note the large spinnerets at the end of her abdomen. Another student wonders about the use of silk by the spider. Explain the different purposes for which this spider might use her silk.

67) Why are the Opiliones considered to be in a clade with the scorpions and not so closely aligned with the Acari?

68) Describe the bite of the chigger mite. How long are the nymphs actually attached, and why is it that some people have such intense reactions to their bites yet others have none?

69) Discuss features of ticks that make them such excellent vectors of human arthropod-borne diseases.

70) Do you believe our current understanding of the phylogeny of the arthropods is the correct one? Why or why not?