Ch.2 Test Bank Theories Of Human Development

Chapter 2: Theories of Human Development

1. Question: _____ provide(s) a framework for the study of human development that furthers scientific vision and stimulates the application of science for public policy and social programs.

Choices:

a. Experiments

b. Theories

c. Research

d. Ethical guidelines

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Theories and Theoretical Models of Human Development

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____’s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up.

Choices:

a. Hall

b. Freud

c. Bandura

d. Hawthorne

Cognitive domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Maturationist Theory

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____ presented a model that emphasized the challenges and tasks presented across one’s lifespan as key to understanding human development.

Choices:

a. Freud

b. Erikson

c. Watson

d. Piaget

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____ emphasized the importance of observational learning, but _____ suggested that behavior is the result of consequences experienced.

Choices:

a. Erikson, Watson

b. Bandura, Piaget

c. Piaget, Watson

d. Bandura, Skinner

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Behaviorism Theory

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____’s theory of _____ development describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally.

Choices:

a. Vygotsky, social learning

b. Vygotsky, sociocultural

c. Piaget, cognitive

d. Watson, behavioral

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question type: MC

1. Question: The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social environment most closely coincides with _____’s theory of development, indicating that development is inseparable from social and cultural life.

Choices:

a. Bronfenbrenner

b. Piaget

c. Vygotsky

d. Bandura

Cognitive domain: Application

Answer location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Question type: MC

1. Question: To obtain a comprehensive view of a specific situation, _____ researchers may engage in observations and collect verbatim or narrative data.

Choices:

a. historical

b. experimental

c. quantitative

d. qualitative

Cognitive domain: Application

Answer location: Research Observation

Question type: MC

1. Question: Conducting behavioral research in a controlled, laboratory-type setting has its drawbacks. An example of a limitation to this type of research is _____.

Choices:

a. maturation

b. the Hawthorne effect

c. the Rosenthal effect

d. mortality

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Research Observation

Question type: MC

1. Question: Experimentation is different from other types of research because it seeks to establish _____ through direct _____ of one or more variables.

Choices:

a. causation, manipulation

b. correlation, observation

c. causation, observation

d. validity, manipulation

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Research Design: The Experiment

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____ research is an example of _____ research in which the characteristics being investigated are measured simultaneously across different age groups.

Choices:

a. Cross-sectional, descriptive

b. Longitudinal, descriptive

c. Cross-sectional, correlational

d. Case study, experimental

Cognitive domain: Application

Answer location: Cross-Sectional Research

Question type: MC

1. Question: Which of the following was not one of the major ethical principles of the Belmont Report?

Choices:

a. Beneficence

b. Autonomy

c. Respect for persons

d. Justice

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: World Opinion

Question type: MC

1. Question: According to the psychosexual theory of development, during the _____ stage children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.

Choices:

a. latent

b. phallic

c. genital

d. anal

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development (Table 2.1)

Question type: MC

1. Question: According to the psychosocial theory of development, during this stage the positive outcomes foster purpose and direction while negative outcomes encourage inhibition.

Choices:

a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

b. industry vs. inferiority

c. initiative vs. guilt

d. intimacy vs. isolation

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (Table 2.2)

Question type: MC

1. Question: Which of the psychosocial stages of development involves a positive outcome of wisdom and a negative outcome of disdain?

Choices:

a. identity vs. role confusion

b. generativity vs. stagnation

c. integrity vs. despair

d. trust vs. mistrust

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (Table 2.2)

Question type: MC

1. Question: Which stage of cognitive development is marked by a child’s ability to employ logic, only with tangible objects and problems?

Choices:

a. preoperational

b. concrete operational

c. sensorimotor

d. formal operational

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (Table 2.3)

Question type: MC

1. Question: A result of _____ interactions could be that children whose parents have rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relationships with their friends or peers.

Choices:

a. exosystem

b. chronosystem

c. mesosystem

d. macrosystem

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (Table 2.4)

Question type: MC

1. Question: Which of the following is a strength of survey research?

Choices:

a. Surveys can be administered from remote locations.

b. Participants are inclined to respond to questions they perceive as relevant and meaningful.

c. The researcher must ensure that a large number of the selected sample responds to the survey.

d. The method and the tool must remain unchanged throughout data collection.

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research (Table 2.5)

Question type: MC

1. Question: Which of the following is a challenge of laboratory research?

Choices:

a. Experiments can be replicated.

b. The quantitative data collected by experiments can be analyzed using inferential statistics.

c. Grouping people together limits the researcher’s ability to look at individuals’ specificities.

d. Experiments can establish cause-effect relationships.

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Strengths and Limitations of Laboratory Research (Table 2.6)

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____ posited that during the first 6 years of life, children develop ways to resolve conflicts between the desire for pleasure and the demands of reality.

Choices:

a. Hall

b. Bronfenbrenner

c. Piaget

d. Freud

Cognitive domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Psychoanalytic Theories

Question type: MC

1. Question: _____’s _____ model argued that behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus would be more likely to recur and endure than that followed by a punishing consequence.

Choices:

a. Bandura, operant conditioning

b. Skinner, operant conditioning

c. Pavlov, classical conditioning

d. Watson, observational learning

Cognitive domain: Application

Answer location: Behaviorism Theory

Question type: MC

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Behaviorism Theory

Question type: TF

1. Question: The condition of creating new schema is called assimilation.

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question type: TF

1. Question: Vygotsky maintained that children actively construct their knowledge.

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Question type: TF

1. Question: Watson emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development.

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Behaviorism Theory

Question type: TF

Cognitive domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question type: TF

1. Question: The Ecological Systems Theory developed by Albert Bandura has influenced developmental psychologists throughout the world.

Cognitive domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Ecological System Theory

Question type: TF

1. Question: In an experiment, the variable being manipulated is called the dependent variable.

Cognitive domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Research Design: The Experiment

Question type: TF

1. Question: A natural experiment is not considered a true experiment because the researcher is not able to manipulate or control the variables.

Cognitive domain: Application

Answer location: Natural Experiments

Question type: TF

1. Question: Describe the major principles of the Belmont Report.

Principle 1: Respect for persons—Treat individuals as autonomous agents and protect

persons with diminished autonomy.

Principle 2: Beneficence—Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.

Principle 3: Justice—Distribute the risks and potential benefits of research equally among

those who may benefit from the research.

Cognitive domain: Comprehension

Answer location: World Opinion

Question type: SA

1. Question: Discuss four areas that counselors should consider when determining how scholarly they are on the job and how they can apply this knowledge to optimize their job performance.

Cognitive domain: Application

Answer location: Research Contributing to a Counselor’s Identity

Question type: SA

1. Question: Explain the concept of self-efficacy as it compares/contrasts with Behavioral Theory.

Cognitive domain: Analysis

Answer location: Behaviorism Theory

Question type: SA