Ch2 Rocks and Solid Earth – Full Test Bank | Edition 8

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Foundations of Earth Science, 8e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa)

Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth

2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture ________.

A) contains many small holes, like Swiss cheese

B) must be intrusive

C) must be course grained

D) appears glassy

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

2) An igneous rock that cools rapidly is likely to have ________ crystals.

A) small

B) medium-sized

C) large

D) pink

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

3) Which one of the following is an igneous rock?

A) limestone

B) rhyolite

C) slate

D) quartz

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

4) Which one of the following is a sedimentary rock?

A) limestone

B) rhyolite

C) slate

D) quartz

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

5) Which one of the following is a metamorphic rock?

A) limestone

B) rhyolite

C) slate

D) quartz

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

6) Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture.

A) fine-grained

B) coarse-grained

C) glassy

D) porphyritic

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

7) Magma that might have cooled slowly to produce a diorite is instead erupted at Earth's surface. It would chill rapidly and produce a(n) ________.

A) rhyolite

B) andesite

C) basalt

D) granite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

8) Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?

A) fine-grained

B) coarse-grained

C) glassy

D) porphyritic

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

9) Granite is ________.

A) fine-grained and dominated olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar crystals

B) coarse-grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals

C) coarse-grained and dominated by olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar crystals

D) fine-grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

10) To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?

A) melting and recooling, followed by crystallization

B) chemical reactions under conditions of elevated temperature or pressure

C) weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification

D) impact by a meteorite

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle

Focus/Concepts: 2.1

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

11) Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.

A) in a warm, wet climate

B) in a cold, dry climate

C) in a warm, dry climate

D) deep beneath a mountain range

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

12) A crystal of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) will produce a variety of weathering products after it is weathered. Which of the following is not a product that results from the weathering of potassium feldspar?

A) silica

B) potassium ions

C) clay minerals

D) iron oxides

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

13) ________ is a weak acid that reacts to the mineral calcite.

A) Carbonic acid

B) Nitric acid

C) Sulfuric acid

D) Acetic acid

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

14) Which kind of rocks may contain fossils?

A) igneous

B) sedimentary

C) metamorphic

D) minerals

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

15) Most rock outcrops (about 75% of the total) are ________.

A) igneous

B) sedimentary

C) metamorphic

D) fossil-bearing

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

16) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified and named principally on the basis of ________.

A) grain size

B) location

C) rock color

D) composition

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

17) Which rock type is most likely to have been deposited in a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)?

A) conglomerate

B) shale

C) chert

D) microcrystalline limestone

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

18) The skeletal remains of plankton make up the sedimentary rock ________.

A) flint

B) breccia

C) travertine

D) chalk

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

19) Which of the following rock types represents the highest grade of metamorphism?

A) slate

B) phyllite

C) schist

D) gneiss

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

20) Regional metamorphism occurs during ________.

A) intrusion of magma

B) mountain building

C) sheeting of exposed plutons of granite

D) chemical weathering of limestone in caves

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

21) Limestone is dominated by the mineral ________.

A) quartz

B) calcite

C) gypsum

D) hematite

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

22) Which of the following is the parent rock of marble?

A) sandstone

B) basalt

C) granite

D) limestone

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

23) Coal primarily comprises ________.

A) rocks

B) crystals

C) inorganic matter

D) organic matter

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

24) Mud cracks and ripple marks are common features of ________.

A) sedimentary rocks

B) igneous rocks

C) metamorphic rocks

D) minerals

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 2.1 Earth's rocks and other materials provide a record of its history.

25) ________ and ________ are the most common forms of lithification.

A) Fossilization; fragmentation

B) Partial melting; decompression melting

C) Compaction; cementation

D) Weathering; erosion

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

26) Which of the following is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?

A) conglomerate

B) marble

C) gneiss

D) slate

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

27) Granite and gabbro have a similar ________.

A) composition

B) course-grained texture

C) fine-grained texture

D) vesicular appearance

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

28) Obsidian is characterized by its ________ texture.

A) course-grained

B) fine-grained

C) vesicular

D) glassy

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

29) ________ is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater, and this mildly reactive substance aids chemical weathering.

A) Carbonic acid

B) Hydrochloric acid

C) Clay

D) Limestone

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

30) Before sedimentary rock can be formed, sediment must be produced (weathered from preexisting rocks), transported, deposited, and ________.

A) eroded

B) melted

C) lithified

D) dissolved

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

31) In contact metamorphism, ________ is the dominant agent of change.

A) acid

B) water

C) pressure

D) heat

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 3.7 Changes in part of one system can cause new changes to that system or to other systems, often in surprising and complex ways.

32) The rock ________ is a description of how one rock may be transformed into another kind of rock through various internal and external processes.

A) formation

B) chart

C) cycle

D) group

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle

Focus/Concepts: 2.1

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

33) A detrital sedimentary rock dominated by sand is a ________.

A) limestone

B) conglomerate

C) siltstone

D) sandstone

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

34) Which of the following is a chemical sedimentary rock?

A) travertine

B) coquina

C) coal

D) sandstone

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

35) Layers in sedimentary rocks are called ________.

A) foliation

B) deposits

C) beds

D) striations

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

36) A detrital sedimentary rock with large angular fragments is called a(n) ________.

A) shale

B) conglomerate

C) arkose sandstone

D) breccia

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

37) Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of ________ sedimentary rocks.

A) biochemical

B) chemical

C) organic

D) detrital

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

38) Exfoliation domes are formed from which of the following processes?

A) sheeting

B) oxidation

C) melting

D) metamorphism

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

39) Which of the following is not an agent of metamorphism?

A) differential stress

B) dissolution

C) heat

D) confining pressure

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 3.7 Changes in part of one system can cause new changes to that system or to other systems, often in surprising and complex ways.

40) Confining pressure results from the ________ of rocks.

A) uplift

B) erosion

C) melting

D) burial

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 3.7 Changes in part of one system can cause new changes to that system or to other systems, often in surprising and complex ways.

41) The reason we see so much mud and sand along the shore of the land is that clay minerals and quartz are ________ at Earth's surface.

A) stable

B) unstable

C) abundant

D) exposed

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

2.2 Matching Questions

Match the following items with the correct descriptions.

A) Reactions that take place, often facilitated by water, to create new products, mainly clay minerals, which are stable at Earth's surface

B) A substance that forms when carbon dioxide in the air combines with water. It is an important agent of chemical weathering.

C) When water freezes, it expands in volume. Water-filled cracks can be enlarged when this new ice exerts outward pressure on the walls of the fracture.

D) The reaction of a substance (often a metal ion) with oxygen. Rust is an example.

E) Pressure that is equal in every direction, such as results from the burial of sediments.

F) The expansion of rocks that formed under high confining pressure, once they are uplifted and exposed at Earth's surface produce fractures that are broadly curved and parallel to the land surface.

G) Pressure that is unequal in different directions, such as results from the convergence of tectonic plates (mountain-building).

H) The breaking of rock into smaller pieces.

1) Differential stress

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

2)Confining pressure

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

3) Frost wedging

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

4) Sheeting

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

5) Oxidation

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

6) Carbonic acid

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

7) Mechanical weathering

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

8) Chemical weathering

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 3.6 Earth's systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

Answers: 1) G 2) E 3) C 4) F 5) D 6) B 7) H 8) A

Match the corresponding characteristics with the correct igneous rock.

A) course-grained, mafic composition

B) glassy texture

C) ultramafic composition

D) vesicular texture

E) course-grained, felsic composition

F) fine-grained, felsic composition

G) intermediate composition

H) fine-grained, mafic composition

9) Obsidian

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

10) Granite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

11) Basalt

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

12) Pumice

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

13) Peridotite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

14) Rhyolite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

15) Diorite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

16) Gabbro

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

Answers: 9) B 10) E 11) H 12) D 13) C 14) F 15) G 16) A

Match the textural term to the correct rock.

A) nonfoliated rock with large calcite crystals

B) coarse-grained rock containing plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar, and hornblende

C) biochemical rock comprising shells made from calcite

D) pyroclastic rock with particles less than 4 mm in diameter

E) coarse-grained rock with large angular particles cemented with mud

F) foliated rock exhibiting banding

17) Marble

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

18) Breccia

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: nApplying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

19) Tuff

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

20) Granite

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

21) Coquina

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

22) Gneiss

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

Answers: 17) A 18) E 19) D 20) B 21) C 22) F

2.3 Essay Questions

1) Discuss how the following variables influence the rate of weathering: mineral content, climate, and topography.

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

2) What is the source of energy that transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks? What is the source of energy that transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks? What is the source of energy that transforms metamorphic rocks into igneous rocks? Are these sources of energy internal or external? Explain.

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

3) Why would intrusive rocks chemically weather more quickly than extrusive rocks? Why would mafic rocks chemically weather more easily than felsic rocks?

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

4) Consider the history of a single crystal of quartz. Describe how could this quartz grain could (a) form in a granite, (b) become incorporated into a sandstone, and (c) be transformed into a quartzite? Explain the processes which act on the quartz crystal and the transformations it experiences. Detail the processes which would take place along each portion of this journey.

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

5) Olivine is often found in ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks, but not felsic. Explain why you wouldn't expect to find olivine form inside a granite or rhyolite.

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

6) Consider a sample of porphyritic andesite, which is common in Pacific Rim volcanoes. Speculate how this sample may have formed (simply defining porphyritic isn't enough, be specific).

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

7) Both sedimentary and metamorphic rocks exhibit layering. Explain how the layers develop for each rock type and give the name for the layering.

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle

Focus/Concepts: 2.1

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

8) Discuss the differences between contact and regional metamorphism.

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

9) Compare and contrast a high-energy environment to a low-energy environment. For each environment, cite an example of a common rock type and assess how it may form.

Diff: 4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.4 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.4

ESLI: 4.8 Weathered and unstable rock materials erode from some parts of Earth's surface and are deposited in others.

10) Quartzite and marble are nonfoliated metamorphic rocks with similar appearances, which often confuse introductory geology students. Devise an experiment to differentiate between these two samples.

Diff: 4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G9

Section: 2.5 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old

Focus/Concepts: 2.5

ESLI: 1.3 Earth science investigations take many different forms.

2.4 Visual Questions

1) Examine the rock sample here. Did it form at or below Earth's surface? How do you know?

A) It formed at the surface, because of its color (composition).

B) It formed at the surface, because of its texture (grain size).

C) It formed below the surface, because of its color (composition).

D) It formed below the surface, because of its texture (grain size).

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

2) In general, which of the statements below best describes what happens in terms of composition as crystallization proceeds down the Bowen's reaction series (shown in the figure)?

A) The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as andesite and granite. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in and basalt.

B) The early-formed carbonates are enriched in calcium and carbonate, resulting in such rocks as limestone. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed carbonates are enriched in fossils, resulting in fossiliferous limestone and coquina.

C) The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in andesite and granite.

D) The early-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in andesite and granite.

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2, G3

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

3) Consult the image that depicts Bowen's reaction series. What can be said of the temperature at which a granite crystallizes?

A) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 750° C.

B) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 900° C.

C) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 1200° C.

D) Nothing can be deduced from this chart about the crystallization temperature of any igneous rock.

Diff: 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"

Focus/Concepts: 2.2

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

4) What form of physical weathering is shown in this image?

A) frost wedging

B) sheeting

C) root wedging

D) hydrolysis

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.1 Earth's geosphere changes through geological, hydrological, physical, chemical, and biological processes that are explained by universal laws.

5) Label each process or set of processes (lettered arrows) and Earth materials (numbered boxes).

Diff: 1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

Global Sci Out: G2, G3

Section: 2.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle

Focus/Concepts: 2.1

ESLI: 4.1 Earth's geosphere changes through geological, hydrological, physical, chemical, and biological processes that are explained by universal laws.

6) Identify each photo with a material name. Explain the processes which would have to occur as each material is transformed (arrows) into other materials. Include a plausible "next step" to replace the big question mark at the end.

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle

Focus/Concepts: 2.1

ESLI: 4.6 Earth materials take many different forms as they cycle through the geosphere.

7) How are the two main categories of weathering represented in this image that shows human-made objects?

Diff: 3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating

Global Sci Out: G7

Section: 2.3 Weathering of Rocks to Form Sediment

Focus/Concepts: 2.3

ESLI: 4.1 Earth's geosphere changes through geological, hydrological, physical, chemical, and biological processes that are explained by universal laws.