Ch16 | Test Bank Docx – Nutritional Aspects Of Pregnancy And

Perspectives in Nutrition, A Functional Approach, 2e (Byrd)

Chapter 16 Nutritional Aspects of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

1) A characteristic of a favorable pregnancy outcome is ________.

A) a gestation period longer than 37 weeks

B) a live, healthy infant

C) an infant who weighs at least 5.5 pounds

D) All of these are characteristics of a successful pregnancy.

2) A low birth weight infant weighs ________.

A) less than 7.5 pounds

B) less than 7 pounds

C) less than 6 pounds

D) less than 5.5 pounds

3) The most appropriate time to focus on nutrition in regards to a healthy pregnancy is ________.

A) throughout childbearing years

B) immediately after conception

C) during the first trimester

D) during the second trimester

4) Infants born after 37 weeks' gestation and weighing less than 5.5 pounds are labeled ________.

A) healthy birth weight

B) premature

C) large for gestational age

D) small for gestational age

5) A small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant ________.

A) weighs less than 5.5 pounds

B) is likely to have nutritional complications

C) is likely to have medical complications

D) All of these choices are correct.

6) During the first two weeks after conception, the developing offspring is known as ________.

A) a zygote

B) an embryo

C) a fetus

D) an ovum

7) After the eighth week of pregnancy, the developing offspring is known as ________.

A) a zygote

B) an embryo

C) a fetus

D) an ovum

8) On average, a full-term infant at birth ________.

A) weighs 5 to 6 pounds and is about 18 inches long

B) weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long

C) weighs 8 to 9 pounds and is about 26 inches long

D) weighs 9 to 10 pounds and is about 22 inches long

9) About 1 in ________ pregnancies results in a spontaneous abortion, often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant.

A) 2

B) 3

C) 4

D) 5

10) Maternal nutrient deficiencies or exposure to toxins can cause ________ in the fetus.

A) toxic levels of nutrient stores

B) high birth weight

C) abnormal organ function

D) longer than normal gestation period

11) Excessive calorie intake during pregnancy can result in a fetus that ________.

A) has a high birth weight

B) suffers from cretinism

C) has decreased bone density

D) has thyroid disorders

12) Serious fetal malformations may occur when pregnant women consume very large doses of vitamin ________.

A) K

B) C

C) B-12

D) A

13) Neural tube defects may occur when women consume too little ________ before becoming pregnant.

A) iron

B) calcium

C) folate

D) zinc

14) The fetus receives most nourishment through ________.

A) the placenta

B) amniotic fluid

C) antibodies

D) meconium

15) Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta?

A) It provides nourishment to the zygote.

B) It synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycogen.

C) It produces hormones that affect the mother and fetus.

D) It grows throughout pregnancy.

16) The fetus accumulates most of its body fat and mineral stores ________.

A) during the first trimester

B) during the second trimester

C) during the third trimester

D) at any time during development

17) During the second trimester, a pregnant woman needs an average of an additional ________ kcal per day.

A) 100

B) 350

C) 450

D) 500

18) For pregnant woman, the RDA for protein increases by ________ over pre-pregnancy needs.

A) 10%

B) 15%

C) 20%

D) 50%

19) Severe zinc deficiencies during pregnancy can cause ________.

A) premature birth

B) fetal growth retardation

C) birth defects

D) All of these are effects of zinc deficiencies during pregnancy.

20) An increased requirement for ________ during pregnancy is partly due to its role in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A) vitamin E

B) vitamin K

C) folate

D) calcium

21) Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause ________.

A) premature birth

B) infant death

C) labor complications

D) All of these are effects of iron deficiency.

22) Physiological anemia that occurs during pregnancy ________.

A) is the same as iron deficiency anemia

B) is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B-12

C) occurs because the plasma expands more than the number of red blood cells

D) signals grave danger for the mother

23) The practice of eating non-food substances, such as clay or laundry starch, during pregnancy is called ________.

A) hyperemesis

B) pica

C) pregnancy-induced hunger

D) diuresis

24) Daily during pregnancy, women should try to ________.

A) drink 3 cups of milk or milk products

B) restrict nuts and dairy to prevent allergies for the newborn

C) minimize intake of strong-tasting vegetables to 1 serving

D) restrict their protein intake

25) Under what condition(s) is/are the use of nutrient supplements advisable?

A) adolescent pregnancy

B) multiple fetuses

C) poverty

D) inadequate maternal diet

E) All of these choices are accurate.

26) A pregnant woman who is a vegan likely needs to take ________ nutrient supplements.

A) vitamin E and riboflavin

B) calcium and iron

C) protein and vitamin A

D) thiamin and vitamin C

27) The RDA for iron during pregnancy increases greatly. To reach this level the pregnant woman may ________.

A) need to take a prenatal iron supplement

B) need to double or triple the number of multivitamin-mineral tablets taken every day

C) need to avoid cooking in iron cookware

D) need to decrease her intake of vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables which would lower the bioavailability of iron

28) Which condition increases the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome?

A) young maternal age

B) fasting during pregnancy

C) food contaminants

D) eating disorders

E) All of these responses are correct.

29) An infant's birth weight is closely related to ________.

A) the length of gestation

B) the mother's pre-pregnancy weight

C) the weight the mother gains during pregnancy

D) All of these choices are correct.

30) Obese pregnant women have an increased risk for ________.

A) low blood pressure

B) gestational diabetes

C) ketosis

D) inadequate placenta development

31) Women who begin pregnancy underweight have an increased risk for ________.

A) high blood pressure

B) gestational diabetes

C) ketosis

D) poor nutrient stores

32) Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women. They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to ________.

A) provide calories needed for the infant to be larger than normal at birth

B) avoid ketosis

C) meet both the fetal and mother's growth needs

D) All of these choices are accurate.

33) For the best pregnancy outcome, overweight women (BMI > 26 to 29) should ________.

A) not gain any weight during pregnancy

B) gain slightly more weight than women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight

C) gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy

D) lose at least 4 or 5 pounds during pregnancy

34) Which component of weight gain accounts for the greatest amount of increased weight during pregnancy?

A) Infant

B) Placenta

C) Amniotic fluid

D) Breast tissue

E) Maternal blood supply

35) Women who begin pregnancy at a normal BMI should gain about ________ pounds during pregnancy.

A) 15

B) 15 to 25

C) 25 to 35

D) 28 to 40

36) Women who begin pregnancy at a low BMI should gain about ________ pounds during pregnancy.

A) 15 to 25

B) 25 to 35

C) 28 to 40

D) 45 to 55

37) Which of these conditions indicates that a woman needs to pay particular attention to the quality of her diet during pregnancy?

A) eating disorders

B) phenylketonuria

C) diabetes

D) All of these choices are correct.

38) Which of the following factors may deplete a woman's nutrient stores?

A) numerous previous pregnancies

B) preterm births

C) pregnancies after age 35

D) pregnancies more than 3 years apart

39) Pregnancy-induced hypertension ________.

A) is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy

B) occurs because of the increase in maternal plasma that occurs during pregnancy

C) can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia

D) is also called hemodilution

E) None of these choices are correct.

40) A characteristic of preeclampsia is ________.

A) intense hunger

B) low blood pressure

C) strong feelings of thirst

D) blurred vision and headaches

41) Gestational diabetes ________.

A) is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy.

B) can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia.

C) is most common in women with a family history of diabetes.

D) All of these choices are correct.

42) To keep gestational diabetes under control, recommendations for pregnant women include ________.

A) regular exercise

B) eating high glycemic load carbohydrates through the day

C) taking chromium supplements

D) All of these choices are correct.

43) A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is ________.

A) a low-carbohydrate diet

B) fasting

C) smoking

D) All of these choices are accurate.

44) WIC serves low-income ________.

A) children up to the age of 5

B) newborns and infants

C) pregnant and breastfeeding mothers

D) All of these choices are accurate.

45) WIC aims to provide ________.

A) nutrition education

B) nutritional care

C) nutritious food

D) All of these choices are accurate.

46) Participation in WIC is associated with ________.

A) fewer infant deaths

B) lower birth weights

C) higher medical costs after birth

D) All of these choices are accurate.

47) The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can be fatal to the developing fetus. What foods are possible sources of this bacterium and should be avoided by pregnant women?

A) Pasteurized milk

B) Yogurt

C) Brie and blue-veined cheeses

D) All of these choices are accurate.

48) Heavy caffeine intake during pregnancy may ________.

A) decrease iron absorption

B) increase risk for spontaneous abortion 

C) increase risk for low birth weight

D) All of these choices are accurate.

49) Exposure to alcohol during fetal life may cause ________.

A) inadequate prenatal and infant growth

B) physical deformities

C) mental retardation

D) All of these choices are correct.

50) Decreased learning capacity in childhood has been linked to exposure to ________ during fetal life.

A) excessive calcium

B) alcohol

C) inadequate vitamin C

D) inadequate vitamin D

51) To avoid constipation, pregnant women should increase intake of ________.

A) milk and dairy products

B) whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits

C) sugars and starches

D) lean meat, poultry, and fish

52) Edema during late pregnancy is a problem if ________.

A) hypertension is detected

B) excess protein is found in the urine

C) extreme fluid retention occurs

D) All of these choices are correct.

E) None of these choices are correct.

53) To reduce heartburn symptoms, pregnant women should ________.

A) exercise right after meals

B) eat larger meals in the morning

C) limit caffeine and chocolate intake

D) All of these choices are correct.

54) To minimize nausea during pregnancy, pregnant women should ________.

A) wear strong perfume

B) drink a large glass of cool water before getting out of bed in the morning

C) breathe warm, moist air

D) None of these responses are accurate.

55) The ability to produce milk is affected by the hormone ________.

A) prolactin

B) estrogen

C) progesterone

D) insulin

E) thyroxine

56) The let-down reflex in breastfeeding is controlled by the hormone ________.

A) oxytocin

B) prolactin

C) estrogen

D) progesterone

E) secretin

57) The let-down reflex is inhibited by ________.

A) feeling confident and relaxed

B) nervous tension and fatigue

C) a sleepy baby

D) All of these responses are correct.

58) The first fluid secreted by the mother's breast after giving birth is called ________.

A) colostrum

B) prolactin

C) lactalbumin

D) mature milk

59) A factor in human milk that helps prevent the growth of some harmful bacteria in an infant's intestinal tract is ________.

A) lactase

B) albumin

C) intrinsic factor

D) Lactobacillus bifidus factor

60) Compared to pregnancy, the RDA for nutrients changes during lactation ________.

A) only for energy

B) only for protein and energy

C) for many nutrients, but not proportionately for all nutrients

D) None of these responses are correct; nutrient needs during lactation are the same as during pregnancy.

61) Average additional dietary energy requirements for lactation are approximately ________ kcal per day.

A) 100 - 200

B) 250 - 350

C) 400 - 500

D) 550 - 650

62) To produce human milk, a lactating woman needs ________.

A) 100 - 200 extra kcal per day above pre-pregnancy needs

B) twice as much dietary protein as needed during pregnancy

C) additional fluid daily

D) twice as much dietary iron as needed during pregnancy

E) All of these choices are accurate.

63) A benefit of breastfeeding for mothers is ________.

A) reduced risk for ovarian cancer

B) less postpartum bleeding

C) postpartum weight loss

D) All of these responses are correct.

64) Women are more likely to choose to breastfeed their infants if they ________.

A) know the advantages of breastfeeding

B) have a supportive partner

C) deliver babies in a hospital that supports breastfeeding

D) All of these choices are correct.

65) Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding ________.

A) is recommended to help mothers relax

B) increases milk output

C) may cause babies to have disrupted sleep patterns

D) may cause babies to drink more milk

66) Preterm infants are born before 37 weeks of gestation.

67) Poor maternal nutrient intakes are linked with low birth weights.

68) A developing offspring's cells have separated into a stack of 3 layers (mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) when the zygote stage ends.

69) Most critical period for fetal/embryonic development occur during the second trimester of pregnancy.

70) The placenta's size and ability to support fetal growth depend on the mother's nutritional status.

71) Low birth weight infants have a greater risk for chronic disease in adult life.

72) Insufficient intake of protein during pregnancy is very common in the U.S.

73) Compared to a nonpregnant woman, a pregnant woman needs additional calories and additional amounts of a few critical micronutrients.

74) Megadoses of prenatal vitamin and mineral supplements are dangerous for the mother, but not the fetus.

75) Regular exercise can help control gestational diabetes.

76) Pregnant women should generally gain the most proportional weight during the first trimester.

77) Insufficient weight gain in the last trimester of pregnancy increases the risk for fetal growth retardation.

78) Insufficient prenatal care increases the risk of delivering a low birth weight baby.

79) Eclampsia can cause maternal and fetal death.

80) Hormones synthesized by the placenta decrease the efficiency of insulin.

81) Uncontrolled gestational diabetes can cause the fetus to be born with a low birth weight.

82) Herbal products offer a safe way to treat disease in pregnant women.

83) Smokers secrete nicotine in their breast milk.

84) Breast size is an indicator of successful breastfeeding.

85) Which of the following would you recommend to a friend that is having difficulties breastfeeding her baby?

A) Drink alcohol. This will have a relaxing effect.

B) Find a relaxing environment to breastfeed your baby.

C) Consume more milk. The excess milk will be converted into breastmilk.

D) Decrease calorie intake. This will help with the production of more milk.

86) Your sister is pregnant and is very uncomfortable. She is experiencing heartburn daily and is looking for some relief. In your nutrition class, you just learned about heartburn during pregnancy. What advice can you offer her?

A) Eat smaller meals more frequently to decrease the volume of food in the stomach.

B) Do not lie down after eating to avoid the effects of gravity.

C) Talk to her doctor about using antacids for relief.

D) All of these choices could give her some relief.

87) Your friend just told you she is pregnant.  She is concerned about the amount of weight she will gain during her pregnancy and is looking for some advice so that she and her baby can be healthy.  Her pre-pregnancy weight was 155 pounds and she is 5'5" tall.  Based on her pre-pregnancy weight, how much weight should your friend gain during her pregnancy?

A) 11 to 20 lbs

B) 15 to 25 lbs

C) 25 to 35 lbs

D) 28 to 40 lbs

88) Which of the following exercises would be most appropriate to continue to perform during a healthy pregnancy?

A) kickboxing

B) zumba

C) swimming

D) jogging

89) Design an appropriate exercise program for a healthy, pregnant female.  Explain the benefits of this program and why this program is associated with the least possible risks.

90) Explain why breastfeeding is beneficial to the mother.