Byrd Exam Prep Chapter 18 Nutrition During The Adult Years

Perspectives in Nutrition, A Functional Approach, 2e (Byrd)

Chapter 18 Nutrition during the Adult Years

1) During adulthood, nutrients are used primarily ________.

A) to maintain the body

B) to support physical growth

C) for anabolic conditioning

D) for storage purposes

2) After age ________ or so, the rate of cell breakdown begins to exceed the rate of cell renewal.

A) 25

B) 30

C) 35

D) 55

3) Starting around age ________, organ size and efficiency begin to decrease.

A) 30

B) 40

C) 50

D) 70

4) Which is NOT a current hypothesis about the cause of aging?

A) Blood concentrations of hormones change.

B) Cells can divide about 50 times, and then they die.

C) The immune system becomes less able to recognize and destroy foreign substances.

D) Connective tissue stiffens and reduces flexibility.

E) All of these are current hypotheses about the cause of aging.

5) Age-related degenerative changes can be minimized, prevented, or reversed by ________.

A) exercising regularly

B) getting enough sleep

C) avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight

D) eating nutritiously

E) All of these responses are correct.

6) Which is a typical example of usual aging?

A) increasing body fatness

B) maintenance of lean body mass

C) maintenance of bone mass

D) All of these responses are correct.

7) Compression of morbidity can be defined as ________.

A) having the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of years with illness

B) representing a low death rate from chronic diseases

C) having a longer life

D) postponing illness until such time as there is an adequate treatment or cure

8) Which determines the rate of aging?

A) genetics

B) lifestyle

C) environment

D) All of these choices are accurate.

9) Which aspect(s) of the environment influence(s) the rate of aging?

A) income and education

B) quality of housing and autonomy

C) access to health care and nutritious food

D) psychosocial support and protection from climactic extremes

E) All of these responses are correct.

10) According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, a goal for adults is to ________.

A) limit intake of added sugars and emphasize vegetables in the diet

B) keep body weight in a healthy range

C) follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan

D) All of these responses are correct.

11) In adulthood, a nutritious diet can help to ________.

A) delay onset of disease

B) recover more quickly from disease

C) increase mental, physical, and social well-being

D) A nutritious diet can do all of these things.

12) The diets of adults tend to be higher than recommended for ________.

A) vitamin D

B) calcium

C) fat

D) zinc

E) fiber

13) The diets of adults tend to be lower than recommended for ________.

A) vitamin D

B) zinc

C) magnesium

D) folate

E) All of these responses are correct.

14) The largest group of adults at risk for nutrient deficiencies is ________.

A) women

B) pregnant women

C) individuals with a low-income

D) older adults living in long-term care facilities

15) The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for adults take into consideration all of the following aging-related changes, EXCEPT ________.

A) body composition

B) metabolism

C) organ function

D) DRIs take into account all of these things.

16) Calorie needs decline after age 30 years or so because ________.

A) basal metabolism declines

B) the body becomes more efficient in using energy

C) thrifty metabolism begins

D) All of these responses are correct.

17) Which of the following groups may not receive sufficient protein?

A) adults with limited budgets

B) adults with chewing problems

C) adults who are lactose intolerant

D) All of these choices are correct.

18) A diet rich in dietary fiber may help adults to ________.

A) reduce risk of osteoporosis

B) reduce risk of heart disease

C) raise blood cholesterol levels

D) reduce the risk of dementia

19) Low fluid intake in older adults may be caused by ________.

A) less intense feelings of thirst

B) chronic disease

C) certain medications

D) reduced ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine

E) All of these responses are correct.

20) Why is vitamin D a nutrient of particular concern in older adults?

A) Permeability of the intestine to dietary vitamin D increases as the intestine ages, which increases risk for toxicity.

B) Vitamin D synthesis in the skin slows with age.

C) The kidneys accelerate the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, which increases the risk for toxicity.

D) None of these responses are accurate.

21) A common cause of iron deficiency anemia in adulthood is ________.

A) bleeding ulcers

B) use of aspirin

C) bleeding hemorrhoids

D) All of these responses are correct.

22) Insufficient intakes of ________ by adults may contribute to loss of taste sensations and delayed wound healing.

A) magnesium

B) zinc

C) folate

D) vitamin B-12

23) Inadequate intake of ________ in adults may contribute to loss of bone strength and mental confusion.

A) magnesium

B) zinc

C) folate

D) vitamin B-12

24) Elevated blood concentrations of ________ are associated with increased risk for stroke and neurological decline in some elderly adults.

A) zinc

B) homocysteine

C) vitamin E

D) vitamin D

25) Intakes of ________ have been associated with reduced risk for age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.

A) vitamin E

B) folate

C) niacin

D) both lutein and zeaxanthin

26) A major problem afflicting the elderly gastrointestinal tract is ________.

A) increased lactase synthesis

B) constipation

C) increased HCl production

D) increased synthesis of intrinsic factor

27) A change in muscle that typically occurs in adulthood is ________.

A) increased elasticity

B) bloating of muscle cells

C) loss of muscle strength

D) hypertrophy of muscle cells

28) Physical activity is associated with ________.

A) improved sleep

B) reduced risk for falling

C) positive mental outlook

D) better mobility

E) All of these responses are correct.

29) To preserve bone mass, adults should ________.

A) not smoke

B) consume adequate vitamin D

C) consume adequate calcium

D) All of these recommendations are correct.

30) To protect the cardiovascular system, adults should ________.

A) not smoke

B) eat low-carbohydrate diets

C) avoid vigorous exercise

D) All of these choices are correct.

31) To prevent constipation, older adults should ________.

A) limit highly sweetened foods

B) increase dietary fiber and fluids

C) regularly take laxatives

D) All of these choices are accurate.

32) An age-related change in the nervous system that can adversely affect nutritional status is ________.

A) decreased taste perception

B) hearing loss

C) vision loss

D) All of these changes can impact nutritional status.

33) During the adult years, ________ can adversely affect the immune system.

A) undernutrition

B) overnutrition

C) excessive iron intake

D) obesity

E) All of these choices are correct.

34) Long-term use of aspirin or aspirin-like medications can deplete ________ reserves.

A) iron

B) calcium

C) vitamin K

D) thiamin

35) Many elderly people avoid social contact because they ________.

A) are experiencing hearing loss

B) have trouble seeing, so they avoid going out

C) have problems with urinary incontinence

D) All of these choices are accurate.

36) Which is true of the Congregate Meal program?

A) It is administered by the USDA.

B) It is part of the Older Americans Act.

C) Anyone age 52 or older can participate.

D) All of these responses are accurate.

37) Which U.S. government program distributes surplus agricultural products?

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program

B) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

C) Child and Adult Care Food Program

D) Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

38) Which is true about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

A) It provides nutrition education.

B) It provides a means to purchase food-producing plants.

C) It provides a means to buy hot meals in group homes.

D) It supplements food budgets of low-income households.

E) All of these responses are correct.

39) Warning signs of Alzheimer's disease include ________.

A) personality changes

B) language problems

C) reduced job performance

D) faulty judgment

E) All of these are signs of Alzheimer's disease.

40) To relieve the symptoms of arthritis, older adults with the condition are all advised to:

A) follow a special restrictive diet

B) restrict certain inflammatory foods

C) take megadoses of certain nutrient supplements

D) All of these responses are accurate.

E) None of these responses are accurate.

41) Which domain of complementary and alternative medicine involves using foods and special diets?

A) energy medicine

B) alternative medical systems

C) biological based practices

D) mind-body interventions

42) Which is an example of a mind-body intervention?

A) Hypnosis

B) Biofeedback

C) Yoga

D) All of these are examples of mind-body interventions.

43) Which is NOT an example of energy medicine?

A) High-calorie diets

B) Pulsed fields

C) Magnetic fields

D) Electrical currents

44) In complementary and alternative medicine, a manipulative practice is ________.

A) massage

B) Reiki therapy

C) chiropractic manipulation

D) All of these examples are correct.

E) None of these examples are correct.

45) An alternative medical practice system is ________.

A) Ayurveda

B) naturopathy

C) homeopathy

D) acupuncture

E) All of these responses are correct.

46) A rational approach for someone wanting to try complementary and alternative medicine is to ________.

A) take advice from a trusted friend

B) keep a record of symptoms and practices followed

C) try at least 2 complementary and alternative medical practices at once

D) All of these approaches are rational.

47) Which is true about herbs?

A) There is little regulation regarding herbal supplements in the U.S.

B) There have been no cases of adverse effects of using herbal supplements.

C) Herbal supplements are more effective than medicines.

D) Herbal supplements are as rigorously tested as prescription medications in the U.S.

E) All of these responses are true.

48) What food and nutrition service program(s) does the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Administration on Aging provide for older adults?

A) Commodity Supplemental Food program

B) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance program

C) Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition program

D) Child and Adult Care Food program

E) All of the above.

49) Which strength training recommendation(s), as suggested by the National Institutes on Aging, is/are appropriate for older adults?

A) Exercise at least 2 days per week.

B) Stretch after completing all exercises.

C) Perform exercises that involve major muscle groups.

D) All of the choices are appropriate strength training recommendations.

50) An older relative has recently been placed on anticoagulant medications.  Her doctor did not make any dietary recommendations.  Which of the following foods would you suggest that your relative avoid until further discussing her medication with her doctor?

A) oranges

B) whole grain bread

C) spinach

D) milk

51) Which of the following foods would be recommended for an elderly person who has periodontal disease?

A) carrots

B) chicken breast

C) canned apricots

D) brown rice

52) Compare and contrast the benefits of Congregate Meals versus Meals on Wheels for older adults.

53) A friend was recently prescribed corticosteroids for an inflammatory reaction he is having.  He knows that you are taking a nutrition class and has asked you for advice on any drug-nutrient interactions that you may have learned in your class.  Which of the following foods would you suggest he increase during the time he is taking this medication?

A) low-fat milk

B) spinach

C) pork

D) salmon

54) You have an older relative who is complaining of fatigue. You learn that she is taking aspirin on a daily basis to prevent a heart attack. What condition do you suspect your relative may have?

A) osteoporosis

B) Alzheimer disease

C) iron deficiency anemia

D) gout

55) A friend has recently been diagnosed with hypertension and has been prescribed Lasix to help treat her condition.  This doctor did not recommend any dietary changes.  Which of the following foods would you suggest that your friend increase until she can discuss her medications with her doctor?

A) any processed foods

B) beans

C) diet soft-drinks

D) oranges

56) A friend has been drinking more than the usual amount of alcohol.  You are concerned about the effects alcohol has.  Which of the following herbal remedies do you feel comfortable suggesting for your friend to supplement with, based on your knowledge of the harmful effects of alcohol?

A) saw palmetto

B) milk thistle

C) melatonin

D) black cohosh

57) You have been experiencing low back pain for about a week.  You do not think that it is necessary to see your medical doctor for this condition, as you have had no injuries to the area. Which of the following CAM practitioners do you feel would be most beneficial to see for relief?

A) aromatherapist

B) chiropractor

C) hypnotist

D) ayurvedic practitioner