Ch14 Test Questions & Answers Fluid Balance And Blood Health

Perspectives in Nutrition, A Functional Approach, 2e (Byrd)

Chapter 14 Fluid Balance and Blood Health

1) Which of the following about water is NOT true?

A) Each water molecule forms a maximum of 2 hydrogen bonds.

B) Water is incompressible so it functions well as a lubricant.

C) Water is formed in the body when protein, carbohydrate, and fat are oxidized.

D) Water in the body helps resist body temperature change.

2) The human body has more of this substance (by weight) than any other substance.

A) protein

B) glycogen

C) fat

D) water

3) In an adult of normal body composition weighing 165 lb, approximately ________ lbs are water.

A) 91

B) 55

C) 37

D) 116

4) When a semipermeable membrane separates two bodies of fluid, ________.

A) water can pass through the membrane

B) dissolved particles can pass through the membrane

C) water cannot pass through the membrane

D) None of these choices are accurate.

5) Which of the following fluids is classified as extracellular fluid?

A) tears

B) gastrointestinal fluid

C) blood plasma

D) lymph

E) All of these choices are accurate.

6) Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid?

A) intracellular compartment

B) extracellular compartment

C) Both compartments contain the same amount of water.

7) About 73% of lean muscle tissue is ________.

A) protein

B) water

C) calcium

D) sodium

8) The force that develops when two solutions, each with a different concentration of solutes, are separated by a semipermeable membrane is ________.

A) systolic pressure

B) diastolic pressure

C) osmotic pressure

D) atmospheric pressure

9) The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________, whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________.

A) sodium; chloride

B) potassium; chloride

C) potassium; citrate

D) potassium; phosphate

10) Minerals most involved in fluid balance are ________.

A) calcium and magnesium

B) copper and iron

C) calcium and phosphorus

D) sodium and potassium

11) The sodium-potassium pump uses energy to move ________.

A) potassium ions out of the cell

B) sodium ions out of the cell

C) water out of the cell

D) water into the cell

12) The body's temperature regulation mechanism depends on ________.

A) drinking enough water to remove heat by way of the urine

B) water within the body absorbing heat energy, and on the evaporation of perspiration removing heat energy

C) water being delivered to the lungs, where the heat energy will be exhaled as water vapor

D) excretion of body wastes

13) Compared to dry environments, evaporation of sweat is ________ in humid environments, resulting in ________ body cooling.

A) decreased; more

B) decreased; less

C) increased; more

D) increased; less

14) The consumption of a high-protein, high-sodium diet will tend to ________ ion concentration of the urine.

A) have no effect on

B) increase

C) decrease

15) Urea is a major body waste from ________.

A) the catabolism of amino acids

B) the action of the sodium-potassium pump

C) intracellular fluid

D) the excretion of minerals by the kidney

16) The AI recommendation for total water intake is ________.

A) 1 liter per kcal expended

B) 12.4 liters per day

C) 8 cups for adult males and cups for adult females

D) 15 cups for adult males and 11 cups for adult females

17) Extra water losses from heavy sweating or diarrhea will typically result in ________.

A) increased urine output

B) decreased urine output

C) no change in urine output

D) decreased water loss from the lungs

18) Typical daily urine output in a healthy individual is within the range of ________.

A) 400 - 600 milliliters

B) 1 - 2 liters

C) 2 - 4 liters

D) 3 - 5 liters

E) 600 - 1000 milliliters

19) Which of the following foods has the highest percent of total weight as water?

A) lettuce

B) bread

C) cottage cheese

D) steak

20) Who should be concerned about dehydration?

A) The child who is ill with fever or diarrhea

B) The athlete participating in a vigorous sport

C) The traveler on a long airplane flight

D) The elderly man hospitalized for a broken hip

E) All of these choices are accurate.

21) When blood osmolality increases, ________ is released by the anterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to increase water retention.

A) antidiuretic hormone

B) renin

C) angiotensin II

D) insulin

22) Consumption of ________ inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone causing increased urinary output.

A) one cup of coffee

B) alcoholic beverages

C) high-sodium foods

D) high-sugar beverages

23) Renin, released from the kidney as a result of a decrease in blood pressure, acts on ________ produced in the liver. This triggers a series of reactions that culminate in the production of ________ in the adrenal glands.

A) angiotensin II, renin

B) aldosterone, angiotensin

C) angiotensinogen, aldosterone

D) antidiuretic hormone, osmosis

24) A loss of 1%-2% of body weight in fluids will generally cause a person to ________.

A) experience thirst

B) experience a dramatic decrease in blood volume

C) experience decreased heat tolerance and weakness

D) lapse into coma and die

25) As dehydration progresses and blood volume decreases, blood pressure will ________ and heart rate will ________.

A) increase; increase

B) remain the same; decrease

C) decrease; decrease

D) decrease; increase

26) Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition known as ________.

A) hypernatremia

B) hyperkalemia

C) hyponatremia

D) ADH syndrome

27) Water intoxication is associated with ________.

A) headache and blurred vision

B) muscle cramps and convulsions

C) hyponatremia

D) All of these answers are correct.

28) Most of the world's water consumption is for ________.

A) personal consumption for drinking, cooking, and bathing

B) industrial consumption

C) agriculture and irrigation

D) None of these responses are correct.

29) ADH is ________.

A) a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion

B) minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity

C) an adrenal hormone that causes sodium reabsorption

D) a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells

E) an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure

30) Aldosterone is ________.

A) a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion

B) minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity

C) an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney

D) a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells

E) an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure

31) Aldosterone increases ________.

A) potassium retention by the kidneys

B) water excretion by the kidneys

C) sodium retention by the kidneys

D) sodium absorption by the intestinal villi

32) Renin is ________.

A) a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion

B) minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity

C) an adrenal hormone that causes sodium reabsorption

D) a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells

E) an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure

33) Which of the following individuals is least likely to benefit from a diet containing less than 1500 mg sodium per day?

A) A 65-year-old Hispanic male in good health

B) A 35-year-old African American female

C) A 40-year-old white male with diabetes and chronic kidney disease

D) A 20-year-old Asian female college student

34) Sodium ________.

A) acts as the principal positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid

B) transmits electrical impulses through nerve cells

C) promotes glycolysis

D) releases energy from ATP

35) Most sodium consumed is from ________.

A) table salt added at home

B) naturally occurring sodium in foods

C) tap water and medications

D) processed foods and those purchased at restaurants

36) Some North Americans are called "sodium sensitive." For these people, high sodium intake contributes to ________.

A) stomach cancer

B) hypertension

C) gastrointestinal upsets

D) serious fluid imbalances

37) Table salt is ________ sodium.

A) 20%

B) 30%

C) 40%

D) 60%

38) One teaspoon of salt contains about ________ of sodium.

A) 3400 mg

B) 1000 mg

C) 2400 mg

D) 6000 mg

39) According to FDA labeling rules, the Daily Value for sodium is listed as ________.

A) 7 grams per day

B) 4 grams per day

C) 2.4 grams per day

D) 200 mg per day

40) Which of the following dairy products has the highest sodium content?

A) cottage cheese, 1 cup

B) cheddar cheese, 2 oz

C) lowfat milk, 1 cup

D) The sodium content does not differ among these 3 foods.

41) In a healthy person, sodium consumed in excess of body needs is ________.

A) stored in the liver

B) excreted by the kidneys

C) metabolized in cells

D) excreted in the feces

42) A positively charged ion located in the intracellular fluid is ________.

A) sodium

B) potassium

C) phosphate

D) chloride

43) Which of the following situations is/are life threatening?

A) hypokalemia

B) hyperkalemia

C) hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

D) neither hypokalemia nor hyperkalemia

44) A meal of dried apricots, whole grain cereals, legumes, and liver provides an abundance of ________.

A) potassium

B) fiber

C) beta carotene

D) vitamin A

E) All of these choices are accurate.

45) Which of the following groups would be most at risk for potassium deficiency?

A) infants and young children

B) pregnant women

C) patients taking diuretics

D) breastfeeding mothers

46) An ample intake of potassium-rich foods may help protect against ________.

A) hypertension

B) osteoporosis

C) gastric ulcers

D) diabetes

47) Salt substitutes often contain ________.

A) sodium bicarbonate

B) potassium chloride

C) calcium carbonate

D) magnesium sulfate

48) The body regulates its potassium content by ________.

A) absorbing more or less potassium from the gastrointestinal tract

B) excreting more or less potassium in the urine

C) storing more or less potassium in the liver

D) storing more or less potassium in the bone

49) Most of our dietary chloride comes from ________.

A) fresh fruits

B) vegetables

C) meat

D) seed oils

E) table salt

50) Chloride is ________.

A) the main anion in extracellular fluid

B) an intracellular fluid ion

C) a positively charged ion

D) converted to chlorine in the intestinal tract

51) Joe Smith, age 52, has a blood pressure of 145 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg. This is considered ________.

A) normal blood pressure

B) low blood pressure

C) hypertension or high blood pressure

D) None of these choices are accurate.

52) Which of the following blood pressures is considered prehypertensive ?

A) 130 mm Hg over 85 mm Hg

B) 118 mm Hg over 82 mg Hg

C) 142 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg

D) 145 mm Hg over 105 mm Hg

53) Factors that can contribute to an increased risk of high blood pressure include ________.

A) advanced age

B) African-American race

C) BMI over 30

D) type 2 diabetes

E) All of these choices are accurate.

54) The organs that are most likely to be damaged because of hypertension are the ________.

A) liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs

B) heart, brain, kidney, and eye

C) liver, heart, pancreas, and kidney

D) brain, eye, heart, lungs

55) A diet that contains an average of 4,000 mg sodium and 1,500 mg potassium daily is likely to ________.

A) decrease the risk of hypertension

B) decrease the risk of stroke

C) increase the risk of hypertension

D) have no effect on blood pressure

56) A lifestyle modification to reduce high blood pressure in women is to ________.

A) consume a daily calcium supplement of 1,000 mg

B) consume a multivitamin mineral supplement

C) eliminate all caffeine-containing beverages from the diet

D) limit alcohol consumption to no more than 1 drink per day

57) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the DASH diet?

A) It is rich in the minerals magnesium, potassium, and calcium.

B) It is high in fiber.

C) It contains 8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.

D) It is low in protein.

58) The richest sources of iron in the diet are ________.

A) fruits and vegetables

B) nuts and seeds

C) meats and seafood

D) breads and pastries

59) Most of the iron in the body is found as a part of ________.

A) ferritin

B) albumin

C) hemosiderin

D) hemoglobin

60) Which type of dietary iron is most efficiently absorbed?

A) non-heme iron

B) elemental iron

C) heme iron

D) All these forms of iron are absorbed equally.

61) Which nutrient increases the absorption of non-heme iron by reducing ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+)?

A) vitamin A

B) vitamin C

C) vitamin E

D) vitamin D

62) Phytic acid and oxalic acid ________ the absorption of dietary iron.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) do not have any effect on

63) Which of the following factors increases iron absorption?

A) high intakes of zinc

B) high stores of iron

C) low gastric acidity

D) increased need for iron

64) Which of the following foods is a good source of non-heme iron?

A) eggs

B) spinach

C) grilled chicken

D) clams

65) Approximately ________ of dietary iron is absorbed each day from typical Westernized diets.

A) 3%

B) 18%

C) 65%

D) 99%

66) The proteins ________ oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron to allow iron to be transported to body cells.

A) hemosiderin and ferritin

B) heme and non-heme

C) hephaestin and ceruloplasmin

D) ferritin and albumin

67) Iron is stored in the liver as ________.

A) hephaestin

B) heparin

C) ceruloplasmin

D) ferritin

68) Hemoglobin, cytochromes, and myoglobin all contain ________.

A) selenium

B) zinc

C) iron

D) iodine

69) Ceruloplasmin is ________.

A) a zinc-containing enzyme in the intestinal wall

B) a copper-containing enzyme that oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+

C) the storage form of iron in the liver

D) a component of the electron transport system

70) The hemoglobin molecule ________.

A) contains 4 heme compounds

B) carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

C) decreases during iron deficiency anemia

D) All of these choices are accurate.

71) When body cells need more iron, the number of transferrin receptors on the cell surface ________.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) remains unchanged

72) Approximately ________ of iron used each day is recovered and recycled.

A) 10%

B) 25%

C) 75%

D) 90%

73) Ferritin and hemosiderin are ________.

A) storage forms of iron

B) zinc-containing proteins

C) protein carriers of selenium in the blood

D) iodine-containing enzymes

74) A low serum concentration of hemoglobin is most often associated with a deficiency of ________.

A) zinc

B) iodine

C) copper

D) iron

75) The transport of iron out of the intestinal cell for incorporation into serum transferrin is aided by the protein ________.

A) insulin

B) myoglobin

C) ferroportin

D) thyroxine

76) Iron-deficiency anemia often causes symptoms of ________.

A) fatigue

B) night blindness

C) dental decay

D) dermatitis

77) Which of the following population groups is at highest risk of iron-deficiency anemia?

A) post-menopausal women

B) weight-training athletes

C) premature infants

D) male college students

78) In iron-deficiency anemia, the red blood cells are usually classified as ________.

A) macrocytic and normochromic

B) microcytic and hypochromic

C) normocytic and hyperchromic

D) megaloblastic

79) A major factor contributing to the decline in iron deficiency anemia among poor preschool children in the U.S. is ________.

A) better nutrition education of parents, so that foods children need are actually being served

B) the federal Food Stamp Program (now called SNAP)

C) the nationwide system of food pantries and soup kitchens

D) the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) that distributes iron-fortified formulas and cereals

80) Which of the following population groups is considered at low risk for iron-deficiency anemia?

A) pregnant women

B) infants and preschool children

C) vegans

D) middle-aged businessmen

81) Hemochromatosis is ________.

A) a form of anemia common in female athletes

B) a genetic condition causing excess absorption of dietary iron

C) a type of erythrocyte that carries extra iron

D) a genetic form of iron deficiency

82) The "mucosal block" theory is one explanation of how the body protects itself from excess absorption of dietary ________.

A) iron and zinc

B) iodide and chromium

C) fluoride and chloride

D) manganese and selenium

83) Iron plays a role in all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.

A) immune function

B) oxygen transport

C) cognitive development

D) synthesis of thyroid hormones

84) Dietary zinc absorption is increased by ________.

A) phytic acid

B) zinc deficiency

C) ferritin status

D) the amount of vitamin C in the diet

85) When large doses of zinc are consumed, the excess is excreted primarily via ________.

A) the sweat

B) the urine

C) the feces

D) expired air

86) A dietary deficiency of ________ is associated with retarded growth and inadequate sexual development in humans.

A) copper

B) iodine

C) selenium

D) zinc

87) Zinc can induce the synthesis of metallothionein, which ________.

A) is the primary protein carrier of zinc in the blood

B) can hinder the absorption of zinc from the intestinal cell

C) is the storage form of zinc in the liver

D) is a zinc-containing enzyme in the antioxidant defense network

88) The RDA for zinc for adults is ________.

A) 11 grams for men and 8 grams for women

B) 15 grams for both men and women

C) 11 mg for men and 8 mg for women

D) 15 mg for both men and women

89) Which group of foods would provide the most bioavailable zinc?

A) refined breads and cereals

B) oysters and other seafood

C) spinach and leafy greens

D) black-eyed peas and lentils

90) Which of the following is a symptom of zinc deficiency?

A) megaloblastic anemia

B) increased taste sensitivity

C) poor wound healing

D) cretinism

91) Zinc functions as a part of ________.

A) immune function

B) antioxidant defense

C) DNA and RNA synthesis

D) Zinc is involved in all of these functions.

92) The enzyme superoxide dismutase contains both copper and zinc. The function of this enzyme is ________.

A) to decrease serum cholesterol levels

B) to protect an individual from developing night blindness

C) to act as a scavenger of free radicals, thus protecting the lipid components of the cell

D) to prevent GI reflux and symptoms of heartburn

93) The symptoms of copper deficiency in humans include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) anemia

B) thyroid disorders

C) decreased white blood cell counts

D) bone loss (osteopenia)

94) Individuals with Wilson's disease over-accumulate ________ in the liver and brain.

A) iodine

B) selenium

C) copper

D) manganese

95) The richest dietary sources of copper are ________.

A) oranges and melons

B) refined grains and pastries

C) nuts and dark chocolate

D) dark leafy greens

96) Individuals taking daily aspirin or anticoagulation medications should avoid excess intakes of ________.

A) beta-carotene

B) vitamin K

C) vitamin D

D) lycopene

97) The nutrient essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors is vitamin ________.

A) A

B) D

C) E

D) K

98) Vitamin K adds carbon dioxide to glutamic acid to promote ________.

A) muscle contraction

B) blood clotting

C) glucose homeostasis

D) red blood cell formation

99) An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of ________.

A) alpha-tocopherol

B) rhodopsin

C) calcitriol

D) prothrombin

100) A nutrient synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine is vitamin ________.

A) E

B) D

C) A

D) K

101) The family of compounds known as vitamin K include ________.

A) phylloquinones and menaquinones

B) tocopherols and tocotrienols

C) retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

D) cholecalciferol and calcitriol

102) Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to result from ________.

A) insufficient sunlight

B) kidney disease

C) insufficient intake of dairy products

D) antibiotic therapy

103) Antibiotics and intestinal diseases can interfere with absorption of vitamin ________.

A) A

B) C

C) E

D) K

104) The most nutrient-dense food sources of vitamin K are ________.

A) green leafy vegetables

B) whole grain breads and cereals

C) nuts and seeds

D) oysters and shellfish

105) Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin ________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured.

A) A

B) D

C) B

D) K

106) Thirst is a reliable signal to prevent dehydration in older adults.

107) A person cannot drink too much water; the kidneys and sweat glands make water excretion quick and efficient, protecting the body from over hydration.

108) Too much dietary sodium, is a major nutritional problem today in the U.S.

109) An individual who consumes one cup of coffee in the morning should drink an additional 2 cups of fluid to compensate for caffeine-induced fluid loss.

110) Beverages contribute only marginally to calorie intake in the U.S.

111) The main cause of high blood potassium and potassium toxicity is kidney failure.

112) Dietary heme iron is obtained mainly from plant-based foods.

113) Ferritin is a key iron-binding protein in the intestinal mucosa that prevents it from entering the bloodstream.

114) In the U.S., accidental iron overdose is the leading cause of poisoning in young children less than 6 years of age.

115) High intakes of polyphenols, meat protein factor, and manganese aid in the absorption of non-heme iron.

116) Copper plays a role in connective tissue formation as a component of lysyl oxidase.

117) Copper absorption is the primary means of regulating copper balance.

118) All community water systems in the United States are currently fluoridated.

119) Zinc supplementation is a scientifically proven means of preventing the common cold.

120) Marginal deficiencies of zinc and copper may be of concern in some population groups in the U.S. even if they do not result in physical symptoms.

121) Zinc is transported in the blood to tissues by the proteins albumin and alpha-2 macroglobulin.

122) An Upper Level has been set for vitamin K to protect against the significant risk of toxicity.

123) One means of detecting a vitamin K deficiency is to measure how quickly prothrombin in the blood can form a clot.

Match the term with its description.

A) High blood potassium

B) Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that acts on the kidneys to increase sodium retention

C) Low blood sodium

D) Enzyme formed in the kidneys in response to low blood pressure

E) Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to decrease water excretion

124) Renin

125) ADH

126) Aldosterone

127) Hyponatremia

128) Hyperkalemia

129) List at least five symptoms of dehydration.

130) Describe 3 ways you can reduce your sodium intake when eating out.

131) List 6 foods to limit and 6 foods to encourage on a low-sodium diet.

132) Compare and contrast the characteristics of a high-sodium diet to that of a high-potassium diet.

133) Describe two of the physiologic processes that contribute to primary hypertension.

134) Describe several actions an individual can take to prevent hypertension.

135) Describe the nutritional characteristics of the DASH diet. Which food groups are emphasized?

136) How does vitamin C increase the absorption of iron?

137) List 2 food sources for zinc.

138) Describe 2 functions of iron.

139) List 3 population groups at risk for iron deficiency.

140) List 3 factors that can increase iron absorption.

141) Why are children at risk of iron toxicity?

142) List 2 transport proteins for iron.

143) What dietary suggestions would you provide to a vegan to prevent iron deficiency?

144) Why does vitamin K not have an established UL?