Ch16 Hiv And Aids Exam Prep

Human Sexuality, 10e (Yarber)

Chapter 16 HIV and AIDS

1) Which of the following statements is true of AIDS?

A) If a person's CD4 count is above 200, it means that he or she has AIDS.

B) AIDS is inherited.

C) If a person is tested HIV-positive, it means that he or she has AIDS.

D) AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection.

2) How did scientific awareness of HIV begin?

A) The United Nations alerted the world about an epidemic in developing countries.

B) Gay men protested the lack of adequate funding for research on all sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

C) Physicians noted rare diseases in healthy young men in major U.S. cities.

D) The same bacteria causing other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were found to have mutated into a new form.

3) At first, AIDS within the United States seemed to be confined principally to three groups: gay men, Haitians, and people with

A) hemophilia.

B) neurocognitive disorders.

C) eating disorders.

D) hemochromatosis.

4) AIDS stands for

A) altered immune defense system.

B) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

C) atypical immunodefense syndrome.

D) asymptomatic immune disorder.

5) To say that AIDS is an acquired disease means that it is

A) not inherited.

B) not communicable.

C) easily curable.

D) easily transmitted.

6) Which of the following is true of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A) It results in a group of symptoms that collectively characterize a disease.

B) It is capable of stimulating the immune system.

C) It is the initial stage of HIV infection that gradually progresses to an asymptomatic state.

D) It is independent of the type of exposure, modes of transmission, or behavior.

7) Miranda just received the results of her blood test, and it showed the presence of HIV antibodies and a T-cell count below 200. This means that Miranda

A) is HIV-positive.

B) is HIV-negative or has been recently infected.

C) has to repeat the test as the result is unclear.

D) has AIDS.

8) Samantha, a 23-year-old woman, has tested positive for HIV. She observes red or purple blotches under her skin. In the context of conditions associated with AIDS, Samantha is most likely suffering from the condition called ________.

A) pancreatic cancer

B) Kaposi's sarcoma

C) lymphoma

D) prostate cancer

9) Kaposi's sarcoma refers to a cancer of the

A) lungs.

B) skin.

C) blood vessels.

D) stomach.

10) Your friend Dean has been battling HIV for several years. Recently you have noticed purple blotches appearing on his skin. He is most likely dealing with

A) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection.

B) Lou Gehrig's disease.

C) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

D) Kaposi's sarcoma.

11) What is a common type of cancer NOT associated with AIDS?

A) cancer of the blood vessels

B) colorectal cancer

C) cancer of the lymphatic system

D) invasive cervical cancer

12) Logan, a 40-year-old man, has had sex with multiple partners and has been tested HIV-positive. Logan experiences a sudden change in mood and his behavior becomes unpredictable. He also develops impairment in his mental and physical functioning. In the context of conditions associated with AIDS, identify the condition Logan is suffering from in this scenario.

A) wasting syndrome

B) AIDS lymphoma

C) AIDS dementia

D) Kaposi's sarcoma

13) Gordon suddenly loses a great deal of weight, feels very weak, and has persistent diarrhea. This condition is called

A) wasting syndrome.

B) cytomegalovirus

C) gonorrhea.

D) syphilis.

14) Manoj has sexual encounters with multiple partners. He contracts HIV and lives with it for almost 7 years during which he exhibits little to no signs of a terminal illness. He even gets a home test done and the result turns out to be HIV-negative. Which of the following is a safe conclusion that can be made from the characteristics exhibited by Manoj?

A) Manoj is as healthy as any other individual and can donate blood to others in need without any concerns.

B) Manoj's infection is highly contagious and can spread to others in spite of his apparent healthy disposition.

C) Manoj is healthy because his HIV test turned out to be negative and there is no cause to worry.

D) Manoj's infection is spreading but is not contagious because his test results prove so.

15) Which of the following engulfs foreign particles?

A) enzymes

B) plasma

C) macrophages

D) hormones

16) Leukocytes are a type of

A) plasma.

B) red blood cells.

C) white blood cells.

D) platelets.

17) Which of the following components forms the lymphocytes in the human body?

A) antigens and antibodies

B) cytokines and fibroblasts 

C) B cells and several types of T cells

D) immunotoxins and plasma

18) Which of the following statements is true about the leukocytes in the blood?

A) Leukocytes invade HIV and kill all strains of retroviruses.

B) Leukocytes impair the body's ability to ward off infections and other harmful conditions.

C) Leukocytes play major roles in defending the body against invading organisms and mutant cells.

D) Platelets are sometimes called leukocytes.

19) In a healthy immune system, antibodies function to

A) create additional macrophages.

B) inactivate and mark antigens for destruction.

C) engulf foreign particles and destroy them.

D) signal the spleen to produce more leukocytes.

20) The process by which a person develops antibodies is called

A) anastalsis.

B) seroconversion.

C) insemination.

D) opsonization.

21) Large molecules that are capable of stimulating the immune system and then reacting with the antibodies that are released to fight them are called

A) lymph nodes.

B) antigens.

C) macrophages.

D) helper T cells.

22) Which of the following is programmed to "read" the antigens and then begin directing the immune system's response?

A) helper T cells

B) killer T cells

C) macrophages

D) platelets

23) Which of the following refers to white blood cells that display the invader's antigen like a signal flag?

A) helper T cells

B) antibodies

C) macrophages

D) antigens

24) Which of the following is true of antigens in the blood?

A) They are small molecules that are capable of suppressing the immune system.

B) They are enzymes within the body that attack invading organisms.

C) They are the chemical barriers that surround uninfected cells.

D) They react with the antibodies that are released to fight them.

25) CD4 count refers to the number of

A) helper T cells present in a cubic millimeter of blood.

B) killer T cells present in a cubic milliliter of blood.

C) white blood cells present in the blood.

D) platelets in the blood.

26) Which of the following attacks and kills foreign bodies such as bacteria and viruses?

A) macrophages and killer T cells

B) thrombocytes and monocytes

C) helper T cells and erythrocytes

D) killer T cells and platelets

27) Retroviruses are viruses that have the ability to

A) reverse the normal genetic writing process.

B) cause an overproduction of macrophages in the lymphatic system.

C) alter the genetic structure of the helper T cells.

D) attack both red and white blood cells in the body.

28) Which of the following is a characteristic of a virus?

A) It is a protein-coated gene package.

B) It moves independently throughout the body.

C) It reproduces outside a host cell.

D) It alters its genetic structure to match with a host.

29) The CD4 receptors on a helper T cell are attracted to

A) GP 120 in HIV.

B) GP 41 in HIV.

C) p17 in HIV.

D) Ero 1 in HIV.

30) How does HIV kill T cells?

A) It engulfs macrophages, which then enlarges and engulfs all other types of lymphocytes.

B) It weakens red blood cells so that they no longer produce antibodies and attack antigens.

C) It alters the DNA of the host T cell and causes the T cell to replicate HIV rather than itself.

D) It attacks and destroys the suppressor T cells by altering their metabolism.

31) One of the reasons HIV is difficult to destroy once it has infected a person is

A) the virus has the tendency to mutate.

B) the virus can thrive even outside the host.

C) antibodies are attracted to GP 120 in HIV.

D) the virus can propel itself independently in the host.

32) Dominique thinks that she was exposed to HIV. When will the antibodies be detectable in her blood?

A) 1–2 years following exposure

B) 15–20 weeks following exposure

C) 4–5 years following exposure

D) 3–8 weeks following exposure

33) The first detectable sign of HIV infection in the body is

A) the sharp increase of CD4 cells in the blood.

B) the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood.

C) the sharp decrease of HIV RNA in the blood.

D) the presence of macrophages and B cells in the blood.

34) In the initial acute illness stage of HIV infection, the virus is dispersed throughout the lymph nodes, where it replicates through a process called

A) seroconversion.

B) seeding.

C) scarification.

D) sequencing.

35) Which of the following statements is true about the early phase of HIV infection in humans?

A) Many people experience a severe case of pneumonia within 1–2 weeks of exposure.

B) The CD4 count suddenly rises as the virus begins replication.

C) The virus undergoes a seeding process and is dispersed throughout the lymph nodes.

D) The potential to spread HIV is lowest during this stage because the amount of the virus in the blood is low.

36) Harold is in the advanced phase of HIV infection and the number of HIV-infected cells in his body is high. During this phase, his T-cell count is likely to go down to

A) between 200 and 500 per milliliter of blood.

B) less than 200 per milliliter of blood.

C) between 500 and 1,600 per milliliter of blood.

D) more than 500 per milliliter of blood.

37) Who among the following HIV-infected persons is the most infectious?

A) Sean, whose CD4 count is slightly increasing

B) Maria, whose infection is in the stage where the virus is rapidly replicating

C) Henry, who is diagnosed with AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection

D) Liam, whose level of HIV RNA in the blood is steadily declining

38) The study of the incidence, process, distribution, and control of a disease is called

A) entomology.

B) demographics.

C) epidemiology.

D) edaphology.

39) According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), what is the estimated number of people living with HIV worldwide?

A) 14 million

B) 20 million

C) 37 million

D) 54 million

40) The prevalence of HIV infection is by far the greatest in

A) South America.

B) the Pacific Islands.

C) the Middle East.

D) Africa.

41) The World Health Organization (WHO) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) state that the rates of new HIV infections are

A) steadily increasing in the developing countries.

B) going down in the United States but increasing in the other countries.

C) doubling all over the world.

D) declining all over the world.

42) Which of the following is true of the sexual transmission of HIV virus?

A) If a woman's male partner withdraws or pulls out before ejaculating, she does not get infected with HIV.

B) Exposure to certain body fluids—blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, or rectal fluids—do not put an individual at the risk for acquiring HIV.

C) The partner receiving the semen is at less risk of getting HIV than the other partner in an unprotected anal sex.

D) Adolescent females are biologically more susceptible to HIV than older women because their immature cervixes may be more easily infected.

43) Which of the following is considered to be the most risky sexual behavior?

A) unprotected vaginal-penile sex

B) unprotected anal sex

C) fellatio

D) cunnilingus

44) Which of the following is a myth connected with AIDS?

A) HIV is spread by contact with the toilet seat used by someone who is infected with the virus.

B) HIV is contracted because of contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood.

C) HIV is transmitted by deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and either of them is HIV-positive.

D) HIV is spread by sharing needles with someone who is infected with the virus.

45) According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), how many million people have died of AIDS worldwide?

A) a little over 2 million

B) 5 million

C) 12 million

D) 35 million

46) Which of the following has never been shown to result in the transmission of HIV?

A) pre-seminal fluid

B) breast milk

C) sweat

D) semen

47) Since the epidemic began, the proportion of AIDS diagnoses among Whites has

A) decreased and that among Blacks has increased.

B) remained the same and that among Blacks has decreased.

C) increased and that among Blacks has decreased.

D) increased and that among Blacks remained the same.

48) Through which of the following body fluids is AIDS transmissible?

A) sweat

B) tears

C) semen

D) All of the answers are correct.

49) Which of the following is TRUE of the possibility of contracting HIV through sexual transmission?

A) The bottom partner is 13 times less likely to get infected than the top partner in unprotected sex.

B) The highest oral sex risk is to individuals (male or female) to whom an HIV-infected man ejaculates in his or her mouth.

C) Giving or receiving cunnilingus carries a higher chance than that from unprotected anal or vaginal sex with an HIV-positive person.

D) The risk of transmission through vaginal sex is very low when compared to closed-mouth or social kissing with an HIV-positive person.

50) In the context of sexual transmission, who among the following is at a higher risk of contracting HIV than others?

A) Emily, who has unprotected anal sex with an HIV-infected colleague

B) Greg, who engages in cunnilingus with his HIV-infected wife

C) Bianca, who indulges in open-mouth kissing with her partner

D) Peter, who shares the toilet seat with his HIV-infected friend

51) Niya contracts HIV as a result of having sexual intercourse with her boyfriend who is infected with HIV. She gets pregnant, and months later, she gives birth to a healthy baby boy. Given that her baby has not contracted HIV yet, which of the following must she do in order to ensure that her baby is HIV-free?

A) She should refrain from breastfeeding her baby because the virus can spread through the milk.

B) She should refrain from using the same utensils she uses for feeding her baby as the virus can spread through saliva.

C) She should ensure that her baby does not come into contact with her tears or sweat as the virus can be transmitted through these fluids.

D) She should refrain from cuddling and kissing the baby because the virus can spread through typical social contact.

52) When HIV is diagnosed before or during pregnancy, if appropriate medical treatment is given, the virus becomes undetectable; if the mother does not breastfeed, HIV transmission to the baby or child can be reduced to less than

A) 1%.

B) 5%.

C) 15%.

D) 30%.

53) In which of the following ways can an HIV-positive woman pass the virus to her baby?

A) kissing

B) cuddling

C) breastfeeding

D) None of the answers is correct.

54) Which of the following can increase the risk of HIV infection?

A) eating food prepared by an HIV-infected food handler

B) donating blood

C) cuddling an HIV-infected person

D) having multiple sex partners

55) After a teenager in the neighborhood was diagnosed with HIV, Mark would not allow his teenage children to use the public toilets in that area fearing they could get infected too. Which of the following statements is true in this scenario?

A) HIV could pass from an infected person to a healthy person through toilet seat covers.

B) HIV can be transmitted through the human feces of an infected person, and the father is wise to protect his children.

C) Although the virus cannot be transmitted through shared toilet seats, Mark is wise to be concerned since it can be transmitted through sink usage.

D) HIV is not transmitted through the usage of same toilet seats. Routes of HIV transmission are well-documented. There is no danger.

56) Both men and women are at a maximum risk for HIV transmission when they engage in

A) unprotected vaginal intercourse.

B) unprotected fellatio or cunnilingus.

C) unprotected anal intercourse.

D) same-sex sexual activity.

57) Which of the following is a way in which HIV can be transmitted?

A) through closed-mouth kissing

B) through sharing sex toys

C) through sharing plates and glasses

D) through hugging and shaking hands

58) In the context of sexual transmission, unprotected anal intercourse is extremely risky for the transmission of HIV because

A) the existence of semen and feces within the rectum can help the virus develop.

B) the lining of the rectum is thin and may allow the virus to enter the body.

C) the virus can enter the stomach through the digestive system.

D) antibodies present in the rectum fail to bind to antigens and inactivate them.

59) Which of the following is a direct route of HIV transmission?

A) drinking

B) ingesting drugs

C) injecting drugs

D) smoking

60) Of the following sexual behaviors which is considered to have the lowest risk of contracting HIV?

A) oral sex

B) heterosexual anal sex

C) vaginal sex

D) homosexual anal sex

61) Which of the following is the most common route of HIV infection in children?

A) through infected paraphernalia

B) through perinatal transmission

C) through infected blood transfusions

D) through parenteral transmission

62) Abraham is attempting to determine the number of new cases of HIV in his community and the gender and socioeconomic status of those infected. He finds that the majority of those infected are homosexuals. These characteristics under study are called

A) demographics.

B) socionics.

C) semiotics.

D) ethnographies.

63) Which of the following racial and ethnic groups has been impacted most severely by HIV and AIDS?

A) Latinos

B) Whites

C) African Americans

D) Asians

64) According to a recent study of women at urban health clinics, which of the following is likely to play a larger role in HIV transmission than race or ethnicity?

A) poverty

B) lack of access to health care

C) homelessness

D) All of the answers are correct.

65) Which of the following groups accounts for the vast majority of new HIV infections among all African American men?

A) those who have sex with men

B) those who have heterosexual intercourse

C) those who use intravenous drugs

D) those who have undergone blood transfusion

66) HIV spreads very rapidly through the gay population because

A) of the wildly promiscuous lifestyle of gay men.

B) anal sex is such an efficient mode of transmission.

C) the hormonal imbalance in gay men makes them more susceptible to HIV infection.

D) gay men generally do not use condoms when performing fellatio.

67) The largest group of women who are HIV-positive were infected through

A) engaging in oral intercourse.

B) high-risk heterosexual contact.

C) having unprotected fellatio.

D) an HIV-positive mother.

68) Which of the following is a common way that women are infected with HIV?

A) unprotected vaginal sex

B) being bitten by a person with HIV

C) use of public toilets

D) exposure in health care occupations

69) Isaac has an active sexual lifestyle that involves more than one partner. To protect himself best, Isaac needs to

A) use condoms consistently.

B) stop donating blood.

C) avoid sharing utensils and toilets with his partners.

D) limit his sexual activities to vaginal-penile intercourse.

70) Courtney, a young professional, is sexually assaulted by her colleagues during an office party, and she is scared that she will get an HIV infection. She consults a doctor immediately, and the doctor advises her to take antiretroviral therapy. She takes the medication within 72 hours of the sexual assault and continues it for the next 28 days. In the context of prevention and treatment of HIV, which of the following options is prescribed to Courtney in this scenario?

A) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

B) consolidation therapy

C) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

D) autologous immune enhancement therapy

71) Robert, a young social worker, works among HIV/AIDS patients and always has a chance to contract HIV if he comes in contact with bodily fluids of the patients. In order to prevent an HIV infection, he takes a drug that helps stop HIV from taking hold and spreading in his body. In the context of prevention and treatment of HIV, identify the method of prevention used by Robert in this scenario.

A) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

B) consolidation therapy

C) spiritual self-schema therapy (3-S therapy)

D) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

72) The most common test for HIV antibodies is

A) the OraQuick In-Home HIV test.

B) the antibody screening test.

C) the RNA test.

D) the Western blot test.

73) Which of the following is true about HIV tests?

A) A negative test result does not necessarily mean that one does not have HIV.

B) An HIV test needs to be performed only under the supervision of a physician.

C) An HIV test is a way to find out if one's partner is infected.

D) A positive HIV test result means one is AIDS affected.

74) After repeated sexual contacts with random individuals over a period of time, Skye believes that he has contracted HIV. He does not want to visit a clinic for the test for the fear of being exposed. He also has a fear of needles and avoids getting any kind of blood test that may involve pricking to collect blood samples. In this case, which of the following methods of testing works best for Skye?

A) the Home Access HIV-1 Test System

B) the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test

C) the antibody screening test

D) the qualitative hCG Blood Test

75) Peyton, a 20-year-old woman, gets severe flulike symptoms within 2 weeks of having sex with her boyfriend. She suspects an HIV infection after the sex and decides to do an HIV test without consulting a doctor. This test requires her to prick her finger, send the sample to a licensed laboratory, and then call in for results the next business day. In the context of HIV testing, identify the test method used by Peyton in this scenario.

A) the Home Access HIV-1 Test System

B) the CD4 T-cell count

C) the antibody screening test

D) the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test

76) Victoria, a 25-year-old college student, has many hookup partners. Whenever she gets severe flulike symptoms, she suspects that she has contracted HIV from her partners. She conducts a test by swabbing her mouth for an oral fluid sample and uses a test kit to test the sample. She gets the result within 20 minutes. In the context of HIV testing, identify the testing procedure used by Victoria in this scenario.

A) the CD4 T-cell count

B) the antibody screening test

C) the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test

D) the Home Access HIV-1 Test System

77) Which of the following is a treatment for people infected with HIV?

A) phototherapy

B) macrophagic cell enlargement therapy

C) antiretroviral therapy

D) xenotransplantation

78) How do antiretroviral drugs work?

A) They kill HIV.

B) They decrease the CD4 count in the blood.

C) They eliminate the chances that HIV will be transmitted to others.

D) They slow the progression of the virus by reducing the viral load.

79) Evan, a 25-year-old man, is diagnosed as HIV-positive, and he believes that he got the virus from his girlfriend, who is HIV-positive. He consults doctors immediately after the diagnosis, and they prescribe a drug that is used in combinations of three or more drugs. The doctors counsel Evan that if he takes it consistently and correctly, he can live a healthy life. Identify the treatment method described in this scenario.

A) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

B) spiritual self-schema therapy (3-S therapy)

C) consolidation therapy

D) antiretroviral therapy (ART)

80) In the context of the prevention of HIV or sexually transmitted infections, the goal of researchers working on topical microbicides is to develop a microbicidal gel, cream, film, or suppository that individuals

A) can apply to the vagina prior to intercourse.

B) can apply to the penis following intercourse.

C) can pair with antibiotics.

D) can pair with a powerful vaccine.

81) Which of the following is recommended for persons who are HIV-positive?

A) Practice safer sex.

B) Maintain isolation from the general population.

C) Increase the intake of over-the-counter drugs.

D) Avoid contact with other HIV-positive people.

82) AIDS is the initial stage of HIV infection.

83) AIDS refers to a "syndrome" because symptoms occur as a group.

84) HIV-positive persons get opportunistic infections because their immune system is unable to fight against the bacteria or viruses involved.

85) An HIV-infected person is most infectious when the viral load is the highest.

86) Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that may affect the brain.

87) There are several variant strains of HIV as a result of mutations.

88) A healthy person's CD4 count ranges from 500–1,600.

89) The study of the incidence, process, distribution, and control of a disease is called pathology.

90) HIV can spread through mosquito bites.

91) Black men who have sex with men (MSM) account for the vast majority of new HIV infections among all African American men.

92) Currently, men who have sex with men (MSM) represent a small sexual transmission category unlike before.

93) Studies have found that young persons who inject drugs (aged < 30 years) are at less risk for HIV than older users because young persons are less likely to share needles and engage in risky sexual behaviors.

94) In all regions of the United States, the majority of people who receive an HIV diagnosis live in urban areas (populations of 500,000 or more).

95) The presence of another sexually transmitted infection (STI) greatly decreases the likelihood that a person exposed to HIV will become infected.

96) Research has shown that people living with HIV who know of their infection, in contrast to those living with HIV who don't know they are infected, are less likely to take precautions to prevent HIV transmission.

97) What criteria must be met for a person to be diagnosed as having AIDS?

98) What are opportunistic infections?

99) What is a retrovirus?

100) Briefly describe the symptoms associated with HIV infection and AIDS.

101) Why are Blacks disproportionately affected by HIV and AIDS compared to other racial or ethnic groups?

102) Identify the ways in which HIV can be transferred to a child.

103) Describe the typical course of AIDS, from initial infection to death.

104) Identify and dispel five common myths associated with HIV transmission.

105) Craig has engaged in unprotected sex with several partners. He has had a bad flu recently and wonders whether he should get tested for HIV. What should Craig do in this case?