Ch15 Women And Corrections Test Bank

Chapter 15: Women and Corrections

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Because they represent a smaller proportion of the correctional population, programming for women and girls has traditionally been:

a. individualized

b. tailored to women and girls

c. geared toward men and boys

d. more robust

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. According to Young (1994), historically, which group was most likely to have facilities constructed specifically for them?

a. Adult Females

b. Juvenile Males

c. Juvenile Females

d. Elderly

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The single largest area of growth for women and girls in terms of correctional populations has been in the area of:

a. residential juvenile facilities

b. prison populations

c. jail populations

d. probation

Learning Objective: 15-4: Understand how the experience of female correctional clients differs from that of males.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Female Correctional Clients

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The trajectory of employment for female correctional officers has been ______ than the growth in women and girls under correctional supervision.

a. slower

b. faster

c. equivalent to

d. more steady

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Female Staff

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Women made significant inroads into the correctional population when:

a. bridewell construction was being debated as a means of addressing the needs of women and girls under correctional supervision.

b. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.

c. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended in 1972.

d. the imprisonment binge took hold in the 1980s.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Female Staff

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which of the following is an example of one of the social remedies proposed by moralists looking to reform women under correctional supervision?

a. Efforts to keep them chaste

b. Educational and vocational training

c. Drug and alcohol counseling

d. Therapy to increase their self-concept and self-worth

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Over a century of correctional operations has focused almost exclusively on addressing:

a. the physical and mental health of women.

b. the sexuality of females.

c. the social psychological needs of females.

d. the role of women as primary caregivers.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Feminists have been instrumental in pushing for:

a. better programming for supervised women and girls.

b. lighter sentences for women and girls.

c. the reduction in incarceration for girls who commit murders.

d. harsher sentences for supervised women and girls.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to the authors, what is the best explanation for a lack of female offenders in the criminal justice system today?

a. They are less likely to be prosecuted for their crimes and more likely to receive shorter sentences.

b. They engage in fewer street crimes that would lead to incarceration.

c. They are more likely to commit violent crimes.

d. They are more likely to be receive harsher sentences.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Some estimates suggest that as many as ______ of women in custody have experienced sexual abuse prior to incarceration.

a. 25%

b. 60%

c. 75%

d. 100%

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. According to the authors, female institutions, because of economies of scale, require:

a. mixed gender staff.

b. almost the same number of administrative staff as larger male institutions.

c. a significantly smaller administrative staff than in larger male institutions.

d. an exponentially larger administrative staff than in larger male institutions.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of the following is one of the primary rationales for removing women and girls from male correctional facilities?

a. Their different needs.

b. The lower cost associated with operating segregated facilities.

c. Their status as targets of sexual abuse by staff.

d. Patriarchal beliefs that women were a distraction to males in the facilities.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The Ninth Circuit restrictions placed on correctional staff limited:

a. public searches of female inmates.

b. body searches of male inmates by female staff.

c. body searches of female inmates by male staff.

d. all body searches.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of the following issues has arisen as a result of the movement of women into male correctional facilities?

a. Whether women are physically and mentally suited to corrections work.

b. How to deal with sexual and gender harassment.

c. Whether equal employment rights outweigh the privacy rights of male inmates.

d. All of these

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Status

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. In regard to the mental and physical suitability of women to perform correctional work, the Supreme Court finds that:

a. no job qualification has the capacity to restrict women’s employment in male correctional facilities.

b. women are not physically or mentally capable of engaging in correctional work in male institutions.

c. women can be excluded from work in male correctional facilities if there is a bona fide job qualification that women cannot perform.

d. Women should only be employed in female correctional institutions where the risk of their harassment is low and the infringement on privacy rights of men is not at issue.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualifications for the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between gender and correctional work in terms of the underlying ideology that guides correctional officer interaction with inmates?

a. Male officers may be more likely than female officers to have a human service orientation in their work.

b. Male officers are more likely than female officers to have a security orientation in their work.

c. Female officers are more likely than male officers to have a security orientation in their work.

d. Both male and female officers value the service orientation over a security orientation in their work.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Qualifications for the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Quid pro quo sexual harassment can be defined as:

a. sexual harassment that involves an exchange of something for something else, as in the case of sexual favors.

b. the creation of a hostile work environment in which the workplace becomes sexualized to the detriment of one gender.

c. overt sexual abuse of female staff by male staff members.

d. unwarranted advancements

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The first prison to have a separate wing for women inmates was the:

a. Walnut Street jail

b. Newgate prison

c. Eastern Pennsylvania prison

d. Auburn prison

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Historic Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which of the following occurred in the Auburn prison in 1825 in regard to the treatment of women?

a. Women were housed in a cramped, unventilated attic.

b. The silent requirement was easy to enforce.

c. Women were not punished.

d. Women were not allowed to work.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Women in Historic Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. What was the first women’s prison in the United States?

a. Mount Pleasant

b. Sing

c. Elmira Reformatory

d. Mount Vernon

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Historic Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. During the 19th century, for which crimes did White women tend to be incarcerated more than Black women?

a. Property offenses

b. Violent offenses

c. Offenses against morality

d. White-collar offenses

Learning Objective: 15-3: Be able to explain how race and gender are intertwined in the history of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race in Early Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. What punishment, used in Ohio’s prisons in 1880, forced a naked offender to sit, blindfolded, in a tub while steam pipes were made to shriek and electric current was applied to the body?

a. Lash

b. Whip

c. Electric bee

d. Hummingbird

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Discipline in Women’s Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which facility had the stated purpose to remove impressionable youth, mainly boys, but also girls, from the contamination that association with more hardened criminals would bring?

a. Houses of solace

b. Houses of refuge

c. Houses of authority

d. Youth authority

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. According to the moralist feminists, a woman who acted in conformance with societal expectations were ______, while those who did not were ______.

a. Good; deviants

b. good; devils

c. Madonnas; whores

d. Madonnas; deviants

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. What types of health care needs are more specific to gender?

a. gynecological and obstetrical

b. psychological

c. psychiatric

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Incarcerated women are different to men in that they:

a. cannot create niches

b. miss their loved ones more

c. create pseudo-families

d. do not join gangs.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adjustment, Misconduct, and Pseudo Families

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. ______ occurs when the workplace is sexualized with jokes, pictures, or other ways that is offensive to gender?

a. Hostile environment

b. Quid pro quo

c. Unwarranted advances

d. Sexual assault

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Women who violated social and legal prohibitions were known as:

a. whores

b. deviants

c. double whores

d. double deviants

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Which feminist perspective believed that the source of the crime problem for female offenders lay more with the social structure around these women or girls?

a. Liberal

b. Moralists

c. Patriarchal

d. Matriarchal

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. What percentage of violent crime was committed by women in the 19th century?

a. 3–4%

b. 8–10%

c. 15–20%

d. More than 20%

Learning Objective: 15-3: Be able to explain how race and gender are intertwined in the history of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race in Early Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. What type of attitude was inherent in Tennessee when the first prison opened in Nashville in 1831?

a. conservative

b. tough on crime

c. progressive

d. crime control

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Historic Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Research on incarcerated black women indicates that they were disproportionately incarcerated in the

a. Northeast and Midwest

b. Northwest and Midwest

c. Southeast and Midwest

d. Southwest Midwest

Learning Objective: 15-3: Be able to explain how race and gender are intertwined in the history of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race in Early Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Slavery-like treatment and work requirements were imposed in ______ prisons.

a. Northern

b. Western

c. Midwestern

d. Southern

Learning Objective: 15-3: Be able to explain how race and gender are intertwined in the history of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race in Early Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. A Maryland law passed in 1858 made black women who committed larceny subject to

a. sale

b. prison

c. execution

d. labor

Learning Objective: 15-3: Be able to explain how race and gender are intertwined in the history of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race in Early Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Both black and white women in the United States in the 19^th century tended to be incarcerated for property crimes, particularly

a. larceny

b. arson

c. shoplifting

d. vandalism

Learning Objective: 15-3: Be able to explain how race and gender are intertwined in the history of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race in Early Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Houses of refuge were part of the ______ movement.

a. Jacksonian

b. Jeffersonian

c. Madisonian

d. Adams

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Guardianship in a house of refuge continued until the age of

a. 16

b. 18

c. 20

d. 23

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of the following types of crimes has brought more female offenders into the system?

a. robberies

b. larcenies

c. drug offenses

d. white-collar

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Women’s adjust in corrections is associated with which of the following problems?

a. problematic personal relationships

b. separation from children

c. greater propensity for mental health problems

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adjustment, Misconduct, and Pseudo Families

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. According to the text, about _____ percent of women have custody of their children at the time of their incarceration.

a. 20

b. 50.

c. 70

d. 90

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The first prisons were built for men.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Women and girls under correctional supervision are less likely to have substance abuse problems than their male counterparts.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Patriarchy involves the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that value men and boys over women and girls.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Females cost much more to incarcerate than males.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Among corporate and white-collar crimes, the more likely offender is female.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Inmates have no real right to privacy in the United States.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Equal Employment Versus Privacy Interests of Students

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The number of women and girls as inmates or supervises in corrections has grown exponentially over the last several years.

Learning Objective: 15-4: Understand how the experience of female correctional clients differs from that of males.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Female Correctional Clients

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The fact that correctional officers in male institutions frequently have to use brute force to manage and control inmates is one of the instances in which women can be disqualified from working in male prisons.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualifications for the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Patriarchy implies that women are suited for feminine occupations, and thus, less worthy professions.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Historically, with the exception of matrons, women were prohibited from working in men’s and boys’ correctional institutions on the basis of law, practice, and/or tradition.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Employment Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Some research suggests that female correctional officers have a calming effect on male prisoners.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualifications for the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Social feminists believed that girls involved in the correctional system were there primarily because of the oppressive nature of the social structure and the related effects of poverty and a lack of schooling.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Lawsuits have been remarkably successful in spurring many of the needed changes in correctional practice.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Hiring and training practices have little impact on the prevention of sexual abuse in prison.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Despite training efforts to provide female correctional officers with defensive and offensive tactics to deal with male inmates, they fail to provide women with an advantage in a physical altercation with a male inmate.

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualifications for the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Liberal feminists believe that women who violate social norms are whores.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The first women’s prison in the United States was Mount Pleasant, built in 1839.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Women in Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Methods of discipline for women in the 1800s moved from severe to soft, depending on the availability of supervision, the facilities, the number of women incarcerated, and the inclination of the keepers.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Discipline in Women’s Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Dorothea Dix’s view of the Houses of refuge very unfavorable.

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Patriarchy is seen as one societal obstacle to achieving equal treatment in corrections.

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What does the text mean by women being a numerical minority in corrections?

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What, according to the authors, is the best explanation as to the historically low numbers of female offenders in the system?

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What did the liberal feminists believe the cause of crime for women was attributed to?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What intervention strategies were the focus of efforts to reduce sexual abuse in correctional institutions?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What are pseudo-families?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adjustment, Misconduct, and Pseudo Families

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Why is the abuse of women and girls while incarcerated particularly damaging to them?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What had to occur to give women the legal weapon needed to gain equal rights to work?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. As employment numbers have risen, what are the three issues that have been problematic for women in the workplace?

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overcoming Employment Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What work orientation has been found to be preferred by female officers?

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualifications for the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. What are the proactive steps that researchers and correctional practitioners have agreed that managers and other employees can take to prevent or stop gender and sexual harassment in the workplace?

Learning Objective: 15-5: Know the challenges that female staff have overcome in corrections and how they did so.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual and Gender Harassment

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. According to researchers, females tend to commit fewer violent crimes than their male counterparts. Discuss your opinion on why you think this might be the case?

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Growth in Numbers of Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Compare and contrast the issues affecting female and male prisoners. How do these similarities and differences translate into offender needs?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Needs and Programming

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What were the houses of refuge? Why were they created and how did they affect the gendered experience for those placed within them?

Learning Objective: 15-1: Know the history of women in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Houses of Refuge for Girls and Boys

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What role did both brands of feminists have in advancing female employment in the correctional system? What role did the play in shaping the treatment and correctional experience for females under correctional supervision?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminism

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss the Salazar et al. v. City of Espanola et al. [2004] case. What was the outcome?

Learning Objective: 15-2: Understand the special challenges faced by women and girls in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium