Minorities And Corrections Full Test Bank Ch16

Chapter 16: Minorities and Corrections

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. A term that refers to the skin color and features of a group of people is:

a. race

b. ethnicity

c. biology

d. physicality

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In some parts of the country, minority group members were more likely to be incarcerated when they were _____, or sentenced for periods that were longer than their White brothers and sisters.

a. Convicted of violent crimes

b. Convicted of property crimes

c. Innocent

d. Convicted of embezzlement

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Ethnic groups:

a. are based on biology.

b. result in a variation of skin and other features.

c. refer to the skin color and features of a group of people.

d. will often have a distinct language, as well as distinct values, religion, history, and traditions.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Often discrimination is linked in law to classes of people distinguished by

a. age

b. nationality

c. income

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disparity and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A term that refers to the differences between groups of people based on culture is:

a. race

b. ethnicity

c. biology

d. physicality

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Disparity

a. does not happen in many organizations.

b. is the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups.

c. is the differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same.

d. refers to discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disparity and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Following ______, correctional institutions in the South were devised to maintain the slavery system with newly freed and often unemployed blacks.

a. the Revolutionary War

b. the ratification of the Constitution

c. the Civil War

d. WWII

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which court case is widely regarded as an early example of a gross miscarriage of justice, and as emblematic of the way African Americans have been treated in racist sectors of this country?

a. Powell v. Alabama

b. Cooper v. Pate

c. Scottsboro v. Alabama

d. Cooper v. Powell

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Racism that is practiced by many, if not most institutional members, in criminal justice and other organizations is known as:

a. discrimination

b. disparity

c. prisoners rights movement

d. institutional racism

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Discrimination is:

a. the differences between groups of people based on cultures.

b. differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same.

c. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups.

d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disparity and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Hispanic is:

a. a result in a variation of skin and other features.

b. a reference to the skin color and features of a group of people.

c. a group that will often have a distinct language, as well as distinct values, religion, history, and traditions.

d. a term used to designate an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point where it may not be descriptive.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas/Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans into concentration camps occurred during:

a. The Revolutionary War

b. The ratification of the Constitution

c. The Civil War

d. WWII

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The _____ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizational organizations.

a. The creation of supermax prisons

b. The creation of stricter sex offender laws

c. The war on drugs

d. The increased use of community corrections

Learning Objective: 16-2: Understand the connection between class, race/ethnicity, and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Racism is:

a. the differences between groups of people based on cultures.

b. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups.

c. differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same.

d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Slavery of which minority group was practiced almost from the settling of the United States?

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. DWB stands for:

a. Driving While Boozed

b. Drunk While Black or Brown

c. Driving While Bored

d. Driving While Baked

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Racial Profiling and DWB

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. It was not until the _____ in jails and prisons that practices changed and African American and White inmates were legally required to be treated more similarly.

a. Prisoners Rights Reform Act

b. Prison Litigation Reform Act

c. Prisoners rights movement

d. Prisoners litigation reform movement

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in India, named this group of people in error:

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Native Americans or American Indians

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Jim Crow laws:

a. were devised by Northern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from being able to fully participate in social/economic and life.

b. were devised by Southern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from being able to fully participate in social/economic and life.

c. were devised by the federal government to prevent newly freed African American slaves from being able to fully participate in social/economic and life.

d. were devised by Western states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from being able to fully participate in social/economic and life.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which president’s administration actually facilitated the “the war on drugs?”

a. President Nixon

b. President Reagan

c. President Bush (Sr.)

d. President Clinton

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which president’s administration initiated the war on crack cocaine?

a. President Nixon

b. President Reagan

c. President Bush (Sr.)

d. President Clinton

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crack Versus Powder Cocaine

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Racial profiling research has indicated that:

a. police officers will tend to stop older vehicles and such cars are often owned by poorer and minority group members.

b. Whites were more likely to report being stopped by police than Hispanics or Blacks.

c. police stops have been found to never be related to the driver’s skin color.

d. studies have revealed nothing of value in this area.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial Profiling and DWB

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. When dealing with adjustment to prison, Hassine (2009), a writer and inmate doing life since 1980, commented that:

a. race has not had any impact on his adjustment to prison life.

b. race has only been a small part of what he has had to deal with while inside prison.

c. race was an integral part of the prison life he has and does experience.

d. race played an important role only to minority groups in prisons, not White inmates.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities: Adjustment to Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. As far as incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population?

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following Articles of the U.S. Constitution caused fugitive slabs to be returned to the slave owner?

a. I

b. II

c. III

d. IV

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Which of the following types of crimes would more than likely fall under tribal jurisdiction?

a. petty theft

b. murder

c. arson

d. manslaughter

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Native Americans or American Indians

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. After the changing of federal law in 2010, sentences for crack versus powder cocaine was reduced from 100 to 1 to

a. 10 to 1

b. 18 to 1

c. 50 to 1

d. 55 to 1

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crack Versus Powder Cocaine

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. When looking at victimization in prisons, research has shown that:

a. Asians were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates.

b. Native Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff.

c. Hispanics were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff.

d. African Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victimization by Race and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Why did Crouch (1993) argue that Blacks might be more able to accept prison and adjust to it, over alternatives than Whites?

a. Because Blacks were more likely to know someone in alternative sentencing programs.

b. Because Blacks were more likely to know someone who was housed in prison with them.

c. Because Blacks are more likely to be threatened in prison than Whites.

d. Because Blacks are more likely to be arrested.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation or Prison?

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964:

a. less minorities are working for corrections industries than before.

b. numbers of female staff have risen to being over that of male staff.

c. hiring of minorities and women have increased.

d. Hispanics have risen as the highest number of staff in jails.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities Working in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. According Wolff et al. (2008), _____ were more likely to report victimization by other inmates than by staff.

a. African Americans

b. non-Hispanic whites

c. Hispanics

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victimization by Race and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. According to the text, police officers tend to stop

a. older vehicles.

b. red cars.

c. trucks.

d. 2-door cars.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Racial Profiling and DWB

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. The rhetoric for the modern drug war was initiated by President

a. Reagan

b. Johnson

c. Carter

d. Nixon

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Jim Crow laws were devised to prevent _____ from fully participating in social, economic, and civic life.

a. African Americans

b. Whites

c. Asian Americans

d. Hispanics

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Upward mobility can be hampered by which of the following?

a. poor nutrition

b. limited access to health care

c. parents who are absent and neglectful

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 16-2: Understand the connection between class, race/ethnicity, and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Chinese and Japanese immigrants were heavily involved in which of the following pioneer communities?

a. mining and agriculture

b. construction

c. transportation

d. fishing and hunting

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. _____ labor was crucial to the construction of the first transcontinental railroad.

a. Native American

b. Chinese labor

c. Hispanic labor

d. African American labor

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. The Chinese engaged in professions, such as

a. restaurants

b. education

c. medicine

d. military

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Chinese immigrants were through to be corrupting the white population by spreading the use of _____.

a. marijuana

b. crack cocaine

c. opium

d. alcohol

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Federal policy regarding American Indian tribes has shifted over time from efforts

a. to segregate them from white communities

b. to integrate tribal members into the larger society

c. to respect their identity and cultures

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Native Americans or American Indians

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. In some parts of the country, minority group members were more likely to be sentenced if they were innocent than that of their White brothers.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Hispanic refers to non-Asians.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas/Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The legacy of racism runs long and deep in the United States.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racism

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in the colonial United States in both the North and South.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Native Americans were given their name by our founding fathers.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Native Americans or American Indians

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The Scottsboro case exemplified the racist attitudes of communities.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Larger Native American reservations do not have their own jails.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Native Americans or American Indians

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The history of Mexican Americans has been one in which they were forcibly made part of the Northern states in America.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas/Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Chinese labor was crucial to the construction of the first continental railroad.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Much like the Chinese, Japanese immigrants provided cheap labor.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The internment of Japanese American families was not based on racist tinged beliefs.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Asian Americans today, tend to be overrepresented in federal facilities in relation to their representation in the general population.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Americans are more than willing to recognize the existence of a class system in the United States.

Learning Objective: 16-2: Understand the connection between class, race/ethnicity, and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Race and traditions of discrimination regarding African Americans have stymied their ability to assimilate.

Learning Objective: 16-2: Understand the connection between class, race/ethnicity, and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The drug war reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The implementation of the drug war has led to the erosion of civil liberties protections regarding search and evidence.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Preventing African Americans from voting was a key part of Jim Crow laws.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Sentences for crack cocaine are now proportionate to sentences for powder cocaine.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crack Versus Powder Cocaine

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Driving while Black or Brown refers to the police practice of focusing law enforcement on Black- or Brown-skinned drivers.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Racial Profiling and DWB

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Asian Americans in prison are most likely to report sexual or physical violence by either staff or an inmate.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Define ethnicity?

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Define discrimination.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Disparity and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Define institutional racism.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Define Hispanic.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas/Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Why were Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during WWII?

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Who initiated the war on drug legislation?

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What were Jim Crow laws?

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Drug War: The New Jim Crow?

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Define driving while black or brown (DWB).

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Racial Profiling and DWB

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. How are convictions for crack versus powdered cocaine treated when it comes to sentencing?

Learning Objective: 16-3: Appreciate the special challenges faced by minority group members in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crack Versus Powder Cocaine

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. What enabled the increase in employment of minorities and women in corrections?

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities Working in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Do you believe the criminal justice system is racist? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 16-4: Understand that the criminal justice system has not been race neutral in its treatment of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various Pages

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss slavery and the impact of racism for African Americans in correctional history.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe what happened to the Native Americans following Columbus’s arrival and history of reservations.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Native Americans or American Indians

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the history of Mexican Americans in the United States and the current racial criminal justice and political issues they face.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Know some of the history of minority group members in this country.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas/Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is the connection between class and race/ethnicity. Do you believe that its intersection has had negative impacts on minorities in this country?

Learning Objective: 16-2: Understand the connection between class, race/ethnicity, and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy