Ch13 Western Expansion And Southern Test Questions & Answers

Chapter 13: Western Expansion and Southern Secession, 1830–1861

CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

TRUE/FALSE

1. There were more than 200 different Indian tribes west of the Mississippi River in 1840.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

TOP: Plains Indians

2. Mexico’s independence from Spain slowed American expansion westward.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

TOP: Mexico and the Spanish West

3. Texians were Hispanic Texans, whereas Tejanos were Anglo-Texan settlers.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

TOP: American Settlements in Texas

4. President Martin Van Buren failed to win the Democratic party’s nomination to run for a second term because of his opposition to annexing Texas.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

TOP: The Election of 1844

5. The outbreak of the Mexican-American War was caused by the dispute over Oregon.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

TOP: The Outbreak of War

6. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave up claims to territory that would become the states of California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

TOP: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

7. The main political concern addressed by the Wilmot Proviso was whether or not to extend slavery westward.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

TOP: The Wilmot Proviso

8. “Popular Sovereignty” was the concept that citizens of a territory should regulate their own internal affairs, such as slavery.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

TOP: Popular Sovereignty

9. One aspect of the Compromise of 1850 was to weaken federal laws regarding slavery.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

TOP: The Great Debate

10. An increase in trade with China and Japan led American merchants and manufacturers to call for the building of a transcontinental railroad line.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

TOP: The Kansas-Nebraska Crisis

11. The Pottawatomie Massacre was part of the conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

TOP: “Bleeding Kansas”

12. James Buchanan’s great experience in public service helped him become one of the most successful presidents.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

TOP: President Buchanan

13. During his senatorial run against Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln stated his belief in racial equality.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

TOP: Douglas versus Lincoln

14. According to the textbook, southerners were particularly afraid that newly elected President Lincoln would prevent the expansion of the cotton economy.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

TOP: The Response in the South

15. The states of the Deep South did not secede from the Union until Lincoln took office.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

TOP: Secession of the Lower South

16. In his first inaugural address, President Lincoln pledged that he would not interfere with slavery where it already existed.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

TOP: Lincoln’s Inauguration

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The term manifest destiny was coined by newspaper editor

a. Horace Mann.

b. James K. Polk.

c. John C. Calhoun.

d. William Lloyd Garrison.

e. John L. O’Sullivan.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Moving West

MSC: Remembering

2. Manifest destiny was based on the notion that the United States must spread __________ and __________ westward.

a. Catholicism; freedom

b. monarchy; capitalism

c. Christianity; capitalism

d. Protestantism; monarchy

e. aristocracy; socialism

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Moving West

MSC: Understanding

3. By 1843 a mass migration of people by wagon train was headed for __________ in search of fertile soil and plentiful timber.

a. Oregon

b. Texas

c. California

d. Kansas

e. Iowa

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Rocky Mountains and Oregon Country

MSC: Understanding

4. What dramatic change did the shift from Spanish to Mexican rule in California produce?

a. Rancheros persuaded the Mexican government to give them control of the missions’ vast farmlands.

b. Indians lost their freedom and instead were under the control of the Catholic Church.

c. Indians successfully took control of Sutter’s Fort and used it as a trading outpost.

d. The government stopped giving out land grants along the California coast.

e. Rancheros lost their status as landowners and became cheap farm laborers.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Settlement of California

MSC: Applying

5. By 1830 the majority of the population living in Mexican Texas was

a. German.

b. Czech and Polish.

c. Hispanic.

d. Texian.

e. Tejano.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: American Settlements in Texas

MSC: Analyzing

6. Which of the following led to the Texas War for Independence?

a. Texian revolutionaries sought to free all black slaves.

b. Santa Anna became a dictator, inspiring Texas colonists to revolt.

c. Texians accused Stephen Austin of “despotism” and threw him in jail.

d. The United States took control of Texas during the Mexican-American War.

e. Santa Anna failed to adhere to the treaty of San Jacinto.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Texas War for Independence

MSC: Understanding

7. The Battle of the Alamo in Texas was a

a. victory for the United States.

b. victory for the Texians.

c. victory for Tejanos.

d. defeat for the Mexican army.

e. defeat for the Texians.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Alamo and Goliad

MSC: Analyzing

8. Why did the annexation of Texas take place during neither Andrew Jackson’s nor Martin van Buren’s presidency?

a. The Lone Star Republic voted overwhelmingly against annexation by the United States.

b. Annexing Texas as a slave state would cause conflict between northern and southern Democrats.

c. Annexing Texas would improve relations between the United States and Mexico, thereby weakening American relations with Spain.

d. Jackson and van Buren were too focused on other more pressing issues, such as repealing the Independent Treasury Act.

e. The Lone Star Republic had expanded to the Pacific during this time and was invested in building its own infrastructure there.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Lone Star Republic

MSC: Analyzing

9. When James K. Polk was the Democratic nominee for president in 1844 he firmly believed that

a. Texas should not be annexed.

b. manifest destiny was not good for the country in the long term.

c. the Oregon Country should be sold.

d. the United States should expand and become a global power.

e. the future of slavery needed to be addressed during his presidency.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Election of 1844

MSC: Analyzing

10. Why did Polk persuade Congress to restore the Independent Treasury Act?

a. He hoped to give favored state banks exclusive management of government funds.

b. He sought to strengthen the economy by entirely replacing gold and silver with paper currency.

c. He planned to put large amounts of federal funds toward the infrastructure projects backed by the Whigs.

d. He intended to replace the Second National Bank with the Independent Treasury to offset the growth of unregulated state banks.

e. He thought the Treasury would help him to increase tariffs on imports and decrease foreign competition.

OBJ: 1. Explain how, why, and where Americans moved west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Polk’s Goals

MSC: Applying

11. President James K. Polk stated that the immediate cause of the Mexican-American War was

a. Mexico’s invasion of American territory.

b. the issue of slavery.

c. rampant corruption in the Mexican government.

d. tariffs.

e. money owed to the United States by Mexico.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Outbreak of War

MSC: Analyzing

12. The greatest opposition to the Mexican-American War was in

a. the southern states.

b. Texas.

c. the Oregon Country.

d. New England.

e. Washington, D.C.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Opposition to the War

MSC: Understanding

13. At the time of the Mexican-American War, the U.S. military

a. was not well prepared for a major conflict.

b. had already secured the territory of Texas for the United States.

c. eventually recruited more than 500,000 troops.

d. kept its soldiers well supplied.

e. was known as a well-disciplined fighting force.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Preparing for Battle

MSC: Understanding

14. Just before the Mexican-American War, frontiersmen in California organized forces, encouraged American settlers to declare independence from Mexico, and formed the

a. Republic of Fredonia

b. Republic of California

c. Frémont Territory

d. Western Front

e. Golden Coast Territory

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Annexation of California

MSC: Understanding

15. The United States Army under Gen. Winfield Scott conquered __________ in September 1847.

a. Mexico City

b. Buena Vista

c. New Mexico

d. Sonoma

e. Tampico

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: War in Northern Mexico

MSC: Remembering

16. The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War was the Treaty of

a. Paris.

b. Ghent.

c. San Jacinto.

d. Guadalupe Hidalgo.

e. Buena Vista.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

MSC: Remembering

17. As a result of the Mexican-American War, the United States acquired territory that would eventually become the states of

a. Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.

b. California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

c. Washington and Oregon.

d. Coahuila and Tampico.

e. Texas and Arkansas.

OBJ: 2. Examine the impact of the Mexican-American War on national politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

MSC: Remembering

18. Which of the following was part of the Wilmot Proviso?

a. Annexing Texas as a free state

b. Banning “popular sovereignty” in the West

c. Abolishing slavery west of the Mississippi River

d. Allowing slavery in the southern regions of land acquired from Mexico

e. Banning slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Wilmot Proviso

MSC: Evaluating

19. __________ was the notion that citizens of a territory should regulate their own internal affairs just like the citizens of a state.

a. Popular sovereignty

b. Slave codes

c. Black codes

d. Judicial review

e. Congressional oversight

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Popular Sovereignty

MSC: Understanding

20. After the end of the Mexican-American War, Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina made the claim that __________ protected the institution of slavery.

a. popular sovereignty

b. judicial review

c. the First Amendment

d. the Fifth Amendment

e. the Thirteenth Amendment

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Wilmot Proviso

MSC: Understanding

21. Which of the following groups did the Free-Soil party attract?

a. Northern Republicans

b. Northern Democrats opposed to slavery

c. Unhappy southern Democrats

d. Pro-slavery Whigs

e. Mainstream Know-Nothings

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Free-Soil Coalition

MSC: Understanding

22. The __________ to California in 1849 resulted in the greatest mass migration in American history.

a. Chinese influx

b. Irish migration

c. Gold Rush

d. Mexican migration

e. Oil Gush

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The California Gold Rush

MSC: Remembering

23. Most miners arriving in California in search of gold intended to

a. build large homes on the coast once they struck it rich.

b. build large homes in the Hollywood Hills once they struck it rich.

c. strike it rich and return home.

d. strike it rich then bring their family out to join them.

e. start mining companies of their own.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Mining Life

MSC: Understanding

24. The final version of the Compromise of 1850 proposed to

a. abolish slavery west of the Mississippi River.

b. admit California as a free state.

c. admit New Mexico and Utah as slave states.

d. continue the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

e. stop federal intervention into slavery issues.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Great Debate

MSC: Analyzing

25. Which of the following statements about the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is accurate?

a. It made runaway slaves free.

b. It was supported by abolitionists.

c. It was used to recapture thousands of runaway slaves.

d. It was not controversial.

e. It required citizens to help locate and return runaway slaves.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Fugitive Slave Act

MSC: Analyzing

26. Which of the following statements about the Kansas-Nebraska Act is accurate?

a. It repealed the Missouri Compromise.

b. It made both Kansas and Nebraska free states.

c. It made both Kansas and Nebraska slave states.

d. It helped Stephen Douglas’ political career.

e. It was a part of the Compromise of 1850.

OBJ: 3. Describe how the federal government tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Kansas-Nebraska Crisis

MSC: Evaluating

27. What two new parties filled the gap left by the demise of the Whig party in the 1850s?

a. The Free-Soil party and the Know-Nothings

b. The Know-Nothings and the American party

c. The American party and the Republicans

d. The Democrats and the Federalists

e. The Free-Soil party and the Democrats

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Emergence of the Republican Party

MSC: Understanding

28. “Bleeding Kansas” was

a. a pro-slavery versus anti-slavery civil war in Kansas.

b. a minor event just prior to the Civil War.

c. a term referring to the large number of Kansans who fought in the Civil War.

d. a cause of the Mexican-American War.

e. the result of Ku Klux Klan violence.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: “Bleeding Kansas”

MSC: Understanding

29. Who was the only elected president to be denied renomination by his own party?

a. James Buchanan

b. Franklin Pierce

c. James K. Polk

d. Millard Fillmore

e. Zachary Taylor

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Sectional Squabbles

MSC: Remembering

30. Which of the following statements correctly describes President James Buchanan?

a. He was an advocate of secession and Texas independence.

b. He was the first Republican president.

c. He did not want to make concessions to the South over secession issues.

d. He was willing to compromise with northern Republicans.

e. He was an advocate of states’ rights and territorial expansion.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: President Buchanan

MSC: Analyzing

31. The first man to run for president under the banner of the new Republican party of the 1850s was

a. John C. Frémont.

b. James Buchanan.

c. Stephen Douglas.

d. Abraham Lincoln.

e. Franklin Pierce.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Sectional Squabbles

MSC: Remembering

32. What did the Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case do?

a. It made slaves citizens of the United States.

b. It allowed Dred Scott to remain a free man.

c. It upheld the Fourteenth Amendment.

d. It maintained that Dred Scott must remain a slave.

e. It settled the controversial issue of slavery in the western territories.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Dred Scott Case

MSC: Analyzing

33. In the 1850s, Abraham Lincoln’s views on slavery included

a. nationwide abolition.

b. allowing slavery in the western territories.

c. “popular sovereignty.”

d. prohibiting expansion westward.

e. abolition and equal rights for blacks.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Douglas versus Lincoln

MSC: Analyzing

34. John Brown’s raid was

a. the only successful slave rebellion in U.S. history.

b. an attack on military forces in West Virginia.

c. an effort to confiscate slave owners’ weapons.

d. the first battle of the Civil War.

e. an attempt to trigger a slave rebellion across the South.

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: John Brown’s Raid

MSC: Understanding

35. What national political party split in the months prior to the presidential election of 1860?

a. Democrats

b. Republicans

c. Whigs

d. Know-Nothings

e. Free-Soil

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Democrats Divide

MSC: Remembering

36. When he won the presidency, Abraham Lincoln carried __________ slave states in the Electoral College.

a. 0

b. 1

c. 2

d. 5

e. 7

OBJ: 4. Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters and how it led to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Lincoln’s Election

MSC: Remembering

37. Which of the following was the first southern state to secede from the Union?

a. Virginia

b. Texas

c. South Carolina

d. Alabama

e. Mississippi

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Response in the South

MSC: Remembering

38. What did President James Buchanan do in response to the secession of South Carolina?

a. He acted decisively.

b. He tried to force South Carolina to rejoin the Union.

c. He protected federal military installations across the South.

d. He tried to compromise.

e. He claimed he lacked constitutional authority to act.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Buchanan’s Waiting Game

MSC: Analyzing

39. How many southern states seceded before Lincoln even took office?

a. 11

b. 10

c. 7

d. 5

e. 3

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Secession of the Lower South

MSC: Remembering

40. Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?

a. John C. Calhoun

b. James Buchanan

c. Alexander H. Stephens

d. Jefferson Davis

e. David Wilmot

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Secession of the Lower South

MSC: Remembering

41. The Crittenden Compromise sought to

a. abolish slavery in the West.

b. convince the seceding states to rejoin the Union.

c. repeal the Missouri Compromise.

d. repeal the Compromise of 1850.

e. allow slavery to expand across the Southwest below the Missouri Compromise line.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Final Efforts at Compromise

MSC: Analyzing

42. What did Abraham Lincoln do in his first inaugural address?

a. He promised to end slavery everywhere.

b. He promised to punish the South.

c. He made the declaration of war.

d. He declared secession illegal.

e. He promised to expand slavery.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Lincoln’s Inauguration

MSC: Understanding

43. After Lincoln’s thoughtful inaugural address in 1861, southerners

a. reconsidered whether secession was the right thing to do.

b. tried to have him impeached.

c. plotted to have him assassinated.

d. picketed outside the White House.

e. remained unimpressed.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Lincoln’s Inauguration

MSC: Understanding

44. The first shots of the Civil War were fired at

a. Richmond, Virginia.

b. Fort Sumter.

c. Washington, D.C.

d. Charleston, South Carolina.

e. Atlanta.

OBJ: 5. Explain why seven southern states seceded from the Union shortly after Lincoln’s election in 1860.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The End of the Waiting Game

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY

1. Explain the phrase manifest destiny. What factors were most important in drawing Americans to the West, both mentally and physically?

Answers will vary.

2. Explain the issues that led to the Compromise of 1850, and describe how the Compromise was fashioned and passed.

Answers will vary.

3. Describe the “politics of slavery” as it applied to westward expansion (e.g., Texas, Mexican territories acquired by war, Kansas-Nebraska Act issues, etc.). How could this be characterized as a cause of the Civil War?

Answers will vary.

4. Explain the rise of the Republican party in the 1850s. What issues led to its development? Whom did it appeal to and why? Who opposed it and why? What factors helped the party win the presidency in 1860?

Answers will vary.

5. Why did seven southern states secede from the Union before Abraham Lincoln even took office? Explain why those states had no desire to hear his “solutions” for the nation.

Answers will vary.

MATCHING

Match each person or group with one of the following descriptions.

a. Led an uprising in 1846 to establish the Republic of California

b. Led American forces at Veracruz

c. Rushed to California looking for gold

d. Introduced the concept of “popular sovereignty”

e. Introduced a proposal in Congress to prevent slavery in western territories

f. Authored the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a powerful weapon for anti-slavery advocates

g. Was a leading promoter of Anglo-American settlement in Mexican Texas

h. Was president of the Republic of Texas

i. Was the first “dark horse” candidate for president

j. Lost his legal bid to become a free man

1. Stephen F. Austin

2. Sam Houston

3. John C. Frémont

4. James K. Polk

5. Winfield Scott

6. David Wilmot

7. Lewis Cass

8. Forty-niners

9. Harriet Beecher Stowe

10. Dred Scott