Ch.13 Complete Test Bank Inductive Findings Qual Analysis

Chapter 13: How Do Researchers Develop Inductive Findings? Qualitative Data Analysis

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 1

1) Who wrote “Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose?”

Page reference: Introduction

a. Dorothy Smith

b. C. Wright Mills

c. Zora Neale Hurston

d. Max Weber

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 2

2) __________ are general or abstract ideas that serve to organize observations and ideas about some aspect of the social world.

Page reference: Overview

a. Variables

b. Concepts

c. Categories

d. Indicators

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 3

3) A cluster or collection of instances that share characteristics or features are called ___________.

Page reference: Overview

a. Variables

b. Concepts

c. Categories

d. Indicators

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 4

4) Researchers largely feel that ______________ is undesirable because of the ___________ method of qualitative research.

Page reference: Introduction

a. Codification; interpretive

b. Interpretation; codified

c. Codification; structured

d. Structure; codified

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 5

5) What is the first step of organizing qualitative data?

Page reference: Managing and Organizing Qualitative Data

a. Organize files by data collection method.

b. Quantitative analysis

c. First step is to make sure all interviews have been transcribed and all field notes are written up.

d. Secondary data analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 6

6) Data can be organized in which of the following ways?

Page reference: Managing and Organizing Qualitative Data

a. Chronological

b. By data collection method

c. All of these

d. By type of participant

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 7

7) Organizing data chronologically is best when _________________.

Page reference: Large Survey as Existing Data

a. The researcher needs to consider the data in the order it happened.

b. The researcher wants to see what patterns emerge by type of data.

c. The researcher wants to see what patterns emerge by respondent.

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 8

8) Fields and team focused their participatory action research on _________________.

Page reference: Box 13.1

a. Incarceration experiences of women of color

b. Incarceration experiences of women of color

c. HIV education with incarcerated women of color

d. HIV education with incarcerated white women

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 9

9) In Fields and team’s research, ________________ were 1 or 2 page documents noting any challenges or achievements, as well as items needed for the next workshop.

Page reference: 13.1

a. Field notes

b. Notes-on-notes

c. Progress notes

d. Analytic memos

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 10

10) _______________ were what Fields and team referred to as “analytic memos.”

Page reference: 13.1

a. Field notes

b. Notes-on-notes

c. Progress notes

d. Preps

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 11

11) The process that researchers use to categorize data in order to facilitate analysis is known as _______________.

Page reference: Approaches to Qualitative Analysis

a. Field notes

b. Iterations

c. Organizing

d. Coding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 12

12) When research happens in multiple steps what are completed repeatedly and systematically, it is an _____________ process.

Page reference: Approaches to Qualitative Analysis

a. Deductive

b. Inductive

c. Iterative

d. Repetitive

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 13

13) In the process of analyzing her field notes data, Dr. Jones noticed a new theme that emerged. She then uses this new theme to approach the next phase of data collection. This is an example of the ____________ process of qualitative research.

Page reference: Large Survey as Existing Data

a. Iterative

b. Inductive

c. Deductive

d. Repetitive

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 14

14) A ________ iterative process involves the researcher repeating the same steps in the same order multiple times.

Page reference: Box 13.2

a. Reflexive

b. Qualitative

c. Rigid

d. Accurate

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 15

15) A ________ iterative process involves the researcher analyzing data throughout the collection process.

Page reference: Box 13.2

a. Reflexive

b. Qualitative

c. Rigid

d. Accurate

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 16

16) Which of the following is not one of the statements that Fields’ participatory research team drafted based on the data analysis process.

Page reference: Box 13.2

a. There are limited quality resources for women in jail and even fewer resources for monolingual Spanish-speaking women.

b. Women are unwilling to be in relationships with men who disrespect their bodies and sexual health.

c. Women often choose food, money, love, and/or drugs over safer sex

d. Many women of color want to learn about HIV so they can help their children make healthy choices about preventing the virus.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 17

17) After drafting the statements based on the data analysis, Fields and her research team next shared them with _________________.

Page reference: Box 13.2

a. Administrators in the jail

b. Incarcerated women

c. Other researchers

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 18

18) __________ allow the researcher to reflect upon and keep track of what is happening or being conveyed in the data.

Page reference: Coding

a. Codes

b. Field notes

c. Analytic memos

d. Labels

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 19

19) Which of the following is a question suggested by Lofland and Lofland when developing codes?

Page reference: Coding

a. What are people doing?

b. What do people say they are doing?

c. What does this behavior represent?

d. All of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 20

20) According to Lofland and Lofland, coding should happen _______________.

Page reference: Coding

a. After data collection is completely finished

b. As soon as possible, while data collection is underway

c. Before data collection starts as a way to organize findings

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 21

21) Lofland and Lofland suggest that in the early stages of analysis, ___________.

Page reference: Coding

a. It is possible to have too many codes.

b. Researchers shouldn’t worry about generating too many codes.

c. Coding should be streamlined and trimmed.

d. Researchers should keep the number of codes limited.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 22

22) Coffey and Atkinson point to _______ levels of coding.

Page reference: Coding

a. Five

b. Three

c. Six

d. Unlimited

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 23

23) The first level of coding according to Coffey and Atkinson is _________ coding.

Page reference: Coding

a. Deeper awareness

b. Non-literal

c. Iterative

d. Basic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 24

24) The third level of coding moves away from the __________.

Page reference: Coding

a. Descriptive

b. Literal

c. Abstract

d. Iterative

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 25

25) An approach to qualitative data analysis in which data collection and analysis proceed iteratively to produce a theoretical understanding is known as ________.

Page reference: Grounded theory

a. Grounded theory

b. Iterative analysis

c. Field notes

d. In-depth interviewing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 26

26) The process of grounded theory is marked by _______________ of new and existing data within a particular concept.

Page reference: Grounded theory

a. Challenges

b. Repetitiveness

c. None of these

d. Constant comparison

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 27

27) The point at which emerging concepts have been fully explored and no new insights are generated is known as _______________.

Page reference: Grounded theory

a. Grounded theory

b. Theoretical sampling

c. Exiting the field

d. Theoretical saturation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 28

28) When cases are selected by emerging theoretical considerations and repeated, this is known as ___________________.

Page reference: Grounded theory

a. Grounded theory

b. Theoretical sampling

c. Exiting the field

d. Theoretical saturation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 29

29) Which of the following is an aim of theoretical sampling?

Page reference: Grounded theory

a. To get a large sample

b. To generalize findings to the larger population

c. To sample until the researcher has achieved conceptual breadth

d. To develop a homogenous group

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 30

30) When researchers are assigning codes in grounded theory, the aim first is to _______________.

Page reference: Coding in grounded theory

Incorrect

a. Look back on multiple codes that were assigned to identify and describe patterns

b. Describe what is happening in their data

c. Identify recurring situations

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 31

31) An early stage of qualitative analysis in which the researcher stays close to the data and generates concepts is called ________________.

Page reference: Coding in grounded theory

a. Line-by-ling coding

b. Open coding

c. Axial coding

d. Focused coding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 32

32) An in-depth method of analysis in which the research applies a code to every line of fieldnotes or transcripts is called _______________.

Page reference: Coding in grounded theory

a. Line-by-ling coding

b. Open coding

c. Axial coding

d. Focused coding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 33

33) ____________ coding is a process in qualitative data analysis of relating codes to one another with the aim of making connections between concepts and categories.

Page reference: Coding in grounded theory

a. Line-by-ling coding

b. Open coding

c. Axial coding

d. Focused coding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 34

34) The formal and systemic application of most frequently occurring or compelling codes to qualitative data is called ______________.

Page reference: Coding in grounded theory

a. Line-by-ling coding

b. Open coding

c. Axial coding

d. Focused coding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 35

35) ___________ are the “building blocks of theory.”

Page reference: Outcomes of Grounded Theory

a. Categories

b. Concepts

c. Properties

d. Hypotheses

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 36

36) A ___________ subsumes two or more concepts.

Page reference: Outcomes of Grounded Theory

a. Category

b. Concept

c. Property

d. Hypothesis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 37

37) Which of the following is not a part of the grounded theory process?

Page reference: Outcomes of Grounded Theory

a. Categories become saturated in the course of the coding process.

b. The researcher codes data and may generate concepts with open coding.

c. The researcher explores relationships among categories and develops working hypotheses.

d. Researchers develop formal theory.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 38

38) A brief written exploration of concepts, questions, and emerging analysis is called a(n) _____________.

Page reference: Analytic memo

a. Field notes

b. Analytic memo

c. Coding scheme

d. Line-by-line coding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 39

39) Charmaz identified that the men with chronic illnesses used various methods of approaching and resolving the assault on their traditional masculine self-images. She termed this _____________.

Page reference: Box 13.5

a. Toxic masculinity

b. Chronic management

c. Identity dilemmas

d. Identify shifts

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 40

40) Which of the following is not a limitation of grounded theory?

Page reference: Promises and Limitations of Grounded theory

a. Researchers can be overwhelmed with digital files.

b. Researchers cannot realistically have a theory-neutral approach.

c. Tight deadlines make it difficult to have the time to develop grounded theory.

d. Data may become too fragmented.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 41

41) What did the author’s identify as being central to a participatory action research approach, particularly in Fields et al.’s work?

Page reference: Box 13.6

a. Emotion

b. Validity

c. Trust

d. Respect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 42

42) A limiting factor of using oral histories for secondary analysis is _____________.

Page reference: Considerations in Secondary Analysis of Oral Histories

a. Privileged people are more likely to have their stories preserved.

b. It is risky for privileged people to share their stories.

c. They may be too in-depth with detail.

d. Oral histories are not focused on one topic.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 43

43) Searching for and analyzing stories that people tell in order to understand their lives and the social world is known as ________________.

Page reference: Narrative Analysis

a. Qualitative research

b. Field research

c. Grounded theory

d. Narrative analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 44

44) ____________ looks at the dialogue between the storyteller and the listener.

Page reference: Intersectional analysis

a. Performative analysis

b. Structural analysis

c. Thematic analysis

d. Interactional analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 45

45) When researchers focus their intersectional analysis on the experiences of marginalized people and communities, they are using a _______ practice.

Page reference: Intersectional analysis

a. System-centered

b. Group-centered

c. Process-centered

d. Concept-centered

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 46

46) An intersectional analysis that focuses on sites of oppression and inequality as always intersecting and relating to one another, according to Choo and Ferree, is known as _______________.

Page reference: Intersectional analysis

a. System-centered

b. Group-centered

c. Process-centered

d. Concept-centered

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 47

47) Which of the following is not a concern from Riessman about fragmentation?

Page reference: Data Fragments and Contexts

a. The coding method can fragment the data

b. Some forms of data may not be suitable for coding

c. A narrative analysis might be a better fit

d. Some topics are not appropriate for coding.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 48

48) An unexpected finding from Whitehead’s research on women with anorexia was _________________.

Page reference: Methods in Motion

a. Practices by women with eating disorders reproduce dominant norms.

b. The collective identity of women with eating disorders is gendered.

c. Some women with anorexia or bulimia do not want to change their eating habits.

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 49

49)

Which type of technology is most appropriate for qualitative analysis?

Page reference: Technology of Analysis

a. Laptops

b. Smartphones

c. Colored pens

d. All of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 50

50) Which of the following is not a reason to use CAQDAS when analyzing qualitative research?

Page reference: Box 13.7

a. CAQDAS software is not compatible for grounded theory.

b. It may be just as easy to use word-processing software to do the work.

c. The value of qualitative data may be diminished by quantifying it.

d. Data can be too fragmented.

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 1

1) Because of its interpretive nature, there are not highly codified procedures in qualitative analysis.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 2

2) A common concern for qualitative research is not having enough data.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 3

3) The first step of qualitative data analysis is organizing the data.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 4

4) In Fields and team’s research, field notes and progress notes were basically the same thing.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 5

5) Coding is the process researchers use to categorize data to facilitate analysis.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 6

6) The iterative process of qualitative research applies only to the data collection process.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 7

7) It is a good idea to start coding while you are still collecting data.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 8

8) One mistake researchers make is generating too many codes in the early stages of analysis.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 9

9) Generally any one interaction should be coded with a single code.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 10

10) There is no one correct approach to coding data.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 11

11) According to Coffey and Atkinson, third level coding involves a deeper awareness of the content of what people say and the organization of the social setting or conditions being studied.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 12

12) Grounded theory is approach where theory is the starting point which shapes data collection.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 13

13) Theoretical saturation refers to the point at which emerging concepts have been fully explored and no new insights are generated.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 14

14) Open coding is undertaken by putting data back together in new ways to make connections between categories.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 15

15) Focused coding refers to the systematic application of most frequently occurring or compelling codes to qualitative data.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 16

16) Charmaz used axial coding in her study of men with chronic but not terminal illnesses.

a. True

Section: Box 13.3

b. False

Section: Box 13.3

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 17

17) By applying insights generated in the ground theory process to different settings, researchers generate substantive theory.

a. True

Section: Outcomes of Grounded Theory

b. False

Section: Outcomes of Grounded Theory

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 18

18) Researchers use analytic memos to reminder themselves of what concepts or categories refer to during the analysis process.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 19

19) Charmaz developed the notion of “identity dilemmas” which are ways that men approach and possibly resolve assaults on their traditionally masculine self-images.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 20

20) Researchers are expected to aim for theory-neutral observation when developing grounded theory.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 21

21) Narrative analysis is a way for researchers to deal with the challenge of fragmentation in qualitative coding.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 22

22) Structural narrative analysis focuses on what is said rather than how it is said.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 23

23) An example of an intersectional framework would be considering how gender and race impact the experience of poverty.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 24

24) Qualitative researchers agree that using CAQDAS is the best way to analyse qualitative data.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 13 Question 25

25) An advantage of using CAQDAS is that it enhances the transparency of qualitative data analysis.

a. True

Incorrect

b. False

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 1

1) What does it mean to say that research is “all about poking and prying with a purpose?”

Feedback: Researcher is about finding and explaining patterns. Iterative process.

Section reference: Overview; Introduction

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 2

2) What are the first steps in analysing qualitative data?

Feedback: Make sure all data is transcribed or written up. Label everything with a easily searchable name. Then start to organize it. Approaches to organization vary.

Section reference: Considerations in Secondary Analysis of Large Survey Data

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 3

3) Describe the iterative nature of qualitative analysis. How does this iterative nature shape the findings achieved in qualitative data analysis?

Feedback: Revisit data and analysis multiple times, repeating steps, looking for new insights, and checking against existing data.

Section reference: Box 13.2; Approaches to Qualitative Analysis

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 4

4) Describe what coding is and what the coding process entails.

Feedback: Coding is the starting point for most forms of qualitative data. Read the data and describe it with a code. Begin as soon as possible. Read without taking notes. Read again and make notes with codes. Review codes across the data. Review codes in light of literature and so on.

Section reference: Coding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 5

5) What are the three levels of coding described by Coffey and Atkinson (1996)? Provide an example of each. How are the levels related to each other?

Feedback: Basic coding, deeper awareness, move away from the literal. No right way. Interconnectedness.

Section reference: Coding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 6

6) What are the main features of grounded theory?

Feedback: Data collection and analysis proceed iteratively to produce theory. Commitment to developing theory out of data. Iterative approach.

Section reference: Grounded Theory

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 7

7) Explain theoretical sampling and theoretical saturation in your own words. What is important about these concepts?

Feedback: theoretical saturation: point at which emerging concepts have been fully explored with no new insights being generated. Theoretical sampling: data collection and/or selection of cases guided by emerging theoretical considerations and repeated until theoretical saturation is reached. Ending point of data collection and analysis.

Section reference: Grounded theory

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 8

8) Describe the different types of coding approaches in grounded theory. What kind of information can be learned from each?

Feedback: Open coding, line-by-line coding, axial coding, focused coding

Section reference: Coding in Grounded Theory

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 9

9) What are the various outcomes or products that can be yielded from coding in grounded theory?

Feedback: Concepts, categories, properties, working hypotheses

Section reference: Outcomes of Grounded Theory

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 10

10) Describe how Whiting and team’s research used grounded theory in their study.

Feedback: Used grounded theory to explore how male perpetrators of intimate partner violence perceived their actions. Used qualitative interviews. Analyzed the category of remorse.

Section reference: Box 13.4

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 11

11) Discuss the steps that Charmaz took in her research of men with chronic, non-terminal illnesses.

Feedback: Examined identity dilemmas of men with chronic but not terminal illnesses. Helped explain notions of masculinity in maintaining identity with illness.

Section reference: Grounded theory in action

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 12

12) What are the challenges of grounded theory?

Feedback: Challenging to suspend awareness of ongoing debates and concepts. Insights and analyses are conditioned by previous knowledge. Time and deadlines make it difficult to achieve. Fragmentation can result in a loss of context and narrative flow.

Section reference: Promises and Limitations of Grounded Theory

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 13

13) What is narrative analysis? What are the four models of narrative analysis distinguished by Riessman?

Feedback: Narrative analysis is an approach based on the search for and analysis of stories people tell. Four models: thematic, structural, interactional, performative

Section reference: Narrative Analysis

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 14

14) Describe Tolman’s mixed method approach to her study? Why was it important to used a mixed methods approach in this case?

Feedback: Studied girls’ gendered and sexual behaviors and desires. Used a survey about the sexual behavior and health and their beliefs about femininity. Conducted qualitative interviews with a subset and then focused on a single case.

Section reference: Mixed Methods in Action

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 15

15) Explain the concept intersectionality in your own words. What is important about this approach? How do your identities intersect?

Feedback: Intersectionality describes an approach to thinking about social differences and inequalities by asking us to think about how social categories like race, gender, sexuality, ability, class, and so on are related to one another or intersect.

Section reference: Intersectional Analysis

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 16

16) Describe Choo and Ferree’s three practices of intersectional analysis. Provide an example of each.

Feedback: Group-centered; process-centered; system centered

Section referencec: Intersectional Analysis

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 17

17) Why was Riessman concerned about fragmentation? How did she suggest dealing with fragmentation?

Feedback: Didn’t want to fragment narratives and had trouble coding some excerpts. Some data can be fragmented; some is not suitable for coding; and researchers could use narrative analysis.

Section reference: Data Fragments and Contexts

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 18

18) Discuss the significance of Whitehead’s research. What did her grounded theory approach find?

Feedback: Her findings about women with eating disorders were unexpected.

Section reference: Methods in Motion

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 19

19) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software.

Feedback: Advantages: trees of interrelated ideas; count frequency; enhances the transparency of data; streamline the work Disadvantages: it can be expensive; can do much of the work in other programs that are already widely available; quantifies qualitative data; reinforces fragmentation and so on.

Section reference: The Technology of Analysis

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 13 Question 20

20) Which of the qualitative data analysis approaches sound most appealing to you? Propose a research study using this approach.

Feedback: Answers vary

Section reference: Chapter