Deductive Findings, Quant Analysis Exam Prep Chapter 14 - Social Research Methods 1e | Test Bank Bryman by Alan Bryman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 14: How Do Researchers Develop Deductive Findings? Quantitative Data Analysis
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 1
1) When data has not been processed for use or analysis it is called ____ data.
Page reference: Introduction
a. Quantitative
b. Numeric
c. Raw
d. Qualitative
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 2
2) ____________ is the process of examining, processing, and organizing data to gather information and develop conclusions.
Page reference: Introduction
a. Statistics
b. Data analysis
c. Correlation
d. Quantifying
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 3
3) In quantitative research, data analysis is carried out __________ collection.
Page reference: Introduction
a. During
b. Before
c. After
d. Simultaneously with
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 4
4) Which of the following is not a factor that quantitative researchers should keep in mind when designing their research?
Page reference: Introduction
a. Data decisions can wait until after data have been collected.
b. Statistical techniques that researchers can be used depend on how variables are measured.
c. The size and nature of the sample can impose limits on statistical techniques that can be used.
d. Quantitative analysis is often an iterative process.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 5
5) Quantitative researchers use _______ data to explain complex social phenomenon.
Page reference: Overview
a. Narrative
b. Statistical
c. Numeric
d. Iterative
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 6
6) An attribute or characteristic that may vary over time or from case to case is called a(n) _________________.
Page reference: Introduction
a. Concept
b. Category
c. Variable
d. Data point
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 7
7) Which of the following is not a level of measurement?
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Continuous
b. Nominal
c. Ratio
d. Interval
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 8
8) Variables that are rank-ordered named categories are at the ____________ level of measurement.
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Nominal
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 9
9) Height or weight are examples of __________ level of measurement.
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Nominal
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 10
10) A level of measurement with no absolute zero value but with meaningful and consistent distances is _____________.
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Nominal
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 11
11) What is the level of measurement for the following variable?
Racial identity measured with the respondent selecting from the following categories: white/Caucasian; black/African American; Latino/a/x; Asian American/Pacific Islander; Native American/Indigenous; Other
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Nominal
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 12
12) In order to perform certain statistical analyses on Likert-scale variables, researchers will assume they are at the ___________level of measurement.
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 13
13) In order for a researcher to calculate an average, the variable must be at the __________ level.
Page reference: Types of variables
a. Interval or ratio
b. Only ratio
c. Only interval
d. Any level of measurement
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 14
14) Tools used to describe and interpret the key features of a data set is called _____________.
Page reference: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
a. Quantitative research
b. Inferential statistics
c. Descriptive statistics
d. Data analysis
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 15
15) ____________ analyze the characteristics of a sample to make conclusions about the population from which it was drawn.
Page reference: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
a. Quantitative research
b. Inferential statistics
c. Descriptive statistics
d. Data analysis
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 16
16) Which of the following is not one of the statements that Fields’ participatory research team drafted based on the data analysis process.
Page reference: Box 13.2
a. There are limited quality resources for women in jail and even fewer resources for monolingual Spanish-speaking women.
b. Women are unwilling to be in relationships with men who disrespect their bodies and sexual health.
c. Women often choose food, money, love, and/or drugs over safer sex
d. Many women of color want to learn about HIV so they can help their children make healthy choices about preventing the virus.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 17
17) Which of the following is not a finding from Chetty et al.’s research on how parental income affects the income levels of black and white children?
Page reference: Box 14.1
a. Hispanic and Asian children have steady rates of upward mobility compared to white children.
b. Whites had about the same level of mobility as other groups.
c. American Indian and Black children have lower rates of upward mobility.
d. Black boys’ exposure to some neighborhood factors affected mobility.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 18
18) “62.5% of America’s White children grow up in areas with low poverty” is an example of what type of statistic?
Page reference: Box 14.1
a. Descriptive
b. Inferential
c. Quantitative
d. Average
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 19
19) Which of the following is not a type of sampling that D’Anna used in her research of Cambodian and Latinx community health needs?
Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action
a. Systematic random sampling
b. Multistate cluster sampling
c. Snowball sampling
d. All of these
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 20
20) D’Anna found that _______ described their family and friends as strong support networks and their cultures as supportive of their health.
Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action
a. Latino respondents
b. Both Cambodian and Latino respondents
c. Cambodian respondents
d. White respondents
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 21
21) Which group in D’Anna’s study had a higher percentage of respondents who rated their health as poor?
Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action
a. Latino respondents
b. Cambodian and Latino respondents equally reported this
c. Cambodian respondents
d. White respondents
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 22
22) Based on your data analysis, you find that 33% of whites in your sample have never had an interaction with the police compared to 10% of Latinx respondents. Why would it be misleading to end the analysis with this information?
Page reference: Quantitative Analysis as a Tool for Understanding
a. You need to know the level of measurement for these variables.
b. You need to know the percentage of whites and Latinx respondents in the overall population.
c. You need to use qualitative methods to understand this phenomenon.
d. None of these.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 23
23) As variables are added to the analysis, the examination of the relationship becomes ______.
Page reference: Quantitative Analysis as a Tool for Understanding
a. Less complex
b. Causal
c. Iterative
d. More complex
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 24
24) The simplest form of quantitative analysis is _________________.
Page reference: Univariate analysis
a. Bivariate analysis
b. Univariate analysis
c. Averages
d. Descriptive
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 25
25) This is an example of a _________________. ______________
Page reference: Univariate analysis
a. Frequency table
b. Quantitative table
c. Contingency table
d. Dispersion
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 26
26) The percentage column in a frequency table should add up to ____________.
Page reference: Univariate analysis
a. 1
b. N
c. None of these
d. 100%
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 27
27) With nominal or ordinal level variables, which chart is most appropriate?
Page reference: Univariate analysis
a. Bar chart only
b. Pie chart only
c. Line graph
d. Bar chart or pie chart
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 28
28) A measure designed to represent the central value in a set of scores is called _______________
Page reference: Measures of Central Tendency
a. Mean
b. Measures of central tendency
c. Measures of dispersion
d. Median
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 29
29) The value that occurs most frequently in a set of scores is the __________.
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Median
b. Range
c. Mode
d. Mean
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 30
30) The sum of all numbers in a distribution divided by the total number of scores is called the ___________.
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
Incorrect
a. Median
b. Standard deviation
c. Mode
d. Mean
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 31
31) For which type of variable can the mode be calculated?
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Nominal
b. All of these
c. Ordinal
d. Interval/ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 32
32) For which type of variable can the mean be calculated?
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Nominal
b. All of these
c. Ordinal
d. Interval/ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 33
33) An extreme value (either very high or very low) in a distribution of scores that can distort the mean and the range is called a(n)__________.
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Standard deviation
b. Median
c. Outlier
d. Variable
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 34
34) The midpoint in a set of scores arranged in numerical order is the _________.
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Median
b. Standard deviation
c. Mode
d. Mean
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 35
35) For which type of variable can the mean be calculated?
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Ratio
b. All of these
c. Ordinal
d. Interval
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 36
36) What is the median in this set of scores:
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. 5
b. 7
c. 6
d. Hypothesis
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 37
37) What is the mean in this set of scores:
3 5 6 8 11 2 1 0 0 10 4 7 7
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. 7.02
b. 6.11
c. 4.4
d. 4.92
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 38
38) Based on the mean and median of this distribution, it is clear that the distribution is ____________.
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Positively skewed
b. Symmetrical
c. Negatively skewed
d. Skewed
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 39
39) A distribution in which the values do you not cluster around the center of the set but instead are in an extreme in one direction or another is _________.
Page reference: Measures of central tendency
a. Positively skewed
b. Symmetrical
c. Negatively skewed
d. Skewed
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 40
40) The degree of variability of values in a sample is called ___________.
Page reference: Measures of dispersion
a. Dispersion
b. Range
c. The average
d. Standard deviation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 41
41) The difference between the highest and lowest score in a set of scores is called the ____________.
Page reference: Measures of dispersion
a. Measures of dispersion
b. Variability
c. Range
d. Median
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 42
42) For which type of variable can measures of dispersion be calculated?
Page reference: Measures of dispersion
a. Nominal
b. All of these
c. Ordinal
d. Interval/ratio
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 43
43) How scores are dispersed around the mean is referred to as the ___________.
Page reference: Measures of dispersion
a. Range
b. Variability
c. Deviation
d. Standard deviation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 44
44) When researchers analyze the relationship or differences between two variables, they are conducting a(n) _____________.
Page reference: Bivariate analysis
a. Univariate analysis
b. Frequency table
c. Measure of dispersion
d. Bivariate analysis
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 45
45) The variable that has or is assumed to have an influence on another variable is the ______________.
Page reference: Bivariate analysis
a. Causal variable
b. Independent variable
c. Dependent variable
d. Ordinal variable
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 46
46) In the following hypothesis, what is the dependent variable: Men are more likely to oppose marijuana legalization than women
Page reference: Bivariate analysis
a. Opinion about legalization of marijuana
b. Opposing marijuana
c. Sex
d. Women
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 47
47) Perry found that as ___________ increased, ______________ decreased.
Page reference: Religious Service Attendance and Interracial Dating
a. Interracial dating; church attendance
b. Church attendance; support for marijuana legalization
c. Support for marijuana legalization; church attendance
d. Church attendance; interracial dating
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 48
48) Bunch and team found that people who had been victimized engaged in higher-risk behaviors. This was a _________ relationship.
Page reference: Box 14.2
a. Contingent
b. Causal
c. Spurious
d. Positive
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 49
49)
The examination of relationships among three or more variables is called ___________.
Page reference: Multivariate analysis
a. Statistical analysis
b. Univariate analysis
c. Spurious
d. Multivariate analysis
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 50
50) An unobserved variable that can explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables and may be a cause of the dependent variable is called a(n) ______________ variable.
Page reference: Multivariate analysis
a. Intervening
b. Interaction
c. Independent
d. Control
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 1
1) The process of examining, processing, and organizing data to gather information and develop conclusions from it is known as statistical tools.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 2
2) Raw data is data that has been collected and processed for analysis.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 3
3) Nominal variables are rank-ordered named categories.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 4
4) Religion measured by denomination is an example of an ordinal variable.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 5
5) Interval-ratio level variables are the highest level of measurement, allowing for the widest range of analysis techniques.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 6
6) The way that a variable is measured determines what type of statistical analysis can be used.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 7
7) Likert-scale variables can be treated as though they produce interval-ratio variables.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 8
8) Descriptive statistics are tools used to analyse the characteristics of a sample to make assumptions about the larger population.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 9
9) The following is an example of an inferential statistic: “55% of the sample was Cambodian, while 45% were Latinx.”
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 10
10) D’Anna and team generalized their findings using inferential statistics.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 11
11) Univariate analysis is the simplest form of quantitative analysis and focuses on one variable at a time.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 12
12) In a pie chart, the height of each bar represents the number of people in each category.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
13) It is appropriate to calculate the median for a variable regardless of the level of measurement.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 14
14) The mean is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of scores.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 15
15) The mean is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of scores.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 16
16) An outlier is an extreme high value in a distribution of scores with the potential to distort the mean and the range
a. True
Section: Measures of Central Tendency
b. False
Section: Measures of Central Tendency
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 17
17) In the following distribution, the median is 45 :
27, 31, 55, 45, 76, 12, 41
a. True
Section: Measures of Central Tendency
b. False
Section: Measures of Central Tendency
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 18
18) Dispersion relates to the degree of variability of values in a sample.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 19
19) A standard deviation of 0 would indicate that there was no difference between the individual scores in a distribution and the mean.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 20
20) If both the independent and dependent variables are interval/ratio, you cannot use a chi-square χ2.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 21
21) Elder and Greene’s bivariate analysis of gender and support for marijuana legalization found that men were more liberal than women on most of the measures indicating support for legalization.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 22
22) Perry found a weak relationship between church attendance and views on interracial dating.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 23
23) When a relationship is found between two variables, this does not indicate that one variable is causing change in the other.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 24
24) Multivariate analysis refers to a non-causal relationship between variables that can be attributed to the impact of a third variable.
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: Chapter 14 Question 25
25) An intervening variable is an unobserved variable that can explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variable and may itself be a cause of the dependent variable.
a. True
Incorrect
b. False
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 1
1) What main factors determine what statistical tools a researcher can use?
Feedback: how variables are measured, the size and nature of the sample, what researchers are trying to find out.
Section reference: Overview; Introduction
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 2
2) Why is it important for researchers to think about the analysis they want to do when they are designing their study?
Feedback: Researchers should design their study keeping in mind what type of analysis they will be able to do based on how the variables are measured.
Section reference: Introduction
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 3
3) Describe the iterative nature of quantitative analysis. How does this iterative nature shape the findings achieved in quantitative data analysis?
Feedback: Researchers move between their hypotheses and existing theory and their data.
Section reference: Introduction
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 4
4) Describe the three levels of measurement with an example of each. Why is it important to understand the level of measurement?
Feedback: Nominal; ordinal; interval-ratio. Understanding the level of measurement determines what type of statistical test can be done and what information you can learn.
Section reference: Types of variables
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 5
5) Choose a variable that could be measured at different levels of measurement. Explain how the variable would work at the nominal, ordinal, and interval-ratio level.
Feedback: Answers vary
Section reference: Types of variables
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 6
6) How are descriptive and inferential statistics different from each other? What can a researcher understand using descriptive statistics compared to when they use inferential statistics?
Feedback: Descriptive statistics describe and interpret key features of a data set looking at main trends. Inferential statistics are used to analyse characteristics of a sample to make inferences about the larger population.
Section reference: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 7
7) What were the two main research questions explored by Chetty et al.? What did they find? Was this study based on inferential or descriptive statistics? How can you tell?
Feedback: Two questions: how does parental income affect the income-levels of black and white kids and what methods might be needed to reduce race-based intergenerational income gaps? They mostly used descriptive statistics. They found that Hispanic and Asian children have more upward mobility compared to white kids, while American Indian and black children have lower rates. They were able to make conclusions about the broader population since they were using population data.
Section reference: Box 14.1
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 8
8) Describe D’Anna and teams’ study of community health needs. How did they gather their data? What were the major findings? Why was a mixed methods approach important?
Feedback: They used a cluster sample to select neighbourhoods with large Cambodian and Latinx populations. Then they did a systematic random sample going door to door in a low income neighbourhood to collect survey data. They also conducted focus groups.
Section reference: Mixed Methods in Action; Table 14.2
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 9
9) Why would we describe statistics as an analytical tool rather than just a set of mathematical equations? Use an example from the text.
Feedback: Quantitative researchers seek to understand something about the variables in which they are interested. Can explore what causes change in a variable. As we add variables, the examination becomes more complex.
Section reference: Quantitative Analysis as a Tool for Understanding
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 10
10) The questions a researcher can explore get more complex as they add more variables into their analysis. Why is that? Provide an example of this from the chapter.
Feedback: Adding variables allows us to compare groups and ask more about the relationship between variables. Can get greater insight on the contextual factors that could explain a relationship and the social factors that surround trends we’re interested in.
Section reference: Quantitative Analysis as a Tool for Understanding
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 11
11) What is the advantage to displaying data visually? What methods of visual representation do researchers often use?
Feedback: Tables; pie and bar charts. They help spotlight important info and make it easier to understand.
Section reference: Univariate analysis.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 12
12) What are the benefits and disadvantages of understanding data using the range, mode, median, and mean?
Feedback: Shows the typical or average score for a distribution or group. All of these can be impacted or skewed by outliers or extreme values.
Section reference: Measures of Central Tendency
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 13
13) What are measures of dispersion and how are they different from measures of central tendency in terms of what we learn from them?
Feedback: Measures of dispersion show how spread out the scores are in a distribution. Central tendency tells us what is average or typical. As the SD increases from zero, the scores are further away from the mean. Another way to describe the data and how spread out the values are.
Section reference: Measures of dispersion
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 14
14) Explain the standard deviation in your own words. Why would a researcher analyze the standard deviation in their data?
Feedback: Standard deviation is a measure of how scores are dispersed around the mean. Knowing the variability helps know how confident you can be about your conclusions.
Section reference: Measures of Dispersion
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 15
15) How does a bivariate analysis differ from a univariate analysis?
Feedback: Univariate examines one variable at a time. Bivariate looks at two variables and the relationships between them. Bivariate analysis looks at the direction of the relationship and how strong it is.
Section reference: Bivariate analysis
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 16
16
Describe Elder and Greene’s research. What did they find?
Feedback: Elder and Greene were interested in why women are less likely to support marijuana legalization in the U.S. than men. Examined Pew data from 2013. Men were more liberal on measures on a marijuana support scale. Women were less likely to have used the drug and less comfortable. They looked at how other variables could impact the gender dynamics.
Section reference: Gender and Opinions on Marijuana Legalization
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 17
17) Research shows that people who attend religious services more regularly are more resistant to becoming involved in interracial relationships. How did Perry study this and what did he find? What were some of his suggestions about how to better understand this relationship?
Feedback: He used data from the Baylor Religion Study and found support for the relationship that others had found before. His concerns are that religious service attendance is not the same as religiosity. Need to examine further what aspects of religiosity explains this.
Section reference: Religious Service Attendance and Interracial Dating
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 18
18) What is required in order to infer causality? Can it be inferred from a bivariate analysis?
Feedback: Have to determine the direction of the relationship. Have to see a relationship between the variables. Relationship can’t be explained by some other variable.
Section reference: Box 14.2
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 19
19) What are the limitations in using bivariate analysis to test a hypothesis? How do multivariate analyses offer more information? Compare the bivariate findings from Perry or Elder and Greene to their multivariate findings?
Feedback: Bivariate can tell us if there is a relationship and the strength of the relationship. Multivariate can elaborate those findings to look at the relationship between three or more variables. Elaboration. Can see the impact of intervening variables.
Section reference: Multivariate Analysis; Elder and Greene’s Multivariate Analysis
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 14 Question 20
20) Propose a research study using a quantitative approach. State the hypothesis and the dependent and independent variables. What intervening or control variables would you include in the analysis?
Feedback: Answers vary
Section reference: Chapter