Chapter 14: Effecting Change

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The growing movement of feminist criminologists and/or activists who resist using the criminal legal system and punitive responses as the sole or main response to crime is referred to as ______.

A. radical feminism

B. cultural feminism

C. abolitionist feminism

D. carceral feminism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which type of feminism is central to Chapter 14 and the entire text?

A. socialist

B. cultural

C. radical

D. abolitionist

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The focus of Kijakazi’s (2019) four interlocking goals for foundational change is on the massive _______ discrepancies in those areas.

A. class

B. race

C. gender

D. sex

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. According to the author, which model would accomplish what most abolitionist/anti-carceral feminists pursue?

A. political

B. ecological

C. cultural

D. economic

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. The hierarchical system of power that structures legal, administrative, and policing systems and produces the hypervisibility of gender variances is referred to as ______.

A. homophobia

B. classism

C. cisnormativity

D. oppression

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which tier of the ecological model is considered to be the “basic level?”

A. institution

B. community

C. family

D. individual

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The second tier in the ecological model is the ______.

A. institution

B. community

C. family

D. individual

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following is considered to be the third tier in the ecological model?

A. institution

B. structural

C. family

D. individual

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which tier of the ecological model refers to the access to, quality of, and distribution of services in schools, health care providers, housing authorities, police, courts, and so on?

A. institution

B. family

C. individual

D. structural

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The school-to-prison pipeline best illustrates the injustices fed into which tier of the ecological model?

A. family

B. institution

C. community/neighborhood

D. individual

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Which tier of the ecological model refers to the degrees of sexism, racism, classism, homophobia/heterosexism, anti-immigrant, and their intersections?

A. family

B. institution

C. structural

D. individual

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Leonard (2015) emphasizes how for street crimes, the ______ is the focus for being at fault.

A. family

B. community/neighborhood

C. individual

D. institution

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The four interlocking goals for fundamental change identified by Kijakazi (2019) are applied more generally to which tier of the ecological model?

A. structural

B. institution

C. family

D. community/neighborhood

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which theoretical approach advocates for feminist research that includes girls, understands the positions of women working in the criminal legal system in policing and prisons/jails, and addresses how the corporate media demonizes girls and women of color?

A. critical race feminist criminology

B. transformative critical feminist criminology

C. pathways theory

D. life course theory

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transformative Critical Feminist Criminology

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Which theory is considered to be one of the most significant contributions to the etiology of crime in the last few decades?

A. cycle of violence theory

B. life course theory

C. social learning theory

D. pathways theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which theory is consistent with cycle of violence and life course theories?

A. general strain theory

B. critical race theory

C. social learning theory

D. pathways theory

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Precocious development among women is consistent with which of the following?

A. transformation

B. adultification

C. adjudication

D. disqualification

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Simpson and colleagues’ (2008) found that women whose offending onset was as youth were more likely to be sexually abused in childhood and more involved in ______.

A. status offenses

B. white-collar crimes

C. drug dealing

D. green crimes

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The biggest risk adult onset of offending by women was identified by Simpson and colleagues’ (2008) as ______.

A. coming from a nonreligious family

B. being married to a bad man

C. living in a single parent household

D. having no children

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Many of the “first” feminist studies have been ______.

A. longitudinal

B. experimental

C. ethnographies

D. editorials

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Eleanor Miller’s (1986) research on “street” women working as prostitutes and hustlers is an example of a ______.

A. case study

B. editorial

C. clinical trial

D. ethnography

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. According to Eitle (2014) and colleagues’ research, having a grandparent in the home was solely a protective factor for ______ girls.

A. Latinx

B. White

C. Asian American

D. Native American

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following statements pertaining to life history calendars is true?

A. They collect data prospectively.

B. They are generally done over the phone or via email.

C. They capture live transitions and trajectories.

D. They are not a collaboration between practitioners and researchers

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Analyses controlling for gender–race intersections almost routinely find ______ boys/men receive the harshest criminal legal system responses.

A. Native American

B. Latinx

C. African American

D. White

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. According to the author, more research needs to be done on which type of justice models?

A. restitutive

B. deterrent

C. incapacitative

D. restorative

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. What is the key to community-coordinate responses and restorative justice models?

A. victim advocates

B. therapists

C. prosecutors

D. police officers

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses (CCRs) and Restorative Justice (RJ) Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. When abused women are not consulted about their needs, which type of program is used?

A. service-defined

B. survivor-defined

C. system-defined

D. society-defined

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Which approach builds a partnership between advocates and battered women, with the battered woman defining the advocacy and help she needs?

A. service-defined

B. survivor-defined

C. system-defined

D. society-defined

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Which of the following is an example of a batterer-generated risk?

A. woman’s disability status

B. physical harm

C. financial limitations

D. sexual orientation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Which of the following is an example of a life-generated risk?

A. physical harm

B. psychological harm

C. financial limitations

D. threats to the victim

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Which of the following is an example of an informal community member?

A. teachers

B. polices

C. social workers

D. prosecutors

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. A criminal legal system responses where there is victim input and victim and offenders meet face-to-face in a community instead of a conventional court setting is consistent with ______.

A. incapacitation

B. rehabilitation

C. restoration

D. deterrence

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Restorative Justice (RJ)

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Restorative justice involves which of the following?

A. rehabilitation and restitution

B. restitution and reconciliation

C. reconciliation and retribution

D. retribution and rehabilitation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice (RJ)

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Restorative justice programs were originally used most commonly with which type of offenders?

A. youthful offenders and minor property offenses

B. youthful offenders and violent offenses

C. adult offenders and minor property offenses

D. adult offenders and violent offenses

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice (RJ)

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. The first recommendation area for nonviolent, nonserious women with dependent children is ______.

A. legal services

B. prisoner safety

C. health care

D. alternatives to prison

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which recommendation area would be far less costly and help offenders and their children?

A. alternatives to prison

B. prisoner safety

C. health care

D. incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Which recommendation area is likely to deter the revolving door into and out of prisons?

A. incarceration

B. health care

C. alternatives to prison

D. prisoner safety

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which recommendation area requires clear, safe, and responsive reporting for victims and witnesses and necessary sanctions against violators?

A. health care

B. prisoner safety

C. incarceration

D. legal services

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The process through which the prison interpolates the routines, relationships, emotions, appearance, and worldview of family members and friends is referred to as ______.

A. just world hypothesis

B. secondary prisonization

C. family impact statement

D. restorative justice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following statements regarding the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program is true?

A. They only provide care to sexual assault victims in hospital settings.

B. They are not able to provide expert witness testimony in trials.

C. They provide prophylactic antibiotics for the possibility of STIs.

D. They do not require additional training to assist sexual assault victims.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Responding to Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Women who are ______ are more at risk of sexual abuse than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States.

A. American Indian and Alaskan Native

B. Alaskan Native and Latinx

C. Latinx and African American

D. African American and American Indian

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of the following statements pertaining to domestic violence courts is true?

A. They provide therapeutic jurisdiction.

B. Research on the use of the courts has been mixed.

C. They typically do not decrease victims’ recanting.

D. Court processing is typically lengthened in these courts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Responding to Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA)

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Which of the following was explicitly mentioned in the text as being a huge problem for many intimate partner survivors and their children?

A. food

B. transportation

C. health care

D. housing

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA)

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. In regards to domestic violence courts, more efficient court processing is hoped to decrease which of the following?

A. victims’ recanting

B. legal fees

C. recidivism

D. revictimization

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA)

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Which of the following statements pertaining to firearm restrictions as a manner of responding to gender-based abuse is true?

A. Intimate partner homicide research shows that the primary weapon is a firearm.

B. When firearms are used, there is typically only one victim: the intimate partner.

C. Living in a state that prohibits convicted domestic violence offenders from having a gun is not as effective as previously thought.

D. The lower the gun ownership level, the higher the domestic homicide rate.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Responding to Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA)

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. A common barriers of bystander interventions in intimate partner abuse is the ______.

A. fear of upsetting the offender

B. not knowing how to act during the abuse

C. belief that the abuse is a private matter

D. proximity to the victim during the attack

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance and Fighting Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Challenging the rape culture on social media, such as Twitter, is an example of which avenue of resistance?

A. physical resist

B. being a bystander

C. digital documenting

D. use avoidance strategies

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Resistance and Fighting Back

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. According to research, which appears to be the most powerful hindrance of sexual attacks?

A. submission

B. resistance

C. inaction

D. surrender

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance and Fighting Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following persists among people acquiring law degrees?

A. glass escalator

B. leaky pipeline

C. plexiglass ceiling

D. glass ceiling

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changes for Women Working in the Criminal Legal System (CLS)

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. In terms of working in the criminal legal system, women have the lowest representation in which area?

A. law enforcement

B. legal profession

C. prison/jails

D. law school faculty

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changes for Women Working in the Criminal Legal System (CLS)

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Critical race feminist theory is useful for guiding research on gender and crime, particularly the intersections of gender and race and other critical variables.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Theoretical Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Social learning theory confirms boys’ and young men’s victimizations as risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. No study is perfect, even when it is well-funded and carefully designed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The most at-risk of abuse are often the easiest to access for participation in studies and interviews.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Ethical methods are an element of the transformative critical feminist criminology approach.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Multimethods are often ideal to gather data from various sources for the same study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Interviewing youth about their school-to-prison pipeline experiences and gaining access to look at the same youths’ school records is an example of a single approach method.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Pathways theory data are often college prospectively.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The approach to advocacy that builds a partnership between advocates and battered women and ultimately has each battered woman defining the advocacy and help she needs is referred to as survivor-defined advocacy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Financial limitations, racism, a woman’s disability status, and sexual orientation are all examples of batterer-generated risks.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Coordinated community responses ideally include both informal community members and members of many official agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community-Coordinated Responses

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Trauma-informed care (T-I-C) is an excellent therapeutic response by health professionals that is consistent with the community-coordinated response.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trauma-Informed Care (T-I-C)

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Children’s ability to visit incarcerated parents is suffered equally by affluent and poor children.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The ongoing intergenerational and societal trauma and oppressed endured by Native Americans in the context of many conflicts with the U.S. government is considered to be historical trauma.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Sexual Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. If a protection order is violated, it means that it is worthless and that obtaining it was a mistake.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Responding to Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA)

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Digital documenting and being an active bystander are examples of avenues of resistance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance and Fighting Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. According to research, victims who resist are much less likely to experience “completed” rapes than those who do not resist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance and Fighting Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. According to the author, agencies must make commitments, documentation, and transparency in improving their representation of workers across ranks.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changes for Women Working in the Criminal Legal System (CLS)

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Women’s representation in leadership positions are far worse among women policing than women in prisons/jails.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changes for Women Working in the Criminal Legal System (CLS)

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. The ecological model stresses the need for making changes solely at the microlevel.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. How does offending, victimization, and working in the criminal legal system overlap?

2. Discuss the four interlocking goals for foundational change identified by Kijakazi (2019).

3. Explain what is meant by life history calendars.

4. Explain restorative justice and what conditions are typically required prior to using this model?

5. Discuss the recommendation of providing alternatives to prison. Do you think that these are more effective than the more punitive options, such as incarceration?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women’s Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium