Ch11 Complete Test Bank Functional Organization Of Nervous

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

1) The nervous system

A) monitors internal and external stimuli.

B) transmits information in the form of action potentials.

C) interprets or assesses information.

D) maintains homeostasis.

E) All of the choices are correct.

2) Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

A) Central nervous system

B) Peripheral nervous system

C) Somatic nervous system

D) Autonomic nervous system

E) None of the choices are correct.

3) The central nervous system includes the ________.

A) ganglia

B) spinal cord

C) spinal nerves

D) cranial nerves

E) sensory receptors

4) The peripheral nervous system includes the ________.

A) brain

B) spinal cord

C) cranial nerves

D) blood-brain barrier

E) cerebellum

5) There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.

A) 10; 30

B) 31; 12

C) 12; 31

D) 30; 10

E) 12; 32

6) Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

A) ganglia.

B) Schwann cells.

C) the motor division.

D) the sensory division.

E) nerves.

7) The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

A) transmits action potentials to sensory organs.

B) conveys action potentials to the CNS.

C) stimulates glands to release hormones.

D) stimulates muscle contractions.

E) does not involve sensory receptors.

8) The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

A) is a division of the CNS.

B) detects presence of food in the stomach.

C) transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle.

D) has nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain.

E) detects a stimulus.

9) The autonomic nervous system

A) stimulates skeletal muscle contractions.

B) has two sets of neurons in a series.

C) is involved in problem solving.

D) is under voluntary control.

E) does not include the central nervous system.

10) Digestion of food is regulated by the

A) sensory division.

B) sympathetic division of the ANS.

C) parasympathetic division of the ANS.

D) somatic nervous system.

E) None of the choices are correct.

11) The central nervous system

A) is the site for processing information.

B) initiates visual and auditory stimuli.

C) consists of 43 pairs of nerves.

D) is totally involuntary.

E) does not interact with the peripheral nervous system.

12) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Central nervous system – brain

B) Autonomic nervous system – sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

C) Peripheral nervous system – spinal nerves

D) Somatic nervous system – sensory division of PNS

E) Peripheral nervous system – sensory and motor divisions

13) The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an ________.

A) synapse

B) ganglion

C) receptor

D) effector

14) The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the ________.

A) brain

B) spinal cord

C) digestive tract

D) urinary bladder

15) Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in ________.

A) axons

B) dendrites

C) cell bodies or soma

D) presynaptic terminals

E) nodes of Ranvier

16) Nissl bodies are ________.

A) part of a dendrite

B) also called gemmules

C) lipid droplets

D) areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum

E) part of the Golgi apparatus

17) Dendrites

A) are the input part of the neuron.

B) conduct action potentials away from the cell body.

C) are generally long and unbranched.

D) form synapses with the microglia.

E) contain the trigger zone.

18) Axons

A) contain the nucleus.

B) are numerous extensions from each neuron.

C) do not have a trigger zone.

D) have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.

E) do not have a resting membrane potential.

19) Axons contain ________.

A) the trigger zone

B) foot processes

C) Nissl bodies

D) the soma

E) the rough endoplasmic reticulum

20) Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the ________.

A) dendrites

B) cell body

C) axolemma

D) presynaptic terminals

E) trigger zone

21) A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a/an ________.

A) motor neuron

B) sensory neuron

C) afferent neuron

D) efferent neuron

E) interneuron

22) A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an ________.

A) motor neuron

B) sensory or afferent neuron

C) efferent neuron

D) association neuron

E) interneuron

23) The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are ________.

A) tripolar

B) bipolar

C) multipolar

D) pseudo-unipolar

E) None of the choices are correct.

24) Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are ________.

A) tripolar

B) bipolar

C) multipolar

D) pseudo-unipolar

25) Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are ________.

A) apolar

B) pseudo-unipolar

C) bipolar

D) multipolar

26) Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false?

A) Glial cells serve as the major supporting tissue in the CNS.

B) Glial cells form part of the blood-brain barrier.

C) Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.

D) Glial cells form myelin sheaths around some axons.

E) Glial cells produce cerebrospinal fluid.

27) The blood-brain barrier

A) permits passage of foreign substances from the blood to the neurons.

B) prohibits the transport of amino acids and glucose to the neurons.

C) prohibits the removal of waste materials from the neurons.

D) protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.

E) does not prevent fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain.

28) LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?

A) Astrocyte

B) Microglia

C) Oligodendrocyte

D) Ependymal cell

E) Macrophage

29) Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?

A) Astrocytes

B) Microglia

C) Oligodendrocytes

D) Macrophages

E) Ependymal cells

30) Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

A) Astrocytes

B) Microglia

C) Oligodendrocytes

D) Ependymal cells

E) Schwann cells

31) Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

A) Astrocyte

B) Microglia

C) Oligodendrocyte

D) Ependymal cell

E) Schwann cells

32) Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

A) Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not.

B) Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS.

C) Schwann cells form sheaths around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheaths around only one axon.

D) Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

E) None of the choices are correct.

33) Which of the following descriptions of glial cells is mismatched?

A) Microglia – provide support for the neuron cell body

B) Astrocytes – blood-brain barrier

C) Oligodendrocytes – form myelin sheaths

D) Ependymal cells – produce cerebrospinal fluid

E) Ependymal cells – choroid plexus

34) Which of the following statements concerning myelination is true?

A) Unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.

B) Myelination will not influence the speed of conduction of action potentials.

C) The myelin sheath inhibits the flow of electrical charges at nodes.

D) The myelin sheath is a protein wrapping.

E) The myelin sheath does not electrically insulate the axons from one another.

35) Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called ________.

A) internodes

B) tight junctions

C) neurofilaments

D) nodes of Ranvier

E) gap junctions

36) Which of the following is NOT true about astrocytes?

A) They can wall off an injury site to prevent spread of inflammation.

B) They can prevent toxic substances from entering brain tissue.

C) They can release chemicals that promote formation of synapses.

D) They can aid in the regeneration of injured neurons.

37) Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?

A) Injury site is blocked off

B) Scars limit regeneration

C) Causes the spread of inflammation

D) Reduces injury to surrounding tissue

38) Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the CNS?

A) Ependymal cells

B) Satellite cells

C) Oligodendrocytes

D) Astrocytes

39) What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?

A) Schwann cells

B) Microglia

C) Ependymal cells

D) Satellite cells

40) Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is

A) from node to node on a myelinated axon.

B) on a small diameter axon.

C) on an unmyelinated axon.

D) from internode to internode.

E) from internode to node on a myelinated axon.

41) White matter is composed of

A) ganglial sheaths.

B) bundles of myelinated axons.

C) collections of nerve cell bodies.

D) bundles containing both myelinated axons and nerve cell bodies.

E) collections of unmyelinated axons.

42) If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut ________.

A) ganglia

B) nuclei

C) nerves

D) gray matter

E) nerve tracts

43) Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called ________.

A) cortices

B) nerves

C) ganglia

D) nuclei

44) Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called ________.

A) the cortex

B) a nucleus

C) a ganglion

D) a tract

45) Gray matter has little myelination, whereas white matter has abundant myelination.

46) Gray matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons.

47) The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K+ because

A) of its positive electrical charge.

B) there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+.

C) protein molecules cannot exit through the plasma membrane.

D) Ca2+ block Na+ and Cl− channels.

E) there are more leak ion channels for Na+ than K+.

48) Which of the following statements concerning resting membrane potential is true?

A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na+ than K+.

B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point.

C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell.

D) Negatively charged Cl− ions are attracted by negative charges in the cell.

E) The purpose of the sodium-potassium pump is to create an equilibrium of ion concentrations.

49) Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to ________.

A) depolarize

B) repolarize

C) isopolarize

D) hyperpolarize

E) hypopolarize

50) For the resting membrane potential, increasing the Na+ concentration in the ECF results in

A) hyperpolarization.

B) depolarization.

C) hypopolarization.

D) little change in membrane potential.

E) There is not enough information to determine the results.

51) A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics: non-propagated, graded, can summate. This type of change can

A) be a local potential.

B) be an action potential.

C) be a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+.

D) result in repolarization.

E) be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+.

52) Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold?

A) Activation gates of Na+ channels begin to close.

B) Inactivation gates of Na+ channels begin to open.

C) A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ channels to open.

D) K+ channels begin to close.

E) Both "Inactivation gates of Na+ channels begin to open" and "A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ channels to open" are correct.

53) Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?

A) An increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid

B) A decrease in K+ in the extracellular fluid

C) An increase in the rate of diffusion of K+ from cells

D) An increase in Na+ in the extracellular fluid

E) None of the choices are correct.

54) In hyperpolarization

A) K+ tend to diffuse out of the cell.

B) the plasma membrane's permeability to K+ decreases.

C) the resting membrane potential moves closer to zero.

D) Na+ enter the cell in large numbers.

E) the resting membrane potential becomes more positive.

55) If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased,

A) the potential difference across the plasma membrane does not change.

B) the membrane potential is more positive.

C) the change is called hyperpolarization.

D) negative proteins can leave the cell.

E) the membrane potential is more negative.

56) Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

A) When Na+ channels open, K+ channels close.

B) The sodium-potassium pump moves Na+ into the cell.

C) Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open.

D) Ligand-gated Na+ channels are opened by high extracellular Ca2+ levels.

E) Proteins tend to diffuse out of the cell.

57) Voltage-gated Na+ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of ________.

A) K+

B) proteins

C) Na+

D) Cl−

E) Ca2+

58) A local potential

A) does not occur until threshold.

B) transmits information from one cell to another.

C) might be a depolarization event but cannot be a hyperpolarization event.

D) increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.

E) does not alter resting membrane potential.

59) A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an ________ potential.

A) local

B) action

C) summated

D) after

E) resting membrane

60) Low levels of ________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.

A) Na+

B) K+

C) Cl−

D) H+

61) Depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of ________.

A) K+

B) Cl−

C) Ca2+

D) Na+

E) proteins

62) An action potential

A) occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.

B) propagates across the plasma membrane in a decremental fashion.

C) has no repolarization phase.

D) is an example of negative feedback.

E) cannot transmit information.

63) Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

A) The plasma membrane becomes highly permeable to Na+ and depolarization results.

B) As Na+ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative.

C) At the peak of depolarization, Na+ channels begin to close and K+ channels open.

D) In repolarization, K+ flow out of the cell.

E) Action potentials occur according to the all-or-none principle.

64) A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called ________.

A) an all-or-none response

B) a graded response

C) a latent period response

D) a relative refractory response

E) a local response

65) In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because

A) the Na+ continue to enter the cell after depolarization is finished.

B) there is prolonged, elevated permeability to K+ during repolarization.

C) the sodium-potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane.

D) the extracellular Na+ concentration is reduced.

E) the permeability to Na+ continues longer than necessary.

66) When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the

A) neuron dies.

B) neuron regenerates.

C) cell no longer has a potential difference across its membrane.

D) original polarity of the neuron is restored.

E) neuron is no longer excitable.

67) The opening of more and more Na+ channels during depolarization

A) is the result of the sodium-potassium exchange pump.

B) is an example of a positive feedback cycle.

C) is possible only if K+ channels remain closed.

D) is the cause of the afterpotential.

E) is an example of a negative feedback cycle.

68) Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated K+ channels is true?

A) These channels have only one gate.

B) These channels open more slowly than Na+ channels.

C) Once open, these channels remain open until repolarization is complete.

D) These channels are specific for K+.

E) All of the choices are correct.

69) During depolarization of the plasma membrane,

A) Na+ moves rapidly into the cell.

B) K+ moves rapidly out of the cell.

C) membrane permeability to Na+ decreases.

D) the outside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the inside.

E) Na+ moves rapidly out of the cell.

70) Each voltage-gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

A) Activation gates are open; inactivation gates are closed.

B) Activation gates are closed; inactivation gates are open.

C) Both activation and inactivation gates are open.

D) Both activation and inactivation gates are closed.

E) None of the choices are correct.

71) If the extracellular fluid around a neuron is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains K+ and other solutes at concentrations very close to the extracellular fluid concentrations of a normal cell, the result is

A) no resting membrane potential.

B) hyperpolarized membrane.

C) depolarized membrane.

D) a resting membrane potential close to its normal value.

E) None of the choices are correct.

72) During the absolute refractory period, the cell

A) generates many local potentials.

B) is insensitive to further stimulation.

C) responds to even weak stimuli.

D) reverses the direction of the action potential.

E) is very sensitive.

73) The absolute refractory period assures

A) prolonged depolarization during the action potential.

B) completion of repolarization before another action potential.

C) that no after-potential occurs.

D) reversal of the direction of propagation of the action potential.

E) that the stimulus is strong enough to elicit a response.

74) The absolute refractory period ends when

A) inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels reopen.

B) activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels reopen.

C) the sodium-potassium pump stops.

D) voltage-gated K+ channels open.

E) None of the choices are correct.

75) A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80 mV. Predict the result.

A) Threshold is reached.

B) Depolarization occurs.

C) The neuron is hyperpolarized.

D) Information of frequency is needed to predict the result.

E) The neuron releases neurotransmitter in response.

76) A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is

A) amplitude of the action potential increases.

B) duration of the action potential increases.

C) frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.

D) resonance of action potentials increases.

E) height of the action potentials increases.

77) The strength of a stimulus is communicated through

A) changes in the magnitude of the action potential.

B) the frequency of action potentials.

C) the length of time action potentials are produced.

D) Both "the frequency of action potentials" and "the length of time action potentials are produced" are correct. 

78) Continuous conduction of action potentials means that

A) once an action potential is created, it moves in both directions along the axon.

B) the whole axon depolarizes at the same time.

C) an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site.

D) an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

79) Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

A) once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon.

B) the whole axon depolarizes at the same time.

C) one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site.

D) an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

80) The speed of an action potential depends on

A) whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated.

B) thickness of the myelin sheath.

C) the diameter of the axon.

D) All of the choices are correct.

81) Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a/an ________.

A) excitatory postsynaptic potential

B) resting membrane potential

C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential

D) gap junction potential

E) action potential

82) Chemical synapses are characterized by

A) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.

B) connexons that connect the pre- and postsynaptic cells.

C) the presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the presynaptic terminal.

D) the absence of gap junctions.

E) receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal.

83) Gap junctions are functionally ________ synapses.

A) chemical

B) electrical

C) potential

D) intracellular

E) neuromuscular

84) Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence.

(1) Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause a local potential

(2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell

(3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft

(4) Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases

(5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

A) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1

B) 5, 2, 3, 1, 4

C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

D) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

E) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1

85) The junction between two neurons is a ________.

A) ganglia

B) synapse

C) fascicle

D) node of Ranvier

E) neuromuscular junction

86) Neurotransmitters are released from the ________.

A) epineurium

B) synaptic cleft

C) presynaptic terminal

D) postsynaptic membrane

E) Ca2+ channels

87) Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would

A) increase neurotransmitter release.

B) decrease the release of neurotransmitter.

C) increase neurotransmitter production.

D) interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.

E) destroy vesicles containing neurotransmitter.

88) Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal?

A) Presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors.

B) Presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential.

C) Acetylcholine can only diffuse in one direction across the synaptic cleft.

D) Synaptic vesicles in the postsynaptic membrane are inactive.

E) Acetylcholine is destroyed too quickly.

89) Neurotransmitters

A) stimulate presynaptic terminals.

B) remain in the synaptic cleft for long periods of time.

C) bind irreversibly to the receptor molecules of the postsynaptic membrane.

D) cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.

E) do not affect membrane channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

90) A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last?

A) Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal.

B) Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis.

C) An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane.

D) Neurotransmitter flows rapidly across the synaptic cleft.

E) Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane.

91) Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

A) may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials.

B) generates local potentials in the presynaptic terminal.

C) is necessary for synaptic transmission.

D) may lead to action potentials.

E) may stop exocytosis.

92) Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)

A) prevent synaptic transmission.

B) enhance the breakdown of norepinephrine.

C) enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.

D) prevent the release of norepinephrine by the presynaptic terminal.

E) have no effect on the action of norepinephrine.

93) Receptor molecules in synapses

A) tend to concentrate on presynaptic terminals.

B) bind irreversibly with neurotransmitter.

C) have a high degree of specificity.

D) serve as channel proteins.

E) can bind to any molecule in the synapse.

94) Receptor molecules

A) are nonspecific.

B) are always lipids.

C) attach to the synaptic cleft.

D) determine whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory.

E) are not attached to ligand-gated channels.

95) A neuromodulator

A) acts as a neurotransmitter.

B) inactivates neurotransmitters.

C) is a receptor site for a neurotransmitter.

D) has no influence on the amount of neurotransmitter released.

E) is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

96) When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+,

A) the membrane will be hyperpolarized.

B) more Cl− will also diffuse into the cell.

C) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result.

D) the membrane will become impermeable to K+.

E) Na+ diffuses out of the cell.

97) The same neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic cell but produces a variety of different effects. What does this mean?

A) The postsynaptic cell is expressing different types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter.

B) The strength of the neurotransmitter varies.

C) The amount of neurotransmitter released produces varying effects.

D) The size of the postsynaptic cell makes a difference in neurotransmitter effects.

E) The neuron must be dying.

98) The function of acetylcholinesterase is to

A) open voltage-gated Na+ channels.

B) break down acetylcholine in the synapse.

C) produce an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane.

D) metabolize norepinephrine.

99) Action potentials at a chemical synapse

A) travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane.

B) travel from postsynaptic membrane to presynaptic terminal.

C) travel back and forth from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane.

D) travel from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane.

E) stop at the presynaptic terminal and are blocked on the postsynaptic membrane.

100) Which ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles?

A) Cl−

B) Na+

C) K+

D) Ca2+

101) Which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions?

A) Serotonin

B) Acetylcholine

C) Dopamine

D) Glutamate

102) Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is blocked in strychnine poisoning?

A) Glycine

B) Acetylcholine

C) Glutamate

D) Adenosine

103) Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of ________ on blood vessels.

A) substance P

B) dopamine

C) GABA

D) nitric oxide (NO)

104) A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

A) enhance transmission across the synapse.

B) reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.

C) have no effect on transmission across the synapse.

D) alter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

E) increase exocytosis.

105) A person who has seizures might have a deficit of which of the following?

A) GABA

B) Dopamine

C) Glutamate

D) Serotonin

E) Histamine

106) In an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential), there is a

A) net movement of Na+ out of the cells.

B) net movement of Cl− into the cells.

C) decrease in action potential amplitude.

D) local hyperpolarization.

E) local depolarization.

107) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the ________.

A) influx of Ca2+

B) influx of Na+

C) influx of Cl−

D) outflow of K+

E) Both "influx of Cl− and "outflow of K+" are correct.

108) Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will

A) increase awareness of pain.

B) decrease awareness of pain.

C) increase amount of pain.

D) decrease amount of pain.

E) have no effect on awareness or amount of pain.

109) A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will

A) block sensory input into the CNS.

B) enhance the development of EPSPs.

C) cause membrane potential to move closer to threshold.

D) cause Cl− to enter cells instead of Na+.

E) depolarize the cell.

110) An IPSP is inhibitory because it

A) changes the threshold of the neuron.

B) hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

C) prevents Ca2+ entry into the presynaptic terminal.

D) reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal.

E) depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

111) When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,

A) the direction of the action potential is reversed.

B) temporal summation occurs.

C) spatial summation occurs.

D) hyperpolarization occurs.

E) threshold is never reached.

112) If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

A) The direction of the action potential is reversed.

B) Temporal summation occurs.

C) Spatial summation occurs.

D) Hyperpolarization occurs.

E) Depolarization always occurs.

113) Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?

A) The kind of neuron involved

B) The size of the neuron involved

C) Whether the neuron is myelinated or non-myelinated

D) The number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs

E) This situation is not possible in humans.

114) When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a/an ________ pathway is formed.

A) convergent

B) divergent

C) reverberating

D) somatic

E) sensory

115) Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a/an ________ pathway.

A) convergent

B) divergent

C) reverberating

D) sensory

E) bifurcated

116) Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form ________.

A) neuromotor junctions

B) temporal circuits

C) reverberating circuits

D) spatial pathways

117) Identify structure "A" on the neuron.

A) Schwann cell

B) Node of Ranvier

C) Neuron cell body (soma)

D) Dendrites

E) Axon

118) Identify structure "B" on the neuron.

A) Schwann cell

B) Node of Ranvier

C) Neuron cell body (soma)

D) Dendrites

E) Axon

119) Identify structure "C" on the neuron.

A) Schwann cell

B) Node of Ranvier

C) Neuron cell body (soma)

D) Dendrites

E) Axon

120) Identify structure "D" on the neuron.

A) Schwann cell

B) Node of Ranvier

C) Neuron cell body (soma)

D) Dendrites

E) Axon

121) Identify structure "E" on the neuron.

A) Schwann cell

B) Node of Ranvier

C) Neuron cell body (soma)

D) Dendrites

E) Axon

122) The figure illustrates changes in the membrane potential during an action potential. What does "A" represent?

A) Repolarization

B) Depolarization

C) Local potential

D) Threshold

E) Afterpotential

123) The figure illustrates changes in the membrane potential during an action potential. What does "B" represent?

A) Repolarization

B) Depolarization

C) Local potential

D) Threshold

E) Afterpotential

124) The figure illustrates changes in the membrane potential during an action potential. What does "C" represent?

A) Repolarization

B) Depolarization

C) Local potential

D) Threshold

E) Afterpotential

125) The figure illustrates changes in the membrane potential during an action potential. What does "D" represent?

A) Repolarization

B) Depolarization

C) Local potential

D) Threshold

E) Afterpotential

126) The figure illustrates changes in the membrane potential during an action potential. What does "E" represent?

A) Repolarization

B) Depolarization

C) Local potential

D) Threshold

E) Afterpotential

127) The figure illustrates events at a chemical synapse. What does "A" represent?

A) Postsynaptic membrane

B) Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicle

D) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

E) Presynaptic terminal

128) The figure illustrates events at a chemical synapse. What does "B" represent?

A) Postsynaptic membrane

B) Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicle

D) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

E) Presynaptic terminal

129) The figure illustrates events at a chemical synapse. What does "C" represent?

A) Postsynaptic membrane

B) Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicle

D) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

E) Presynaptic terminal

130) The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "D" represent?

A) Postsynaptic membrane

B) Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicle

D) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

E) Presynaptic terminal

131) The figure is a process figure of the chemical synapse. What does "E" represent?

A) Postsynaptic membrane

B) Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicle

D) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

E) Presynaptic terminal

Match the following concerning concentration differences across the plasma membrane.

A. Concentration of K+

B. Concentration of Na+ and Cl−

C. Negatively charged proteins

D. Sodium-potassium pump

E. Plasma membrane is more permeable to this ion because of leak ion channels

132) Large molecules trapped inside cell

133) Requires ATP

134) Higher concentration inside cell

135) Higher concentration outside cell

136) K+

Match the term with the correct definition.

A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area

B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state

C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell

D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell

E. Return to the resting membrane potential

137) Depolarization

138) Resting membrane potential

139) Action potential

140) Repolarization

141) Local potential

Match the glial cell with its function.

A. Influence function of blood–brain barrier

B. Macrophages in CNS

C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid

D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS

E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS

142) Microglia

143) Schwann cell

144) Oligodendrocyte

145) Astrocytes

146) Ependymal cells

147) The nervous system has two subdivisions—the central nervous system and the ________ nervous system.

148) ________ are collections of neuron cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system.

149) Nerve fibers are also called ________.

150) ________ are processes that conduct electric signals toward the cell body.

151) A neuron with several dendrites and a single axon would be called a ________ neuron.

152) Most pseudo-unipolar neurons are ________ neurons.

153) ________ are glial cells that are macrophages.

154) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________ cells.

155) Action potentials are conducted rapidly from one node of Ranvier to the next in a process called ________ conduction.

156) Identify the two functional subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system.

A) Brain

B) Motor division

C) Parasympathetic division

D) Sensory division

E) Spinal cord

F) sympathetic division

157) Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.

A) Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.

B) Gray matter consists of all parts of neurons, and white matter is mostly glial cells.

C) Gray matter consists of bundles of axons, and white matter consists of groups of cell bodies and dendrites.

158) The gray matter of the cerebrum is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes up both the ________ and the ________.

A) cortex; deep cerebral nuclei

B) cortex; white matter

C) cerebral tracts; cortex

159) Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as ________ matter.

A) white

B) gray

C) dark

D) light

160) Identify the phases of an action potential. (Check all that apply.)

A) Afterpotential

B) Depolarization

C) Hyperpolarization

D) Repolarization

161) Identify the characteristics of action potentials. (Check all that apply.)

A) Multiple stimuli can create larger action potentials, and fewer stimuli can create smaller action potentials.

B) The strength of the stimulus determines the frequency of the action potentials.

C) The strength of the stimulus determines the magnitude of the action potential.

D) They are all-or-none

E) They are propagated in a non-decremental fashion.

162) In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the ________.

A) threshold

B) resting membrane potential

C) spike potential

D) maximum potential

163) Identify the correct sequence of the structures as they are involved in activity at a chemical synapse.

A) Postsynaptic membrane; synaptic cleft; presynaptic terminal 

B) Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane 

C) Synaptic cleft; presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane 

D) Presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane; synaptic cleft

164) Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called ________ synapses.

A) electrical

B) chemical

165) Identify the mechanisms by which neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission. (Check all that apply.)

A) Changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers

B) Increasing amounts of neurotransmitter released

C) Affecting breakdown of neurotransmitters

D) Affecting the removal of neurotransmitters

166) Compounds classified as ________ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter.

A) neuromodulators

B) inhibitory neurotransmitters

C) excitatory neurotransmitters

D) neurohormones

167) When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that ________ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation.

A) increases

B) decreases

168) The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a ________ circuit.

A) converging

B) diverging

C) parallel after-discharge

D) reverberating

169) Which type of circuit is associated with complex neuronal processes, such as solving mathematical equations?

A) Converging

B) Diverging

C) Parallel after-discharge

D) Reverberating

170) Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell.

A) Chemical

B) Electrical

C) Direct

D) Indirect

E) Neurotransmitter

171) True or False? The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major control systems of the body.

172) Identify the functions of the nervous system. (Check all that apply.)

A) Controlling muscles and glands

B) Controlling protein synthesis

C) Integrating information

D) Receiving sensory input

E) Stimulating muscle growth

173) Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called ________.

A) ganglia

B) plexus

C) tracts

D) nerves

174) True or False? In a myelinated fiber, only the initial segment in the trigger zone has voltage-regulated channels.

175) Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP.

176) Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen where?

A) The axon

B) The cell body or soma

C) The dendrites

D) The axon hillock

E) The Schwann cell

177) A myelin sheath is composed primarily of ________.

A) lipids

B) carbohydrates

C) glycoproteins

D) proteins

E) polysaccharides

178) Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its resting membrane potential?

A) An inflow of Na+

B) An inflow of K+

C) An inflow of Ca2+

D) An inflow of Cl−

E) An outflow of Cl−

179) An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following?

A) Depolarization of the plasma membrane

B) Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane

C) Repolarization of the plasma membrane

D) Neutralization of the plasma membrane

E) Drifting of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential

180) What occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron plasma membrane?

A) Sodium ions are entering the cells.

B) Sodium ions are leaving the cell.

C) Potassium ions are entering the cell.

D) Potassium ions are leaving the cell.

E) Both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell.

181) When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the neuron is ________.

A) depolarizing

B) repolarizing

C) hyperpolarizing

D) reaching the threshold

E) exiting the threshold

182) All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except

A) they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron.

B) they are released in response to stimulation.

C) they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell.

D) they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell.

E) they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell.

183) Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission?

A) Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft.

B) A postsynaptic potential is produced.

C) Sodium ions enter the postsynaptic cell.

D) The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine.

E) Acetylcholine binds to ligand-gated ion channels.

184) Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?

A) Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.

B) Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid.

C) Neurotransmitters are no longer released.

D) The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis.

E) Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters.

185) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?

A) Depolarization of the plasma membrane

B) Repolarization of the plasma membrane

C) Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane

D) No change in the membrane potential

E) No change of the threshold

186) Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?

A) A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV

B) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV

C) A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV

D) A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV

E) A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV

187) Which type of neural circuit is best for producing a prolonged output?

A) A converging circuit

B) A diverging circuit

C) A reverberating circuit

D) A presynaptic pool

E) An autonomic pool

188) If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?

A) Secretion

B) Excitability

C) Conductivity

D) Permeability

189) Which of the following statements is not true of reverberating circuits?

A) The number of action potentials decreases the farther along the circuit due to inhibitor effects of collateral axons.

B) The number of action potentials in the circuit are increased due to the positive feedback of neurons synapsing with other neurons that occur earlier in the circuit.

C) The effect of reverberating circuits is longer lasting due to the continuous generation of action potentials.

D) All of the choices are correct.

190) Which of the following analogies best represents a parallel after-discharge circuit?

A) An instructor instructs all students to solve the same problem.

B) An instructor divides the class into four groups and assigns each group a different problem to solve.

191) A substance is found to have the same effect as acetylcholinesterase, but acts at a much faster rate. What effect would this substance have at a cholinergic synapse?

A) It would greatly reduce synaptic communication by depleting ACh levels in the synaptic cleft.

B) It would enhance synaptic communication by concentrating ACh in the synaptic cleft.

C) It reduce synaptic communication by destroying ACh receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.

D) It would enhance synaptic communication by increasing the post-synaptic cells' sensitivity to ACh.

192) Theresa has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease is destroying the ________ associated with neurons that control ________.

A) Schwann cells; cardiac muscle

B) Schwann cells; skeletal muscle

C) oligodendrocytes; skeletal muscle

D) oligodendrocytes; cardiac muscle

193) Which type of neuronal pathway allows for a stimulus to be transmitted to the most number of cells?

A) Divergent

B) Convergent

C) Reverberating

D) Both "Convergent" and "Reverberating" are correct.