Ch10 | Taxonomy & Phylogeny – Test Bank – 18e

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CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) As an undergraduate you take summer field course in Advanced Zoology. Part of the course involves species identification from a local stream. After struggling to identify a creature from the stream, you conclude it to be a new representative of the taxa deuterostomia. In writing up your research results for the course, which statements given below would support your interpretation of your findings? Select all that apply.

A) During embryonic development, the blastopore becomes the anus and the creature lacks a lophophore and/or a trochophore at all times during its development.
B) During embryonic development, the blastopore becomes the mouth and the creature demonstrates a lophophore during its development.
C) During embryonic development, the blastopore becomes the mouth and the creature demonstrates the presence of a trochophore during its development.
D) During embryonic development, the blastopore becomes the anus and the creature lacks a lophophore and/or molting at all times during its development.

2) Which of the following pairings is correct? Select all that apply.

A) Protostomia and Deuterostomia are both Bilaterians.
B) Protostomia includes thePlacozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora.
C) Deuterostomia includes thePlacozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora.
D) Deuterostomiaincludes the Chordata, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata phyla.
E) Protostomiaincludes the Chordata, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata phyla.

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3) Which is NOT a major goal of systematic zoology?

A) to discover and describe all species of animals
B) to group animals based on their destructiveness or usefulness to human activity
C) to construct the evolutionary relationships among animals
D) to communicate relationships by constructing informative taxonomic systems

4) A phylogeny based on evolutionary theory will

A) explain variations among fossils from rock strata.
B) explain similarities and differences among modern living groups.
C) reflect patterns of shared and unique sections of DNA among groups of animals.
D) All of the choices are correct.

5) Who developed the present system of classification?

A) Aristotle
B) John Ray
C) Carolus Linnaeus
D) Charles Darwin

6) Which of the following correctly lists the ranks for living creatures, from largest and most inclusive to smallest and least inclusive?

A) domain-kingdom-phylum-order-class-family-genus-species
B) domain-kingdom-phylum-order-family-class-genus-species
C) domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
D) domain-kingdom-division-order-class-family-genus-species

7) According to the binomial system of nomenclature, the "aegypti" in Aedes aegypti refers to the _____.

A) species name
B) genus
C) family
D) specific epithet

8) The scientific name of the copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix. Therefore,

A) it belongs to the genus Agkistrodon.
B) it belongs to the species Agkistrodon.
C) it is species Agkistrodon, subspecies contortrix.
D) None of the choices is correct.

9) The table represents a:

A) classification of the frog Rana sphenocephala.
B) phylogenetic tree of Rana sphenocephala.
C) cladogram of Rana sphenocephala.
D) hierarchical list of the taxonomic ranks and taxa to which Rana sphenocephala belongs.
E) listing of the scientific names of Rana sphenocephala.

10) What is character similarity that results from common embryology, and therefore ancestry, called?

A) analogy
B) taxonomy
C) homology
D) phylogeny

11) Homoplasy involves

A) any two organisms with exactly the same trait.
B) two organisms sharing the same trait because they have a common ancestor with that trait.
C) two or more lineages having what appears to be the same trait.
D) possession of homologous structures.

12) _______ character states are present in the common ancestor and all members of a group.

A) Ancestral
B) Analogous
C) Derived
D) Synapomorphous

13) Zoologists used to refer to animals as "simple" and "advanced." Now it is more scientifically accurate to use

A) "simple" and "complex," since it is the complexity that evolved.
B) "allopatric" and "sympatric," since the reproductive isolation of the species is most important.
C) "evolved" and "un-evolved," since everything ties together with evolution.
D) "ancestral" and "derived," since some early forms became very complex and some highly evolved forms are derived from them but lost complex characters and secondarily became more "simple".

14) One way of establishing whether a character of an extant species is ancestral or derived is to locate a/an ______ and if the character occurs in both, it is likely ________.

A) fossil, ancestral
B) fossil, derived
C) sister species, derived
D) outgroup, ancestral

15) Which of the following terms is NOT correctly associated?

A) synapomorphy—a derived character shared by members of a clade
B) monophyly—one group formed from animals with two separate ancestors
C) adaptive zone—a way of life
D) cladogram—a nested hierarchy of clades represented as a branching diagram

16) Which of the following is NOT true of a cladogram?

A) It is a branching diagram.
B) It depicts the nested hierarchy of clades within clades.
C) Its structure denotes only real lineages that occurred in the evolutionary past.
D) A cladogram may be congruent with that of a corresponding phylogenetic tree.

17) Characters used to distinguish one group from another can be

A) morphological or structural features.
B) chromosomal or genetic.
C) molecular and cellular structures.
D) Any or all of these choices are correct.

18) The ability to use biochemical data to form phylogenetic trees is based on the assumption that

A) all life uses the same sequences of DNA.
B) there are no mutations in DNA.
C) amino acids are unrelated to evolution.
D) protein and DNA sequences undergo similar rates of divergence through time.

19) A taxon is paraphyletic if it

A) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group and all of its descendants.
B) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group and some, but not all, of its descendants.
C) does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.
D) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.

20) A taxon ismonophyletic if it

A) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group and all of its descendants.
B) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group and some, but not all, of its descendants.
C) does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.
D) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.

21) A taxon is polyphyletic if it

A) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group and all of its descendants.
B) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group and some, but not all, of its descendants.
C) does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.
D) includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group.

22) What is a taxon that comprises a distinct adaptive zone?

A) an ancestral descendant
B) a derived descendent
C) a clade
D) a grade

23) The dispute between evolutionary taxonomy and cladistics can be described as a difference between

A) use of morphology and use of biomolecular data.
B) acceptance or rejection of paraphyletic groups.
C) acceptance or rejection of monophyletic groups.
D) acceptance or rejection of polyphyletic groups.

24) To a cladist, the statement that birds (a monophyletic group) evolved from reptiles (a paraphyletic group) constitutes which of the following?

A) a meaningful statement of the evolutionary advancement of the birds over the reptiles
B) a meaningful statement that birds represent a different, but not necessarily more advanced adaptive zone than reptiles
C) a trivial statement that birds evolved from something that they are not
D) an incorrect statement because ancestral groups must be extinct but reptiles are still alive

25) Two different monophyletic taxa are termed _____ if they share common ancestry with each other more recently than either one does with another taxa.

A) outgroups
B) sister groups
C) sibling species
D) paraphyletic

26) Which of the following is NOT an important criterion for species recognition among the many definitions?

A) common descent
B) smallest distinct grouping of organisms
C) reproductive community
D) possession of distinct morphological differences

27) Museum type specimens are kept as "name bearers" for comparison when potentially new species are discovered. However, the original use of type specimens reflected a sense of the "ideal" or "perfect" specimen as seen in the ______ species concept.

A) typological
B) biological
C) evolutionary
D) phylogenetic

28) In the scientific name " Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758," the section "Linnaeus, 1758" indicates that the specimen was

A) named after Linnaeus who was born in 1758.
B) named by Linnaeus who was born in 1758.
C) named by Linnaeus and the description was published in 1758.
D) named by Linnaeus and based on a specimen collected in 1758.

29) The biological species concept by Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr defines a species in the textbook as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups and occupying a specific niche. Such a definition cannot be used for

A) fossils.
B) asexual organisms.
C) determining species based on dead or preserved specimens.
D) organisms that cannot be raised in captivity, easily bred, or with very long generation times.
E) All of the choices pose problems for the biological species concept.

30) An entomologist discovered that two morphologically identical crickets sang completely different mating songs and this resulted in the two populations never mating. Thus they were

A) sister groups.
B) sibling species.
C) paraphyletic.
D) polyphyletic.

31) Which of the following concepts of species is most compatible with the goals of cladistic systematics?

A) typological
B) biological
C) evolutionary
D) phenetic

32) Which is NOT one of the inherent conflicting features of the biological species concept?

A) A species is both a taxonomic rank and a unit of evolution.
B) The functional definition centers on a sexual ability to interbreed but many species are asexual.
C) A species can be defined with boundaries among present organisms, or within a changing lineage over time.
D) Some scientists disagree over the name of a species.

33) A species of fern that was only found on one small island would be defined as

A) an outgroup.
B) cosmopolitan.
C) speciating.
D) endemic to the island.

34) The time, usually on a larger or geological time scale, that a species exists before it becomes another species or goes extinct is its

A) adaptive zone.
B) reproductive cohesion.
C) geographic range.
D) evolutionary duration.

35) G.G. Simpson provided a definition of an evolutionary species as "a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate." How does this compare with the biological species concept of Mayr?

A) Only Mayr's definition is easily testable for most organisms.
B) Only Simpson's definitionis easily testable for living organisms.
C) Mayr's definition is limited to sexually reproducing organisms whereas Simpson's theoretically covers all life.
D) They are in complete disagreement.

36) Which kingdom in Whittaker's five-kingdom system must be discontinued and broken up to be compatible with cladistic systematics?

A) plantae
B) fungi
C) animalia
D) protista

37) What biochemical trait varies but is present throughout all of life, allowing the construction of an estimate of phylogeny?

A) DNA in the nucleus
B) DNA in mitochondria
C) messenger RNA
D) ribosomal RNA

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
38) If a taxon includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms and all of the descendants of that ancestor, it is termed ______.

39) If two different taxa share common ancestry with each other more recently than either one does with any other organisms, we call them _______ ______.

40) A derived character shared by members of a clade is a _______________.

41) A branching diagram representing a nested hierarchical pattern of clades is called a(n) ________.

42) A branching diagram whose branches represent real lineages that occurred in the evolutionary past is called a(n) _________ _________.

43) "A characteristic reaction and mutual relationship between environment and organism, a way of life and not a place where life is led" is the classical description of a(n) ___________ _________.

44) Species that have very restricted geographic distributions are called ____________________.

45) "A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate" describes the _________ _________ _________.

46) "An irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms, diagnosably distinct from other such groupings, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent" describes the ________ ________ _______.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
47) Discern what classification and systematization of species means to a taxonomist.

48) Describe the DNA barcoding of species and why it is a useful tool for scientists?

49) If biology moved to a three domain system and attempted to incorporate the five-kingdom system, which kingdom in the current five-kingdom system would have to be split to become monophyletic, and why?

50) Is it possible that systematists are arguing over definitions that cannot possibly reconcile the state of biological reality? Is it possible that there cannot be a single definition of a species simply because there are so many variables that must go into an encompassing definition? Wouldn't it be better to admit to the reality and adjust the reasoning to fit the reality rather than search for the "perfect" definition?