Ch.10 – Exam Questions – Social Work And Sexual And Gender

Chapter 10

Social Work and Sexual and Gender Diversity

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. ________ includes individuals whose physical sex/gender assigned at birth does not align with their gender expression.

a) Transgender

b) Cisgender

c) Gender non-conforming

d) Intersex

e) Transsexual

2. ________ refers to individuals who understand their gender identity and physical sex as aligned.

a) Cisgender

b) Heterosexual

c) Intersex

d) Asexual

e) Homosexual

3. ________ is an umbrella term used for people who are part of the group whose sexual and gender identity or expression differ from the majority of surrounding society.

a) Trans

b) Queer

c) Cissexual

d) Sexual and gender minority

e) Genderqueer

4. Many of the laws against same-gender sexual activity in various African and Asian countries originated from ________.

a) Indigenous customs

b) homophobic cultural beliefs in these countries

c) British and other European colonial rules

d) local traditions

e) South Asian religious practices

5. Before colonial contact, many First Nations in Canada ________ sexual and gender difference.

a) did not understand

b) suppressed

c) ignored

d) tolerated

e) affirmed

6. In Indigenous communities, ________ was a term used to identify people who had both male and female spirits.

a) intersex

b) bisexual

c) transgender

d) two-spirited

e) cissexual

7. In the late nineteenth century, British settlers transported notions of ________ to Canada.

a) gender and sexual fluidity

b) sexual liberation

c) gender conformity and heterosexuality

d) polygamy

e) same-gender sexuality

8. Under colonial rule in the late nineteenth century, ________ emerged as a term to label sexual and gender difference as both sinful and deviant.

a) queer

b) homosexuality

c) bisexuality

d) gay

e) gender dysphoria

9. Through the ________, social workers were complicit in pathologizing same-gender sexuality and destroying the acceptance of two-spirited people within First Nations.

a) Same-Gender Sexuality Act

b) Indian Education Act

c) two-spirited social reform policy

d) Indian residential school system

e) Canadian Immigration Act

10. The gay liberation movement emerged in the ________.

a) 1970s

b) 1960s

c) 1950s

d) 1980s

e) 1990s

11. In ________, the American Psychological Association (APA) removed homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

a) 1973

b) 1965

c) 1979

d) 1980

e) 1963

12. In 2013, ________ was included as prohibited grounds of discrimination in the Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) and as a relevant factor in hate crimes sentencing under the Criminal Code.

a) gender expression

b) sexuality

c) sexual identity

d) gender performance

e) gender identity

13. ________ refers to the irrational fear, hatred, and intolerance of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.

a) Transphobia

b) Microaggression

c) Cissexism

d) Homophobia

e) Heterosexuality

14. TSLGBTQ people experience ________ when their experiences are excluded or negated.

a) microinvalidation

b) microinsults

c) microattacks

d) microdismissals

e) microassaults

15. ________ involves complex and often hidden social processes, relations, and practices embedded within policies, institutions, and laws that favour some groups within society over others.

a) Institutional power

b) Structural violence

c) Intergroup violence

d) Intersectional power

e) Structural power

16. In the context of social work practice, ________ is a key facet of intersectionality.

a) lateral intersectionality

b) political intersectionality

c) organizational intersectionality

d) cultural intersectionality

e) social intersectionality

17. ________ occurs when the burdens faced by a specific group of multiply marginalized people result in particular systemic discriminatory practices within the realms of housing, employment, immigration, and health care.

a) Political intersectionality

b) Microassault

c) Structural intersectionality

d) Microaggression

e) Social intersectionality

18. "Intersectionality" is best described as ________.

a) an intervention tool that can only be used with TSLGBTQ people

b) an additive approach to understanding oppression

c) a theoretical framework that highlights the ways in which systems of oppression intersect with each other

d) a philosophical approach that demonstrates how some social locations are more oppressed than others

e) a conceptual tool that suggests that power and social location are related and fixed

19. Understanding social location allows us to ________.

a) see how multiple oppressions add up

b) conceptualize identity as fixed

c) see how different group affiliations and positions intersect and operate

d) analyze different forms of oppression individually

e) identify all forms of oppression that affect an individual

20. The process of "coming out" is something that ________.

a) ensures TSLGBTQ people's access to power

b) all TSLGBTQ people experience

c) represents the final stage to healthy and positive well-being

d) is needed in order to overcome internalized homophobia/transphobia

e) is fluid, flexible, and context specific

21. ________ family structures play a large role in the lives of many Indigenous and racialized TSLGBTQ people.

a) Extended

b) Nuclear

c) Cultural

d) Biological

e) Chosen

22. ________ is a term used to describe support networks that do not consist of people within a person's family of origin.

a) Extended family

b) Nuclear family

c) Cultural family

d) Chosen family

e) Associative family

23. In major urban centres, the "gay village" is a space that is often dominated by ________.

a) cisgender queer people of colour

b) cisgender gay men of colour

c) white trans people

d) trans and queer women

e) cisgender gay white men

24. Engaging in reflexivity provides social workers the space to consider how ________.

a) to eliminate institutional power

b) their institutional power and social location shape their practice

c) to shift towards an indifference model of practice

d) to identify TSLGBTQ people who are disproportionately oppressed

e) their social location is immutable

25. Until recently, most knowledge concerning the health and social service needs and experiences of TSLGBTQ people concentrated on ________.

a) HIV prevention and treatment

b) depression

c) social isolation

d) substance abuse

e) prejudicial violence

26. The inclusion of gender dysphoria within the DSM as a psychiatric disorder is an example of how ________.

a) heterosexism is embedded within health-care and social services

b) transgender identity is accepted as normal within health-care and social services

c) trans people are recognized and supported within health-care and social services

d) homophobia is embedded within health-care and social services

e) cissexism is embedded within health-care and social services

27. ________, including education, income distribution, and social exclusion, shape queer and trans people's access to health-care and social services.

a) Social relations of health

b) Social determinants of health

c) Social forces of health

d) Social impediments of health

e) Social barriers of health

28. "Transitioning" refers to the process through which ________.

a) people become allies to trans people

b) trans people create support networks outside of their family of origin

c) trans people start to move away from their gender assigned at birth

d) trans people become liberated from oppression

e) trans people overcome internalized transphobia

29. In order to access health-care insurance coverage for hormone-replacement therapy and trans-specific surgery, trans people must be diagnosed as having ________.

a) gender dysphoria

b) gender incongruence disorder

c) sexual identity disorder

d) gender identity confusion

e) gender misalignment disorder

30. The statement "________" is true of HIV.

a) HIV is the same thing as AIDS

b) There is little social stigma around HIV

c) People living with HIV do not experience discrimination

d) Anyone can become infected with HIV

e) There is no treatment for HIV

31. In most urban settings, HIV health and social services are mostly targeted to ________.

a) queer people of colour

b) trans women

c) gay cisgender men

d) Indigenous TSLGBTQ people

e) queer migrants

32. TSLGBTQ older adults ________.

a) are often well supported in health-care and social service settings

b) rarely fear prejudice

c) never experience age-related bias in health-care settings

d) always arrive in the health-care system before experiencing serious health complications

e) often hide their sexual and/or gender identity as a survival strategy

33. Queer and trans youth in residential care often ________.

a) experience a strong sense of community

b) find safe spaces where they can explore their sexual and/or gender identity

c) experience social isolation

d) get the support they need from staff

e) feel validated

34. Social location includes one's ________.

a) gender identity

b) race

c) ability

d) sexual identity

e) all of the above

35. ________ represents a major barrier that queer and trans people experience across health-care and social service settings.

a) Invisibility

b) Ambivalence

c) Tolerance

d) Inconsistency

e) Solidarity

36. Health-care and social service settings often operate from ________ toward queer and trans people.

a) a difference model

b) an anti-oppressive framework

c) a structural perspective

d) an indifference model

e) a sociosystemic model

37. Adopting ________ in practice can help practitioners in developing context-specific strategies to ensure respect, trust, or a therapeutic alliance with queer and trans people.

a) structuralism

b) a systemic analysis

c) intersectionality

d) institutional power

e) an indifference model

38. When working with TSLGBTQ people, social workers should avoid ________.

a) affirming how people self-identify

b) questioning TSLGBTQ people's experiences of heterosexism and cissexism

c) stating that their office is a safe space

d) posting visual materials that represent TSLGBTQ people

e) asking about the degree to which people participate in TSLGBTQ communities

39. ________ countries have unequal ages of consent for same-gender sexual activity and heterosexual acts.

a) 16

b) none

c) 2

d) 5

e) 7

40. Institutional power is ________.

a) the power an institution has relative to other institutions

b) the power a practitioner holds within an institution based on their position and social location

c) the power TSLGBTQ people experience within the institutions they access

d) the power a practitioner possesses upon leaving an institution

e) the power embedded within institutional structures

41. Social workers foster affirming spaces for TSLGBTQ people by ________.

a) not making assumptions about sexual/gender identity

b) encouraging the coming out process

c) disclosing their own sexual/gender identity to facilitate trust

d) none of the above

e) all of the above

42. The benefits of "coming out" are ________.

a) being challenged by some scholars and activists

b) well documented in the literature

c) a sign of healthy identity formation

d) none of the above

e) all of the above

43. Out of 124 United Nations member states, ________ criminalize same-gender sexual activity.

a) 72

b) 45

c) 16

d) 22

e) none

44. If an intake form asks people to identify as male or female, it can be said to be an example of ________.

a) cissexism

b) heterosexism

c) discrimination

d) neutrality

e) stigma

45. In ________, only Canadian citizens may change their name and gender marker.

a) Quebec

b) Ontario

c) Alberta

d) Nova Scotia

e) Yukon

46. ________ is a key aspect of collective empowerment.

a) Social workers taking control over the issues that affect TSLGBTQ people

b) TSLGBTQ people valuing and trusting the power of practitioners

c) Social workers using their power to heal TSLGBTQ people

d) Fostering spaces for TSLGBTQ people to have control over issues that affect them

e) Empowering TSLGBTQ people to think more collaboratively

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. An individual whose physical sex/gender assigned at birth differs from their gender identity may identify as transgender.

2. The death penalty is not applied to consensual sexual acts between adults of the same gender in any country.

3. All queer and trans people are impacted by legislation related to sexual and gender identity in the same way.

4. Homophobia is a global phenomenon.

5. Social location is always self-defined.

6. The term "queer" is derogatory and should not be used.

7. Before colonial contact, two-spirited identity within First Nations communities had the same meaning as the term "sexual and gender minority."

8. Before colonial contact, many First Nations communities had flexible marriage laws, including same-gender marriage.

9. More United Nations member states have laws that criminalize same-gender sexual activity than have workplace anti-discrimination laws.

10. In the early twentieth century, the criminalization of consensual homosexuality was used to target two-spirited people and racialized men from Asia.

11. Since the passing of same-gender marriage legislation in 2006 in Canada, TSLGBTQ people have achieved legal and social equality.

12. Microaggression is an umbrella term for intentional forms of discrimination.

13. The violence that many queer and trans people experience often stems from heterosexism and cissexism.

14. The homophobia and transphobia that exist in Canada can be largely attributed to the growth in immigrant communities.

15. In Quebec, one cannot change one's name or gender marker unless one is a Canadian citizen.

16. Intersectionality takes an additive approach to understanding oppression.

17. A microaggression is an intentional act that communicates hostility.

18. A person's experience of marginalization is based on the sum of their various identities.

19. Intersectionality sheds light onto how systems of oppression intersect, resulting in a complex set of relations of power.

20. A person's various group affiliations intersect and operate at different levels, resulting in differential access to social power and privilege.

21. A person's identity and social location are fixed and immutable.

22. Basic categorical definitions of people and identities, prominently used in health-care and social services, are inadequate and limit the potential for agency.

23. "Coming out" is best understood as a process that is fluid, flexible, and context specific.

24. Sexual and gender diversity has historically been socially defined within medical terms as a mental disorder.

25. Since the removal of homosexuality as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), heterosexism has been nearly absent in health-care and social service settings.

26. In most urban settings, there are many HIV support and treatment services that are specifically geared towards trans people living with HIV.

27. Most health-care and social service policies are developed with the assumption that the service user is heterosexual and/or cissexual.

28. The "indifference model" used by many health-care and social services ensures that everyone's needs are met fairly and adequately.

29. The most supportive attitude toward sexual and gender diversity is tolerance.

30. A person's gender expression always matches their gender identity.

31. The term "homosexual" has historically been used to pathologize TSLGBTQ people.

32. Everyone in Canada has access to the legal and institutional services they need to file a human rights complaint.

33. Sexual identity and sexual behaviour are always aligned.

34. In 2017, the Canadian government passed a Bill to protect Canadians from discrimination based on gender identity and expression.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Why might TSLGBTQ people still experience violence, discrimination, and persecution in countries that have legalized same-gender sexual activity and marriage, and which have human rights legislation?

2. What is the historical significance of two-spirited identity within First Nations communities?

3. What are two examples of how the social work profession has historically been complicit in pathologizing same-gender sexuality and gender variance?

4. What are microaggressions? Identify and describe the three main aspects of microaggressions.

5. What is structural intersectionality? Describe how trans refugees as a group may experience structural intersectionality in Canada.

6. What is meant by a person's social location? How does a person's social location influence their lived experience?

7. Why is the notion of "coming out" as the final stage to healthy and positive well-being being challenged?

8. In what ways is the inclusion of gender dysphoria in the DSM stigmatizing? In what ways can its inclusion be experienced as helpful?

9. What is cissexism? Provide two examples of how trans and gender non-conforming people encounter cissexism within health-care and/or social service settings.

10. What are some of the challenges related to disclosing one's HIV status?

11. What strategies can social workers adopt in order to better support queer and trans youth in care?

12. Describe how "invisibility" serves as a major barrier for TSLGBTQ people across health-care and social service settings.

13. What is meant by a "continuum of attitudes toward sexual and gender difference in health/social services"? Identify the five major attitude categories associated with this continuum.

14. What is institutional power? Why is it important for social workers to critically reflect on their institutional power when working with TSLGBTQ people?

15. What is collective empowerment? How can social workers work toward this goal in practice?

16. What makes human rights legislation and legalized same-gender sexual activity and marriage protective of some TSLGBTQ persons and not others?

17. Homophobia and transphobia are often attributed to the cultural practices of different groups in Canada. Discuss the problems with this view.

18. Describe one way in which the Indigenous notion of two-spirited identity differs from transgender identity as we see it today in Canada.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. While gaining access to services and supports can be challenging for all TSLGBTQ people, it can be particularly challenging for those living in rural and remote areas. Identify some specific challenges for TSLGBTQ people living in those areas.

2. How might your social location shape the way in which you engage in social work practice with TSLGBTQ people?

3. What are heterosexism and cissexism? Provide examples of how they operate at an individual/practice level, at the service system level, and at the policy level.

4. In what ways do disclosure of sexual and/or gender identity and coming out impact TSLGBTQ people's access to health-care and social services?

5. Are there aspects of the historical context of sexual and gender diversity that you didn't know about before? If yes, why do you think this was the case?

6. What are the ways in which intersectionality shapes queer and trans people's everyday lives?