Chapter 18: Family Socioeconomic Context and Mental Health in Parents and Children: A Heuristic Framework

Test Bank

Multiple choice

1. Ages ______, also referred to as midlife, is a life stage that is a sensitive period for the development of mental and physical health problems.

A. 35–45

B. 50–70

C. 30–40

D. 40–60

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Ella experiences elevated levels of psychological symptoms continuously over her life course; 2 or 3 times a year she becomes depressed, lethargic, and withdrawn. This history of psychological symptoms is categorized as ______ continuity.

A. atypical

B. heterotypic

C. life course

D. homotypic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Elevated levels of psychological symptoms or psychological disorders that continue over the life course across dimensions are categorized as having ______ continuity.

A. variable

B. heterotypic

C. life course

D. homotypic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. An example of how the FSAMH model accounts for ______ is noting genetic dispositions and endocrine imbalances.

A. unknown variables

B. biological processes

C. psychological processes

D. unexplained outcomes

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: FSAMH Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Family processes and youth developmental outcomes are considered ______ in the FSAMH model.

A. biological mediators

B. emotional resources

C. resilience factors

D. trajectories

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: FSAMH Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Within the FSAMH model, what kind of risk is reflected by family poverty, low parental education, adverse work conditions, unemployment, and underemployment?

A. financial risk

B. educational attainment risk

C. family socioeconomic risk

D. cultural risk

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR)

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Within the FSAMH model, high crime rates, poor housing, and high community unemployment rates along with a lack of physical or social resources and opportunities exemplify ______.

A. adverse community characteristics

B. ecological networks

C. neighborhood risk

D. racial inequality

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR)

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What is the central tenet of the family stress model?

A. Family stress is the product of dysfunctional family processes.

B. Family stress can be avoided.

C. Family stress is caused primarily by economic forces.

D. Family economic pressure increases parents’ distress.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR) and Parents’ Mental Health (Path 1→2)

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. According to the text, what is one of the most observable reflections of stress?

A. panic attacks

B. anger

C. depression

D. abuse

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR) and Parents’ Mental Health (Path 1→2)

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which theory suggests that when an individual is exposed to a stressor (e.g., family economic hardship), they manage the stressor by subjectively appraising its threat and assessing available resources?

A. subjective appraisal theory

B. stress resource theory

C. resource assessment theory

D. stress appraisal theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR) and Parents’ Mental Health (Path 1→2)

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Dr. Crozier suggests that chronic stressful conditions result in repeated and chronic negative emotions, which in turn contribute to consistently elevated levels of psychological symptoms. Which theory is Dr. Crozier applying?

A. stress process theory

B. stress appraisal theory

C. chronic stress trajectory theory

D. emotional stress response theory

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR) and Parents’ Mental Health (Path 1→2)

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. The statement “stressful family economic conditions deplete spouses’ energy and compromise their ability to manage relationship issues and conflicts, which ultimately results in destructive interactions between family members,” most specifically reflects ______.

A. self-regulation theories

B. family stress theories

C. economic risk theories

D. spousal stress theories

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parents’ Mental Health and Family Processes (Paths 2→3 and 3→2)

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Which theory highlights the role of early affectional ties with parents in setting the stage for parents’ continued influence over the child’s life course as well as the development of psychosocial resources necessary for thriving at later life stages?

A. psychosocial coping theory

B. family socioeconomic risk theory

C. attachment theory

D. adherence theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Processes and Youth Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Development (Path 3→4)

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Both self-regulation and mastery are examples of youth ______ resources.

A. socioemotional

B. psychosocial

C. cognitive

D. environmental

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Processes and Youth Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Development (Path 3→4)

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. The ______ suggests that the consequences of depression increase the likelihood of recurring depression.

A. cyclical layer theory

B. depression recidivism theory

C. bioemotional model

D. kindling effect

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Youth Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Developmental Outcomes and Youth Mental Health (Paths 4→5 and 5→4)

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The ______ system disruptions are associated with childhood and adolescent neurocognitive, neurobehavioral, and physiological impairments.

A. cyclical

B. psychosocial

C. repetitive

D. biobehavioral

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neuroendocrine and Neurological Mediating Processes (Box 6)

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Variations in gene structures across individuals are referred to as ______.

A. neurocognitions

B. polymorphisms

C. physiological impairments

D. candidate genes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetic Predisposition--Hereditary (Box 7)

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Much of the family and developmental research has documented parents’ ______ as a central linking mechanism explaining why FSR is consequential for family processes.

A. history of addiction

B. parenting style

C. poor mental health

D. resiliency

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: FSR and Family Processes (Path 1→3)

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which hypothesis suggests that “risk alleles” or “vulnerability genes” make individuals more susceptible to stressful environments by triggering negative youth developmental and mental health outcomes?

A. the stress–diathesis hypothesis

B. the differential susceptibility hypothesis

C. the biocontextual hypothesis

D. the bioecological hypothesis

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetic Predisposition--Hereditary (Box 7)

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. When one stressful developmental failure may continue (e.g., poor academic performance) while another appears (e.g., delinquent behaviors), and then another (e.g., poor relationship outcomes), this forms a cascading sequence of stress or risks. This cascading sequence might also be called a ______.

A. linked stressors

B. contingent process

C. total development failure

D. cyclical bidirectional influence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: FSR and Youth Socioeconomic Development (Path 1→4)

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Parental rejection, hostility, and lack of warmth are all examples of ______.

A. factors that develop resiliency

B. FSR

C. unhealthy parental affect

D. parental trajectories

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Process and Youth Mental Health (Path 3→5)

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Two essential elements of ineffective parental practices involve (1) parental affect and (2) ______.

A. parental disposition

B. depression

C. poverty

D. child management

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Process and Youth Mental Health (Path 3→5)

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Focusing on the way that spouses’ depressive feelings impact both their future depressive symptoms (i.e., actor effect) and their partners’ depressive symptoms over time (i.e., partner effect) specially exemplifies the role of ______ in FSR.

A. marriage

B. depression

C. mental health

D. linked lives

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Dyadic Associations in Mental Health (Paths X and Y)

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Parental rejection operates as a ______ stressor.

A. cascading

B. tertiary

C. chronic

D. acute

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Process and Youth Mental Health (Path 3→5)

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. The ______ perspective is helpful for understanding and articulating how stressful experiences in one life domain (e.g., work or finances) can affect close relationships.

A. contingent

B. cascading

C. spillover

D. sequential

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: FSR and Family Processes (Path 1→3)

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Research has established an association between family socioeconomic risk and family mental health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The FSAMH model does not account for biological processes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: FSAMH Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Research has shown that the level of depressive symptoms are lower among African American youth compared to Caucasian youth after taking family socioeconomic characteristics into account.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR)

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Self-regulation, self-esteem, and mastery are examples of protective factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Resilience or Protective Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Within the FSAMH model, there is a reciprocal, often cyclical, relationship between family processes and emotional distress.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Socioeconomic Risk (FSR) and Parents’ Mental Health (Path 1→2)

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. An abundance of psychosocial resources would increase the likelihood of becoming a high school dropout.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Processes and Youth Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Development (Path 3→4)

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Social epidemiological research demonstrates that the lack of psychosocial resources and socioeconomic developmental failures is associated with emotional distress and discouragement.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Youth Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Developmental Outcomes and Youth Mental Health (Paths 4→5 and 5→4)

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The FSAMH model identifies a unidirectional relationship between psychosocial and socioeconomic developmental trajectories and depressive symptoms over adolescence and young adulthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Youth Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Developmental Outcomes and Youth Mental Health (Paths 4→5 and 5→4)

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. There is no direct connection between genetic background and mental health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Predisposition--Hereditary (Box 7)

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Variants of genes can interact with environmental contexts to shape individuals’ psychological vulnerability and developmental failures.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Predisposition--Hereditary (Box 7)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Identify the components that provided the basis for the FSAMH model.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Outline how chronic stressful experiences may contribute to poor mental health.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Neuroendocrine and Neurological Mediating Processes (Box 6)

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain the connection between family socioeconomic risk and youth socioeconomic development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: FSR and Youth Socioeconomic Development (Path 1→4)

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Why are some youth able to achieve developmental successes and better mental health despite stressful life experiences?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resilience or Protective Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain the role of biological processes in linking FSR to mental health trajectories.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Neuroendocrine and Neurological Mediating Processes (Box 6)

Difficulty Level: Medium