Atlantic Revolutions and the World, | Full Test Bank Ch.22

Smith test bank: Chapter 22

What were the major ideas of the Enlightenment and their impacts?

1. From Locke’s philosophy that people were born free, equal, and rational, and that natural rights, including personal freedoms, were basic to all humans grew the idea of
   1. constitutional government
   2. concord government
   3. contract government
   4. covenant government

(p. 804)

1. The Scottish philosopher who proposed a “laissez faire” economy free from government monopolies and mercantilist regulations was
   1. Adam Smith
   2. Jean Jacques Rousseau
   3. John Locke
   4. Louis Montesquieu

(p. 805)

1. Enlightenment writers said that a middle-class way of life promoted
   1. sensibility, love of family, thrift, and hard work
   2. promiscuous and spendthrift habits
   3. spiritual development and devotion to God
   4. instability and public dissent

(p. 805)

1. Some European monarchs, including Prussian king Frederick the Great, saw the Enlightenment as a
   1. threat to his position and power
   2. fad unworthy of much attention
   3. happy distraction for his subjects
   4. force that could make monarchs stronger

(p. 807)

1. Amid concern that the _____________ was an alternate source of allegiance to the Spanish crown, the monarchy outlawed it.
   1. Jesuit order
   2. Catholic Church
   3. Enlightenment
   4. Mexican government

(p. 809)

1. In Mexico, reformers saw the education of each woman as essential, so that they could
   1. cast informed votes in elections
   2. manage their households intelligently and efficiently
   3. raise their children well and teach them to be good citizens
   4. contribute to the economy

(p. 809)

What factors lay behind the war between North American colonists and Great Britain?

1. The demand by North American colonists for representation in British Parliament, given that they were taxed by that government, followed the theory of the social contract proposed by
   1. Locke
   2. Rousseau
   3. Voltaire
   4. Montesquieu

(p. 811)

1. The British government sought to increase taxes on its colonies to pay the costs of administering its empire and recoup its expenses from the
   1. Revolutionary War
   2. Thirty Years War
   3. Napoleonic Wars
   4. Seven Years’ War

(p. 811)

1. After the “Boston Tea Party,” in which Bostonians dumped a load of tea into Boston harbor to protest a new tax on tea imposed by Britain, the British government responded by
   1. boycotting colonial goods
   2. closing Boston’s harbor
   3. instituting a tax on stamps
   4. calling for a continental congress

(p. 811)

1. The key revolutionary document that articulated an Enlightenment doctrine of rights upon which it argued the British government had trampled was the
   1. Articles of Confederation
   2. Constitution
   3. Declaration of Independence
   4. Continental Congress

(p. 811)

1. The American colonists received critical help in their revolution from
   1. Mexico
   2. Portugal
   3. Prussia
   4. France

(p. 813)

What changes emerged from the French Revolution and Napoleon’s reign?

1. King Louis XVI was forced to summon the Estates General after
   1. France was defeated by Spain in the Seven Years’ War
   2. he was denied loans and other financial assistance by both bankers and the French aristocracy
   3. a peasant revolt threatened the monarchy
   4. Napoleon Bonaparte demanded it

(p. 815)

1. France’s equivalent of America’s Independence Day commemorates the
   1. liberation of the Bastille prison
   2. declaration of a National Assembly of “citizens,” not subjects
   3. walkout of the Estates General by representatives of the middle classes and common people
   4. release of a Declaration of Independence by French rebels

(p. 816)

1. In October 1789, the market women of Paris marched to the palace of Versailles, captured the royal family, and
   1. executed them
   2. brought them to Paris to stand trial
   3. brought them to Paris to live “with the people”
   4. moved into the palace themselves

(p. 816)

1. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman compared men’s privileges over women to
   1. slaveholders privileges over the enslaved
   2. parents’ privileges over their children
   3. the French aristocracy’s privileges over the peasantry
   4. a king’s privileges over the aristocracy

(p. 818)

1. As revolutionary fervor spread across national borders, in the spring of 1792 _______________ declared war on France.
   1. Austria and Prussia
   2. Britain
   3. Spain and Portugal
   4. the Netherlands

(p. 818)

1. To justify its actions, the Committee of Public Safety turned to Rousseau’s idea of the
   1. social contract
   2. laissez faire economy
   3. contract government
   4. general will

(p. 818)

1. In seizing power in France, Napoleon compared the situation to
   1. Alexander taking control of Greece
   2. Qubilai Khan taking control of China
   3. Cortés taking control of the Aztec empire
   4. Augustus taking control of Rome

(p. 819)

1. The Code Napoleon, the basic set of laws established by the French general,
   1. reversed revolutionary changes to citizenship and the right to private property
   2. solidified many revolutionary changes but reversed gains made by women
   3. solidified many revolutionary changes but reversed gains made by peasants
   4. enshrined Napoleon as an authoritarian dictator and stripped virtually all rights from the French people

(p. 819)

1. After a series of successful wars, Napoleon faced a catastrophic defeat when he attempted to invade
   1. Britain
   2. Spain
   3. Russia
   4. Prussia

(p. 819-820)

1. When Napoleon invaded, Egypt’s government was run by
   1. a Mamluk military force
   2. Ottoman janissaries
   3. Ottoman ulamas
   4. the British

(p. 821)

What were the motives and methods of revolutionaries in the Caribbean and Latin America?

1. France’s Saint-Domingue was the wealthiest colony in the region, in part because
   1. the newly independent United States could now purchase sugar from French rather than British plantations
   2. French refinements in sugar production techniques made their plantations more efficient
   3. the soil and climate on the island were particularly well suited to sugar cane
   4. the plantation owners had enslaved the native population and thus did not have to pay to import African slaves

(p. 823)

1. After the revolution on Saint-Domingue, the rebel leader Toussaint declared that
   1. all former slaves were free to work in whatever profession they preferred, and even to leave the island
   2. Saint-Domingue was a free nation
   3. all sugar plantations were thereafter owned by the new country of Haiti
   4. all former slaves must return to the sugar plantations

(p. 824)

1. In the midst of the Saint-Domingue revolution, British and Spanish forces intervened
   1. to stop the revolutionary fervor from spreading across the Caribbean
   2. in hopes of conquering the French portion of the island for themselves
   3. to aid their allies, the French
   4. to aid the rebels in pursuing Enlightenment ideals

(p. 824)

1. Reform-minded Spanish American colonial leaders saw ______________________ as an opportunity to end the heavy tax burdens imposed by Spain.
   1. European support for Enlightenment ideals
   2. the disorder brought on by the Napoleonic invasions
   3. the American revolution against Britain
   4. Spain’s preoccupation with conquering Europe

(p. 826)

1. Miguel Hidalgo, leader of a campaign against colonial rule in Mexico beginning in 1810 was a
   1. former silver miner
   2. Mexican priest trained by the Jesuits
   3. Spanish merchant exiled from Spain
   4. member of the Spanish royal family exiled by Napoleon

(p. 826)

1. South American creole strongmen had many problems getting along with one another but shared
   1. a hatred of slavery
   2. a vision for a democratic, independent South America
   3. contempt for native Americans, Africans, mulattos, and mestizos
   4. support for the Spanish crown

(p. 828)

What trends in Enlightenment and revolutionary society did religious revival challenge?

1. The Christian revival movement first took shape in
   1. Prussia
   2. the United States
   3. France
   4. Switzerland

(p. 832)

1. The wave of revivals that historians term the “Great Awakening” took place throughout
   1. Britain and the North American colonies
   2. the Caribbean colonies
   3. the Islamic world
   4. continental Europe

(p. 832)

1. The Wahhabi revival on the Arabian peninsula called on Muslims, most importantly, to
   1. make the pilgrimage to Mecca
   2. carry out jihad across West Africa
   3. practice worship of the single god
   4. to support a unified government led by the house of Sa’ud

(p. 834)