Smith Ch.21 Test Bank American Colonies 1600 1750

Smith test bank: Chapter 21

How did mineral wealth steer the development of Spanish America?

1. Spain’s two great bases in the New World were the viceregal capitals of
   1. Lima and Mexico City
   2. Potosí and Lima
   3. Mexico City and Vera Cruz
   4. Lima and Vera Cruz

(p. 761)

1. As in Spain, ____________ were the basic unit of governance throughout Spanish America.
   1. audiencia
   2. colonial provinces
   3. viceroys
   4. town councils

(p. 763)

1. The system that divided the Spanish colonies into a “republic of Indians” and a “republic of Spaniards” was intended to
   1. prevent racial mixing
   2. keep the number of officially registered “Indians” high, since only they were subject to tribute payment and labor drafts
   3. provide an accurate count of “Spaniards,” since only they were subject to taxes
   4. prevent the indigenous population from avoiding Spanish rule

(p. 763)

1. After the mid-sixteenth century, Spain’s transoceanic mail service was
   1. slow and unreliable
   2. slow but surprisingly reliable
   3. fast but unreliable
   4. fast and reliable

(p. 763)

1. Spanish-American merchants had so much silver to export that they struggled to find enough imports to balance the trade, leading authorities to outlaw local _________ production.
   1. steel
   2. linen
   3. porcelain
   4. iron

(p. 765)

1. Spain’s Habsburg monarchs and ministers envisioned the colonial economy as a
   1. closed capitalism system
   2. open capitalist system
   3. closed mercantile system
   4. open mercantile system

(p. 765)

1. Spanish priests argued successfully against Amerindian slavery on the grounds that
   1. it was made unnecessary by African slavery
   2. it would create an unhappy population base likely to rebel
   3. according to the Bible all human beings were redeemable in the creator’s eyes
   4. it was immoral

(p. 767)

1. In Spanish America, marriage between ___________ was forbidden.
   1. nobles and slaves
   2. Spaniards and indigenous people
   3. Africans and Amerindians
   4. Spaniards and Africans

(p. 768)

1. Urban women of poor to middling status were usually
   1. weavers or potters
   2. servants or vendors
   3. cooks or cobblers
   4. tailors or blacksmiths

(p. 770)

How was Brazil transformed by the mining boom of the eighteenth century?

1. Beginning in around 1695, the economy of Portuguese Brazil began to change, sparked by
   1. the rise of sugar plantations
   2. the discovery of gold and diamonds
   3. refinements in dyewood harvesting
   4. the arrival of African slaves

(p. 771)

1. The Brazilian “gold trail” eventually terminated in
   1. Minas Gerais
   2. São Paulo
   3. Potosí
   4. Rio de Janeiro

(p. 773)

1. In the Brazilian diamond mines, slaves were promised instant freedom if they
   1. turned in another slave who was stealing stones
   2. worked the mines for five years
   3. identified smugglers
   4. found diamonds above a very large size

(p. 774)

1. During the Dutch occupation of Pernambuco in northeast Brazil, ________ were permitted to practice their religion openly.
   1. Jews
   2. Muslims
   3. Africans
   4. Roma

(p. 775)

How did sugar production and slavery mold Caribbean societies?

1. When the Dutch captured Pernambuco from the Portuguese, they were most interested in
   1. the region’s diamond mines
   2. the region’s gold mines
   3. Portuguese sugar production
   4. the new Portuguese coffee crop

(p. 776)

1. Northern European countries’ first permanent Caribbean colonies all combined
   1. sugar plantations with the slave trade
   2. experimental plantations with contraband trade and piracy
   3. silver or gold mining with piracy
   4. cotton plantations with rum production

(p. 777)

1. The English failed to seize Santo Domingo from the Spanish in 1655, but successfully captured
   1. Providence Island
   2. Jamaica
   3. Tortuga
   4. Barbados

(p. 777)

1. English, Dutch, and French slave holders showed
   1. virtually no interest in protecting slaves’ families, dignity, or souls
   2. no interest in protecting slaves’ bodily autonomy, but were fastidious about slaves’ conversion to Christianity
   3. little concern for harsh work conditions, but slave codes did prevent the sale of children without their parents
   4. little interest in keeping enslaved families together, but did protect their investment by avoiding harsh punishments

(p. 780)

1. French, Dutch, and English planters in the Caribbean used earnings from the labor of _____________ to fund their early purchases of African slaves.
   1. Amerindian slaves
   2. encomienda-bound native Americans
   3. indentured Europeans
   4. European slaves

(p. 780)

1. European men routinely kept African and mulatto mistresses in the Caribbean and children produced of these unions were
   1. treated as a dirty secret and even a petty crime
   2. usually recognized as heirs by their fathers
   3. often educated in Europe
   4. categorized according to a fluid sistema de castas

(p. 781)

How did European relations with native peoples differ in the British and French colonies of North America?

1. The survival of the earliest eastern North American colonies in the tiny, fortified enclaves of “New France,” “New Netherland,” and “Virginia” depended on
   1. trade between the enclaves
   2. monthly visits from European supply ships
   3. mild winters
   4. alliances with indigenous inhabitants

(p. 782)

1. Its soldier-settlers’ refusal to farm led to the failure of
   1. New France
   2. New Netherland
   3. Quebec
   4. Jamestown

(p. 784)

1. A settler rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 ran Virginia’s governor out of Jamestown for allegedly
   1. unfairly assigning the best land parcels to his family and associates
   2. fraternizing with his slaves
   3. dealing too kindly with native groups
   4. stealing from their tax receipts

(p. 785)

1. Efforts by European colonists in New England and Virginia to convert the local population to Christianity were
   1. robust
   2. backed up by threats of violence
   3. minimal
   4. targeted only at unfriendly native Americans

(p. 786)

1. By the early eighteenth century, Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and England’s other mid-Atlantic and southern colonies were home to huge, export-oriented plantation, focused first on
   1. tobacco
   2. rice
   3. indigo
   4. coffee

(p. 786)

1. In North America, racial codes and covenants were most rigidly enforced in regions
   1. with few slaves or free black people
   2. highly dependent on African slavery
   3. that had recently seen a spike in miscegenation
   4. bordering those highly dependent on African slavery

(p. 789)

1. Most slaves in New France were
   1. indigenous war captives
   2. Africans
   3. subjects of debt peonage
   4. indentured Europeans

(p. 789)

1. Violent slave rebellions along the Atlantic seaboard were rare in comparison with the Caribbean or even Brazil because
   1. the colonies were surrounded by native Americans
   2. in winter there was little food to be found in the wilderness
   3. white settlers were not vastly outnumbered by slaves
   4. freedom through self-purchase was more possible

(p. 790)

How did the runaway slaves of Dutch Suriname create a lasting independent state of their own?

1. The term used to describe free or escaped slaves was
   1. mulatto
   2. mestizaje
   3. maroon
   4. mestizo

(p. 790)

1. The maroon communities of Suriname eventually
   1. were re-enslaved by Dutch forces
   2. drove the Dutch from their plantations on the coast
   3. won their freedom from the Dutch government
   4. died out from tropical diseases

(p. 791)

1. Suriname maroon culture is
   1. directly traceable back to Africa
   2. a clear fusion of African and Dutch cultures
   3. a clear fusion of African and Amerindian cultures
   4. not traceable back to a single clear African root

(p. 792)