18th Edition Test Bank Chapter.10 Terrestrial Biodiversity

CHAPTER 10—SUSTAINING TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY: THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Costa Rica is considered a superpower of biodiversity, with an estimated 500,000 plant and animal species. This biodiversity is chiefly a result of the ____.

2. Ecologists warn that human population growth, economic development, and poverty are exerting increasing pressure on the earth’s ecosystems and on the ____ it provides.

3. Forests, both natural and planted, occupy how much of the earth's land surface, other than Greenland and Antarctica?

4. An old-growth forest is a(n) ____.

5. A second-growth forest is a(n) ____.

6. Which of the following is true of tree plantations?

7. A tree plantation is also called a(n) ____.

8. Four of the following are important ecological services provided by forests; one is not. Choose the one that is not.

9. Which of the following is not an economic service provided by forests?

10. Forests provide habitats for about ____ of the earth’s terrestrial species.

11. Which of the following is a harmful effect of even carefully designed logging roads?

12. Removing intermediate-aged or mature trees from a forest is known as ____.

13. Robert Costanza of the University of Vermont estimates the monetary worth of the earth’s ecological services per year at which of the following?

14. Robert Costanza of the University of Vermont estimates the world’s forests provide us with ecological services worth how much per year?

15. Which of the following is a disadvantage of clear-cutting?

16. Surface fires ____.

17. Which of the following is true of surface fires?

18. The temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, or other uses, is called ____.

19. Over the past 8,000 years, human activities have reduced the earth’s original forest cover by about _____ %, with most of that coming in the last 60 years.

20. According to the World Resources Institute, if the current rates continue, how much of the world's remaining forests will be lost in the next two decades?

21. Forests cover about ____% of the U.S. land area.

22. In the United States, about ____% of the forests are protected.

23. Tropical forests in the Amazon basin and other South American countries are primarily being cleared or burned for ____.

24. Widespread human-influenced fires in tropical forests, such as the Amazon Rainforest, change weather patterns by raising temperatures and reducing rainfall resulting in droughts, which in turn makes forests more likely to burn. This is an example of a ____.

25. Burning tropical forests accounts for how much of the human-created greenhouse gas emissions?

26. Four of the following are ways to grow and harvest trees more sustainably; one is not. Choose the one that is not.

27. Ecologists and forest fire experts recommend several strategies for reducing fire-related harm to forests and people. What is one of those strategies?

28. One of the reasons for cutting trees is to provide pulp for making paper. However, paper can be made from a number of other sources. What is not a viable source of paper?

29. Hemp requires fewer pesticides and yield more pulp per hectare. What other source of pulp provides this benefit?

30. About ____ of the wood harvested globally each year is burned directly for fuel or converted to charcoal fuel.

31. With only 2% of its forests remaining, which of the following countries has gone from tropical paradise to ecological disaster?

32. Which of method is effective in reducing tropical deforestation?

33. Unfenced grasslands in tropical and temperate climates that supply forage for grazing animals are called ____.

34. Overgrazing occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland area. Overgrazing causes all of the following except ____.

35. Which of the following is a method of grassland restoration?

36. One preservation strategy for the remaining grasslands in the Southwestern U.S. involves land trust groups that pay ranchers for ____, which are deed restrictions that bar future owners from developing the land.

37. What is probably the biggest problem for U.S. national parks today?

38. What is not considered a major problem for U.S. public parks today?

39. Conservationists around the world are using a design in which an inner core of a reserve is surrounded by two protective areas. This design is known as ____.

40. Protected areas linking isolated reserves is a design called ____.

41. In 1995-1996, gray wolves were re-introduced to Yellowstone National Park. Since then, which of the following has occurred?

42. What term refers to land officially designated as an area where natural communities have not been seriously disturbed by humans, and where harmful human activities are limited by law?

43. Most conservation biologists believe the most important reasons for protecting wilderness and other areas from exploitation and degradation involve the ____.

44. Many biologists and wildlife conservationists believe that the best way to keep from hastening the extinction of wild species through human activities is to protect threatened habitats and ecosystem services. This is referred to as ____.

45. Areas especially rich in plant species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction are called ____.

46. What term refers to the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by ecosystems?

47. Four of the following are measures to speed up ecosystem recovery; one is not. Choose the one that is not.

48. Researchers have suggested four principles for carrying out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation. Which one of the following is not one of these principles?

49. Michael Rosenzweig suggests we need to learn how to share with other species the spaces we dominate. He calls this new form of conservation biology ____.

50. We can all help sustain terrestrial biodiversity through various measures. Which of the following methods is least effective in sustaining biodiversity?

1. Sixty percent of the world’s forests are old-growth forests.

2. Tree farms are more biologically diverse than second-growth forests.

3. Someday, tree plantations may supply most of the world's demand for industrial wood.

4. A 1997 report estimated the value of the ecological services provided to humans by forests to be at least $4.7 trillion.

5. Forest fires are not a major threat to forest ecosystems as part of a natural cycle.

6. In the last 8,000 years, humans have reduced the earth's original forest cover by about 23%.

7. If current deforestation rates continue about 40% of all the world’s remaining intact forests will have been logged or converted to other uses in 20 years.

8. Forests covering approximately 30% of the U.S. land area supply about two-thirds of the nation's surface water.

9. A majority of the loss of the tropical forests has occurred over the past 200 years.

10. Up to 60% of the wood consumed in the U.S. is wasted unnecessarily.

11. Efforts are under way to make charcoal out of fibers left over from processing sugar cane.

12. Even moderate levels of grazing are unhealthy for grasslands.

13. Parks in developing countries possess the least biodiversity of all parks.

14. Only about 1% of national parks in less-developed countries are protected.

15. Only 5% of U.S. land is protected as wilderness, and most of that is in Alaska.

1. Most biologists believe that we should care about sustaining forests because they provide valuable ____________________ and ____________________ services.

2. The first step in harvesting trees is to build ____________________.

3. Forest losses are concentrated in ____________________ countries.

4. Forests that cover about 30% of the U.S. land area provide habitats for ____________________% of the country's wildlife species.

5. Brazil has more than ____________________% of the world's remaining tropical rain forests.

6. Degradation of a tropical forest usually begins when a(n) ____________________ is cut deep into the forest.

7. As much as ____________________% of the wood consumed in the United States is wasted unnecessarily.

8. According to the USDA, within _______________ we could eliminate the need to use trees to make paper by using kenaf.

9. Poor countries with tropical forests can be encouraged to protect their forests by using ____________________ to provide financial incentives.

10. Livestock graze in ____________________, which are managed grasslands or enclosed meadows, usually planted with domesticated grasses or other forage.

11. Even though parks in less-developed countries have the greatest biodiversity, only about ____________________% of them are protected.

12. One of the biggest problems for national parks in the U.S. is ____________________.

13. Humans have reserved ____________________% of the earth's land for human use.

14. Some scientists urge the adoption of a(n) ____________________ strategy to identify and quickly protect biodiversity hotspots.

15. Almost every natural place on earth has been affected or degraded to some degree by ____________________.

1. What is the value of nature's regulation of the climate in dollars per year?

2. How much larger is the value of climate regulation than recreation?

3. From a strictly value perspective, would it be more valuable for nature to be allowed to recycle nutrients or provide raw materials?

4. How is wilderness defined and who was the first president to set aside designated wilderness areas in the U.S.?

5. What are the four approaches proposed by scientists to speed up ecological succession processes?

1. Restoration

2. Rehabilitation

3. Replacement

4. Creating artificial ecosystems

PTS: 1

TOP: 10-5 What Is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services?

KEY: Bloom's: Understand NOT: New

ESSAY

1. Poverty is one of the biggest causes of degradation of forests. How is that possible, and what solutions might there be?

2. Overgrazing is a significant cause of degradation of grassland in the United States. Why is overgrazing so devastating to grassland? Why would the people who control grazing allow overgrazing to happen, given what we know about the problems associated with it?

3. The National Park system was started in order to preserve the splendor of nature and to make that splendor available to current and future generations. Now these goals seem to compete with one another. Should access to the national parks be restricted? Should development around the parks be limited? Are the goals incompatible, and should they be modified? Choose a position on this topic and defend it.

4. People have, seemingly, always feared the wolf. In order to restore and sustain biodiversity in ecosystems in which the wolf is a keystone species, the gray wolf was reintroduced into such ecosystems. Given human concerns and fears about wolves, was this the correct decision?

5. What is the significance of addressing ecosystems rather than individual species when it comes to the issue of endangered species?