Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity Miller Ch.11 Full Test Bank

CHAPTER 11—SUSTAINING AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. There are seven species of sea turtles. All are in danger of becoming extinct, mostly due to ____.

2. The excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, of Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin, was caused by the introduction of which of the following?

3. Ocean pollution from plastic items dumped from ships and garbage barges, and left as litter on beaches, kills up to ____ sea birds each year.

4. Projected climate change threatens aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services, partly by contributing to ____.

5. Warmer and more acidic ocean water is stressing ____, the foundation of the marine food web.

6. A concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water is called a ____.

7. A fishing method called, ____ fishing, is used to catch surface-dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas.

8. Which of the following is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world?

9. All the nations of the world are overfishing the world’s global oceans, taking _____ more than the sustainable yield of fish.

10. When it appears that it is no longer profitable to continue fishing as a result of overfishing, the fish populations are said to be ____.

11. One result of the increasingly efficient global hunt for fish is that larger individuals of commercially valuable wild species are ____.

12. As large species of fish are overfished, the fishing industry is shifting to smaller marine species and about 90% of this catch is converted to fishmeal and fish oil, most of which is ____.

13. In recent years, jellyfish blooms have ____.

14. Which term describes species that play crucial roles in helping to keep their ecosystems functioning?

15. For every shark that injures or kills a person, people kill about ____ sharks.

16. Scientists are now cataloging species in the deepest part of the ocean by using ____.

17. HIPPCO is an acronym that aids in remembering ____.

18. Sea-bottom habitats are being threatened by ____.

19. Ocean acidification is defined as rising levels of acid in ocean waters due to the ocean’s absorption of ____ from the atmosphere.

20. Bioinvaders can be blamed for ____ of all fish extinctions in the U.S. since 1900 and have caused huge economic losses.

21. One invader that particularly worries scientists and fishers on the east coast of North America is a species of ____ native to the western Pacific Ocean.

22. In 2010, the UN indicated that what percentage of the world's people are living along or near the ocean, mostly in large coastal cities?

23. The first letter "P" in the acronym HIPPCO stands for ____.

24. The greatest marine biodiversity is located ____.

25. What percentage of the world's oceans is fully protected, and closed to fishing and other harmful human activities?

26. Many marine scientists suggest we need at least ____% of the world's oceans fully protected as marine reserves.

27. In 2011, an international panel of scientists concluded that because of a combination of habitat loss, overfishing, pollution, and ocean acidification, marine life is poised to enter a new period of ____.

28. What is CITES?

29. By law, a country's offshore fishing zone extends to ____ kilometers from its shores.

30. Which U.S. state is leading the way in establishing marine protected areas where fishing will be banned or strictly limited?

31. Many scientists and policy makers are suggesting an ecosystem approach to sustain aquatic systems. The cornerstone of this would include establishment of fully protected ____.

32. Some coastal fishing communities have developed allotment and enforcement systems for controlling fish catches in which each fisher gets a share of the total allowable catch. These systems help sustain fisheries and jobs and are called ____.

33. To encourage more responsible fishing practices, an important component of sustaining aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services is bottom-up pressure from consumers demanding ____.

34. The traditional approach to estimating fish populations is the ____.

35. The newer approach to estimating fish populations, one which takes into account interactions between species and has more room for error, is ____.

36. Despite their ecological value, the United States has lost more than ____ of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900.

37. The purpose of mitigation banking is to ____.

38. What species is one of the biggest threats to the Great Lakes?

39. The Columbia River dam system has benefited many people, but it has ____.

40. In order to protect a stream or lake from excessive inputs of nutrients and pollutants, we must protect its ____.

41. In 1968, the U.S. Congress passed the ____ to establish protection of rivers with outstanding wildlife, geological, scenic, recreational, historical, or cultural values.

42. Which activity is least likely to be involved with the sustainable management of freshwater fisheries?

43. What is a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Great Lakes?

44. What is not one of the ecosystem services of rivers?

45. Biologist E. O. Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting aquatic biodiversity. What is one of those priorities?

46. There is growing evidence that the current harmful effects of human activities on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services could be reversed over the next ____.

47. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan has several goals. Which goal below is not one of them?

48. In 1947, the U.S. government established the Everglades National Park to help preserve the wilderness of this system. Why didn’t this protection effort work?

49. Protecting ____ and restoring them in areas where they have been destroyed are important ways to reduce the impacts of rising sea levels and storm surges, because these can slow storm-driven waves.

50. Sylvia Earle is leading a campaign called Mission Blue to finance research and to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas, which she dubs ____.

1. Sea turtles spend most of their lives traveling throughout the world’s oceans, but adult females almost always return to the beaches where they were born to lay their eggs.

2. Rising sea levels from projected climate change luckily will not disrupt sea turtles because they are aquatic species.

3. We have limited knowledge about marine biodiversity and its many functions.

4. Biodiversity is higher in the surface region of the ocean rather than in the bottom region of the ocean.

5. A number of new species, called bioinvaders, are being introduced to aquatic ecosystems, which increases biodiversity and benefits these systems.

6. Climate scientists estimate the oceans may rise as high as five feet by the year 2100.

7. Research indicates modern industrial fishing has been a key factor in the depletion of up to 80% of the populations of some wild fish species in only 10-15 years.

8. Marine Protected Areas are the only areas in the ocean where fish are totally protected from human activities.

9. Approximately 99.2% of the world’s oceans are not effectively protected from harmful human activities.

10. Oceans will become more acidic as a result of the absorption of carbon dioxide.

11. Governments around the world give a total of more than $30 billion per year in subsidies to fishers, which partly contributes to overfishing.

12. Creating and restoring wetlands has become a profitable business.

13. About 10% of the wading birds in the Everglades National Park have vanished.

14. Salmon populations in the Columbia River have increased by 35% since the dam system was put in place.

15. Strategies for protecting the earth's precious biodiversity will not be implemented without bottom-up political pressure from individual citizens and groups.

1. While leatherback sea turtles survived the impact of the giant asteroid that probably wiped out the dinosaurs more than 60 million years ago, they and other sea turtle species may not survive the growing ____________________ on their environment.

2. Humans have explored only about ____________________% of the earth's global ocean and know little about its biodiversity.

3. The _______________ marine biodiversity occurs in coral reefs, estuaries, and on the deep-ocean floor.

4. Biodiversity is generally higher in the _______________ region of the ocean than in the _______________ region because of the greater variety of habitats and food sources.

5. Invasive species are blamed for about ____________________ of fish extinctions in the United States since 1900.

6. _______________ is an invasive species along the east coast of North America that was probably released from outdoor aquariums damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992.

7. The UN estimates that ____________________% of all ocean pollution comes from land-based coastal activities.

8. Nearly ____________________ of the world's annual fish catch by weight consists of non-target bycatch species, that is, not the fish species that was intended to be caught.

9. The ____________________ system includes coastal communities and the government working together to manage fisheries.

10. Consumers have a role to play in sustaining aquatic biodiversity by demanding ____________________.

11. Some fisheries biologists and managers have begun using the ____________________ to replace the maximum sustained yield.

12. Many fishery and environmental scientists are interested in the ____________________, which means sharply reducing fish harvests and closing some overfished areas until they recover and we have more information.

13. Wetlands serve as important reservoirs of ____________________ that provide ecological and economic services.

14. As a result of changes in and around the Everglades, it is now less than __________ its original size and much of it has dried out.

15. According to environmental economists, attaching even crudely estimated ____________________ to river and stream ecosystem services would help to sustain them.

1. Define bycatch and ghost nets.

2. What is long-lining, what types of fish does it target, and which letter depicts it on the figure?

3. What is drift-net fishing and which letter depicts it on the figure?

4. What is trawl fishing, what types of fish does it target, and which letter depicts it on the figure?

5. What is purse-seine fishing, what types of fish does it target, and which letter depicts it on the figure?

1. Discuss how projected climate change is expected to influence marine ecosystems.

2. What part should subsidies play, if any, in the effort to reach sustainable fishing?

3. The Florida Everglades Case Study points out the problems associated with competing interests. In this case, the needs of a rapidly growing urban population compete with the needs of a massive, complex ecosystem. As the human population continues to grow, competition will grow. Is it important for an ecosystem such as the everglades to be restored given the cost and potential impact on the needs of the human population? Explain.

4. The Columbia River has 119 dams and a fish problem. If you were the person in charge of determining what to do, what would you decide? Would you seek to free up the river in favor of the fish, or would you make a few accommodations for the fish and leave the dams in place? Explain.

5. Respond to E. O. Wilson's proposed priorities for protecting the world's remaining ecosystems and species. Do they seem appropriate and possible? Should they be put in place? Who should be in charge of seeing they come to pass?