Ch.8 Miller Aquatic Biodiversity Complete Test Bank

CHAPTER 8—AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following are the two greatest long-term threats to coral reefs?

2. Since the 1950s, _____________ of the world’s shallow coral reefs have been destroyed.

3. Although they only occupy 0.2% of the ocean floor, coral reefs provide many benefits. Which of the following is not one of these?

4. If you find a new species of algae floating on the surface of a coastal zone, you would likely consider it a type of ____.

5. A jellyfish would be considered a type of ____.

6. Oysters, sea stars, and lobsters would be considered what type of organism?

7. Strongly swimming consumers are most likely to be ____.

8. On a fishing boat, someone catches a swordfish. As a biologist, you would consider this organism a type of ____.

9. Several key factors help to determine the types and numbers of organisms found in the various layers of both freshwater and marine systems. What is not one of these?

10. The single ocean on the earth is divided into four parts by the continents. Which of the following is not one of those parts?

11. What prevents coral reefs from surviving below the euphotic zone?

12. Which of the following is not part of the saltwater or marine aquatic life zones?

13. Which of the following is classified as a freshwater aquatic life zone?

14. Net Primary Productivity is highest in ____.

15. Which of the following is a major cause of increasing ocean acidification?

16. Which of the following is not part of the coastal zone?

17. What is the coastal marine ecosystem consisting of at least 60 species of plants that grow underwater in shallow marine and estuarine areas along most continental coastlines?

18. Which of the following is a highly productive wetland that provides habitat for some 69 species of trees that can live in salty water?

19. What is an area where a river meets the sea, and includes some of the earth’s most productive wetlands?

20. Organisms in ____ must be able to avoid being swept away, crushed by waves, or being left high and dry at low tides, and must survive daily or seasonal salinity and temperature changes.

21. The deepest part of the ocean is the ____.

22. Most photosynthesis in the open ocean occurs in the ____.

23. The dimly lit zone in which zooplankton and smaller fishes predominate is the ____.

24. In certain areas of the open sea, winds, ocean currents, and other factors cause water to come up from the depths to the surface, bringing nutrient from the ocean bottom. This process is called a(n) ____.

25. What percentage of the world’s photosynthetic activity is accomplished by phytoplankton in the euphotic zone?

26. The zone in which you would expect to find deposit feeders along with oysters, clams, and sponges is the ____.

27. The ocean zone that covers the continental shelf is the ____.

28. The ocean zone that makes up less than 10% of the world's ocean area, yet contains 90% of all the marine species, is the ____.

29. Which human activity is least likely to be a major threat to marine systems?

30. Between 1980 and 2005, researchers estimated more than ____ of the world's mangrove forests were destroyed by human activities.

31. How much of the world's ocean area has been heavily affected by human activity?

32. In 2012, ____ of the world’s population lived along or near a coast.

33. Which of the following is not a type of inland wetland?

34. In large lakes, there are four distinct zones. Which of the following is not one of those zones?

35. The open, sunlit surface area away from the shore is in which zone?

36. In lakes, the nutrient-rich water near the shore is part of the ____.

37. Humans have built dams and levees on many of the world’s rivers to control water flows. These structures ____.

38. Fish adapted to cool, dark waters in lakes are found in the ____.

39. Which of the following would be characteristic of the profundal zone?

40. Deep lakes with steep banks that have a short supply of plant nutrients are ____.

41. Which of the following would be characteristic of a eutrophic lake?

42. In lakes, large numbers of decomposers are found in the ____.

43. If you fish for trout, you would be most likely to seek out which part of a stream?

44. Wide, slow-moving rivers containing lots of particulate matter (silt) would be typical of what aquatic life zone?

45. Four of the following are ecological and economic services provided by inland wetlands; one is not. Choose the one that is not.

46. Most of the wetlands that are lost are used for ____.

47. Since 1960, Chesapeake Bay has suffered from water pollution. What is a major cause of this?

48. The heavily farmed state of Iowa has lost about _____ of its inland wetlands.

49. Four of the following are major human activities that disrupt and degrade freshwater systems; one is not. Choose the one that is not.

50. By following the principles of sustainability, we could cut CO₂ emissions and reduce ocean ____.

1. By 2050, it is estimated that more than 50% of all coral reefs will be lost.

2. Coral bleaching occurs when algae, the food of the corals, die off because of stresses such as increased ocean temperatures.

3. The largest ocean is the Atlantic, which contains more than one-half of the earth’s water.

4. The distribution of many aquatic organisms is determined largely by salinity.

5. In most shallow systems, such as lake edges, nutrients are often in short supply, limiting the net primary productivity (NPP).

6. Forty percent of the world's photosynthetic activity is conducted in the euphotic zone of the oceans.

7. Barrier beaches and their accompanying sand dunes are the first line of defense against the ravages of the sea.

8. Oysters in Chesapeake Bay were once so abundant that they filtered and cleaned the water of the entire Bay every three days.

9. A watershed is the land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream.

10. Water in the floodplain zone usually has lower temperatures and more dissolved oxygen than that in the other zones.

11. Funneling Mississippi River sediments through the wetlands and into the Gulf of Mexico, instead of into the Mississippi Delta, has caused the Delta to rise.

12. Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States.

13. Standing freshwater is called a lotic system.

14. About 20 percent of all inland wetlands in Germany and France have been destroyed.

15. The majority of the wetlands that have been lost since the 1600s have been lost to development of cities.

1. The ____________________ is the largest of the four oceans, and contains more than one-half of the earth's water.

2. The distribution of many aquatic organisms is determined largely by the water's ____________________.

3. In deep aquatic systems, the photosynthetic zone is called the ____________________ zone.

4. Algal blooms can result in a cloudiness called ____________________, which can reduce the penetration of sunlight.

5. In terms of biodiversity, coral reefs are the marine equivalent of _______________ forests.

6. ____________________ are where rivers meet the sea.

7. Once past the coastal zone, beyond the continental shelf, the ocean is called the ____________________.

8. In the deepest ocean zone, the abyssal zone, most organisms get their food from dead and decaying organisms drifting down from upper, lighted levels, a phenomenon called _______________.

9. A lake is a(n) ____________________ body of freshwater, which also includes ponds and inland wetlands.

10. Precipitation that does not sink into the ground or evaporate becomes ____________________.

11. ____________________ lakes are typically shallow, have murky brown or green water, and have high nutrient levels.

12. Global sea levels have risen almost ____________________ meters since 1900.

13. Some wetlands are covered with water all year; others remain under water or soggy for a short time each year and are called ____________________ wetlands.

14. About 80% of lost wetlands in the U.S. have been drained to ____________________.

15. Levees built along rivers ______________the rivers from their floodplains.

1. Choose the zone in which most organisms are blind or have poor eyesight.

2. Choose the zone that contains the majority of all marine species.

3. Choose the deepest zone that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis.

4. Choose the zone primarily inhabited by invertebrates, such as decomposers, that can live in the low oxygen.

5. Choose the zone of open water where photosynthesis can occur.

6. Choose the zone that is usually cold and barely penetrated by sunlight.

7. Choose the zone containing mountain headwater streams.

8. Choose the zone containing the floodplain rivers.

1. Briefly explain the major types of organisms in aquatic life zones, giving an example of each.

2. Briefly explain why estuaries and coastal wetlands exhibit high productivity.

3. Compare and contrast estuaries and intertidal pools in terms of biodiversity.

4. Explain how the open sea can be both an area of low average primary productivity and the largest contributor to the earth's overall net primary productivity.

5. Consider why global warming is likely to cause a lessening of the amount of available freshwater and how that would likely cause changes throughout the downhill flow of freshwater.