Food, Soil, And Pest Management Ch.12 Test Bank Answers

CHAPTER 12—FOOD, SOIL, AND PEST MANAGEMENT

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What is Growing Power, Inc.?

2. An urban area where people have little or no easy access to nutritious food without traveling long distances is called a(n) ____.

3. A severe shortage of food leading to mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption, is called ____.

4. Each year, at least 250,000 children under six years of age go blind from lack of ____.

5. Anemia may be the result of a deficiency in ____.

6. One in every ____ people worldwide suffers from an iron deficiency.

7. Approximately 26 million children each year suffer irreversible brain damage from lack of ____.

8. The term overnutrition refers to ____.

9. Overnutrition and undernutrition are both key factors in which of the following health problems?

10. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ____ people face health problems because of undernutrition and another ____ people face health problems because of overnutrition.

11. The root cause of food insecurity is ____.

12. The term undernutrition refers to people who consume ____.

13. Many of the world’s poor only have access to a low-protein, high-carbohydrate, vegetarian diet and suffer from ____.

14. What percentage of the food products currently on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered food or ingredients?

15. If China needed to import only 20% of the grain it needs, it would take up how much of the grain exported by all the countries of the world?

16. With industrialized food production, for every one unit of energy put on the table in the United States, how many units of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy are required to produce it?

17. Of the estimated 50,000 plant species that people can eat, only ____ of them supply an estimated 90% of the world's food calories.

18. About two thirds of the world’s human population survive primarily by eating one or more of three grain crops. What are these three grains?

19. The major goal of industrialized agriculture for any crop has been to steadily increase each crop’s ____.

20. Plantation agriculture is a form of high-input agriculture that involves growing cash crops and is primarily used in ____.

21. Which product is commonly grown in plantation agriculture?

22. With traditional intensive agriculture, farmers increase their crop yields by ____.

23. Slash and burn agriculture is a type of ____.

24. A second green revolution has been taking place since 1967, based on ____.

25. What percentage of the world’s grain production is used to make biofuels such as ethanol for cars?

26. In less-developed countries, the poor, those making less than $2.25 a day, typically spend how much of their income on food?

27. People in the United States spend how much of their disposable income on food?

28. Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called ____.

29. What process adds water until the water table rises and envelops the deep roots of plants, resulting in a loss of productivity and ultimately killing them?

30. Industrialized livestock production generates 18% of the world’s climate-changing greenhouse gases, more than all the world’s cars, buses, and planes. Most of this comes from ____.

31. Since 1900, how much of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops have we lost?

32. India once planted 30,000 varieties of rice; now most of the rice comes from how many varieties?

33. What percentage of all antibiotics used in the United States are added to animal feed?

34. What is the largest cause of soil erosion?

35. When the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, falls by 10% or more because of prolonged drought and human activities, ____ occurs.

36. One benefit of irrigating crops is that it ____.

37. What is a an advantage of modern synthetic pesticides?

38. What is a disadvantage of modern synthetic pesticides?

39. One of the most important characteristics of a pesticide is how long it will stay deadly in the environment, a characteristic called ____.

40. Americans waste what percentage of their food?

41. Compared to high-input farming, low-input agriculture

42. What occurs in alley cropping?

43. Compared to traditional tillage, conservation tillage

44. The best way to maintain soil fertility is through

45. Organic fertilizer is derived from

46. Which of the following is an option for reducing desertification?

47. What is true of genetically modified crops?

48. Raising animals in feedlots leads to ____.

49. Which is a disadvantage of using aquaculture to produce fish?

50. Which of the following soil horizons is considered topsoil?

1. Growing Power, Inc., focuses exclusively on the production of a diverse range of vegetables.

2. Today we produce more than enough food to meet the basic nutritional needs of every person on the earth.

3. Six million children under the age of 5 die each year from normally nonfatal diseases because of their weakened condition caused by malnutrition.

4. Hundreds of thousands of children under six years of age go blind each year because of a lack of iron.

5. Since 1960, there has been only a slight increase in global food production from all systems.

6. Industrialized agriculture is often associated with a single crop, called monoculture agriculture.

7. Genetically modified food does not have to be labeled in the U.S.

8. The world’s industrialized fishing fleets use 12.5 times more energy catching fish than the fish provide to the people who eat them.

9. Projected climate change is expected to greatly increase severe and prolonged drought, and expand desertification in this century.

10. There are no limits to expansion of the green revolutions.

11. Broad spectrum pesticides are toxic only to pests, not to beneficial insects.

12. The overall aim of integrated pest management is to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level.

13. Government subsidies to farmers and fishing fleets promote the overexploitation of natural capital.

14. Spiders kill far fewer insects every year than humans do by using chemicals.

15. Just one centimeter of topsoil (0.4 inch) can take a century to form.

1. Growing Power, Inc., uses greenhouses to capture ____________________ for growing food throughout the year.

2. Having ____________________ means that every person in a given area has daily access to enough nutritious food to have an active and healthy life.

3. One in every ____________________ people on the planet is chronically undernourished or malnourished.

4. At least ____________________ children younger than age 6 go blind each year from lack of ____________________.

5. Food specialization, which is depending on a small number of food crops for the majority of our food, puts us in a(n) ____________________ position.

6. ____________________ agriculture is a form of industrialized agriculture often used in tropical developing countries.

7. Some traditional subsistence farmers grow several crops on the same plot simultaneously, a practice known as ____________________.

8. About 88% of the increase in global food production has come from using high-input industrialized agriculture to increase yields in a process called the ____________________.

9. In 2006, 42% of the fish and shellfish consumed were produced through ____________________, which includes raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages.

10. Soil is eroding faster than it can be formed on ____________________% of the world's cropland.

11. _______________ percent of all antibiotics used in the United States are added to animal feed.

12. A(n) ____________________ is any species that interferes with human welfare.

13. In 1962 Rachel Carson published a book entitled “_______________,” which warned of the potential harm to biodiversity because of exposure to pesticides.

14. Government and private programs that reduce ____________________ also improve food security.

15. If everyone in the world today had the average U.S. meat-based diet, the world’s current annual grain harvest could feed only about ____________________ billion people.

1. How does Growing Power, Inc., apply all three scientific principles of sustainability with its food production?

2. What do all humans need in order to maintain good health and resist disease?

3. What is organic agriculture?

4. About half of the world’s meat comes from livestock grazing on grass in unfenced rangelands and enclosed pastures. Where is the other half of the world’s meat produced and what does this involve?

5. Why have synthetic pesticides not consistently reduced U.S. crop losses to pests?

1. Compare and contrast chronic undernutrition, chronic malnutrition, and overnutrition.

2. What are the three food systems that supply most of our food? What concerns are there that the majority of the world's food calories are supplied by a very small number of plant and animal species?

3. Why is the green revolution unlikely to be the final answer in terms of feeding the billions of people that are, and will be, living on the earth?

4. Why is soil conservation so vital to sustainable food production? Explain the terracing, contour planting, strip-cropping, alley cropping, shelterbelts, and conservation-tillage methods of farming used for soil conservation.

5. Would you be willing to eat less meat in order to reduce the destructive ecological footprint of modern affluent societies? Explain your answer.