Chapter 12: Women Professionals and the Criminal Justice System

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. All of the following are considered feminine characteristics of criminal justice work EXCEPT for _____.

a. Nurturing

b. Compassion

c. Empathy

d. Strength

2. Who of the following do most scholars agree was the first sworn female police officer in the U.S.?

a. Marie Owens

b. Lola Baldwin

c. Alice Stebbins Wells

d. Elizabeth Fry

3. Who of the following was hired in 1908 by the Portland Police Department to supervise a group of social workers?

a. Marie Owens

b. Lola Baldwin

c. Alice Stebbins Wells

d. Elizabeth Fry

4. Policewomen were an asset to previously all-male departments because they were _____.

a. better report writers than male officers

b. uniquely suited to address needs of female and juvenile offenders

c. safer drivers in high-speed chases

d. mentally stronger

5. In what year were the first policewomen assigned to serve as patrol officers?

a. 1916

b. 1952

c. 1964

d. 1976

6. At the 1922 annual conference of the International Association of the Chiefs of Police, members suggested that policewomen should have completed which of the following?

a. Physical fitness training program

b. Nursing school

c. High school

d. Secretarial school

7. All of the following were barriers that policewomen faced in the mid-20th century EXCEPT for _____.

a. They were paid less than men

b. They were limited in advancement and promotional opportunities

c. They were forced to resign when they started families

d. They were asked to get their degrees beforehand

8. The addition of the word ________ to the Civil Rights Act (1964) prohibited the disqualification of female applicants solely on the basis of them being female.

a. Gender

b. Sex

c. Female

d. Women

9. In 1972 the Civil Rights Act was amended to extend employment protections to ______.

a. federal agencies

b. state and municipal agencies

c. private security agencies

d. tribal territories

10. In 2009, women represented about ___% of all top-level law enforcement positions in the U.S.

a. 8

b. 11.4

c. 15

d. 7.3

11. Approximately _______ % of municipal officers were female in 2008.

a. 25.5

b. 15.2

c. 24

d. 8.8

12. All of the following describe how male police officers responded to having female police officers within their department EXCEPT for _____.

a. Refusal

b. Proudness

c. Acceptance

d. Indifference

13. The effective ______ skills of female police officers help them to diffuse difficult situations and better connect with citizens in the community.

a. Communication

b. Organization

c. Time management

d. Technical writing

14. Only_____ percent of top-level positions are filled by a woman of color.

a. 1.6

b. 2.7

c. 4.3

d. 5.8

15. Which of the following are barriers that female offenders face in the SWAT policing environment?

a. Exclude women from ranks

b. Physical challenges and abilities

c. Females need to prove they have skills

d. All of the above

16. Which of the following was not mentioned as a way policewomen can gain acceptance by their male counterparts?

a. Experience in handling violent confrontation involving the use of force

b. Achieving a high rank

c. Distinguishing themselves as different in terms of their skills and experience

d. Deferring to male officers

17. The first women hired on in corrections were ______.

a. guards

b. officers

c. matrons

d. supervisors

18. Which of the following cases held that inmates do not possess any rights to be protected against being viewed in stages of undress or naked by a correctional officer, regardless of gender?

a. Griffin v. Michigan DOC

b. Grummett v. Rushen

c. Jordan v. Gardner

d. Farmer v. Brennan

19. Which of the following cases held that held that pat-down searches of male inmates does not violate the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure?

a. Griffin v. Michigan DOC

b. Grummett v. Rushen

c. Jordan v. Gardner

d. Farmer v. Brennan

20. Which of the following cases held that pat-down policies designed to control the introduction of contraband into a facility could be viewed as unconstitutional if conducted by male staff members against female inmates?

a. Griffin v. Michigan DOC

b. Grummett v. Rushen

c. Jordan v. Gardner

d. Farmer v. Brennan

21. Women working in the correctional field are more likely to emphasize the _____ aspects of the job.

a. investigator

b. psychologist

c. detective

d. social worker

22. The philosophies of females involved in the supervision of male inmates often align with which of the following?

a. Retribution

b. Deterrence

c. Incapacitation

d. Rehabilitation

23. All of the following describe how having female correctional staff benefits the prison culture EXCEPT for _____.

a. women are less likely to be victimized

b. women are more likely to use communication rather than force

c. women indicate a greater level of satisfaction from their work

d. women are more likely to be promoted

24. Which of the following females was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910?

a. Marie Owens

b. Lola Baldwin

c. Alice Stebbins Wells

d. Fred Adler

25. Until the 1970s, women represented only _____ percent of all sworn officers in the U.S.

a. 1

b. 3

c. 5

d. 9

26. ______ are often assigned caseloads that are specialized, such as the gender of the offender.

A. Police officers

B. Community officers

C. Parole officers

D. Patrol officers

27. Female probation officers register higher levels of _____ than men.

a. physical stress

b. internal organizational stress

c. external organization stress

d. personal stress

28. Which of the following types of officer’s deal with the largest criminal justice population?

a. Parole officers

b. Probation officers

c. Police officers

d. Military officers

29. Which of the following statements is pertaining to job stress is true?

a. Women who have low levels of job satisfaction will report higher levels of job-related stress

b. Women are more concerned with their abilities of their supervisor to effectively assess their job performance

c. Women are less likely to believe that their supervisor’s place unreasonable expectations on them and treat them poorly in the context of the work environment

d. Women are less likely to experience increased stress when they have ambiguity within their role

30. ______ was reportedly hired in 1980 by the Portland, Oregon police department as a supervisor to a group of social workers.

a. Lola Baldwin

b. Marie Owens

c. Alice Wells

d. Lori Han

31. The ______remains quite pervasive in many facilities.
a. guy next door

b good ol’ boy network

c. feminist movement

d. social work movement

32. ______ has been used as a tool to exclude women from policing.

a. Blood testing

b. Pregnancy testing

c. Physical fitness testing

d. Drug testing

33. The origins of probation date back to the Middle Ages and ______ criminal law.

a. English

b. Biblical

c. British

d. Common

34. The culture within correctional occupations reflected a ______.

a. feminine identity

b. social work perception

c. masculine identity

d. the need for physical strength

35. With the decrease in manpower during _____, many women found

themselves placed in positions normally reserved for male officers, such as traffic control.

a. American Revolution

b. French and Indian War

c. World War I and II

d. none of the above

36. According to the research, 82% of the departments surveyed had written maternity policies. However, ______of these policies were discretionary.

a. ¼

b. 1/3

c. 2/3

d. ¾

37. In which of the following decades, were female recruits unknowingly tested for pregnancy via routine drug screening?

a. 1960s

b. 1970s

c. 1980s

d. 1990s

True/False

1. Criminal justice occupations have been dominated by women.

2. Society generally assumes that work in the criminal justice system is dominated by events that are dangerous, exciting, and violent.

3. History shows that Policewomen were essentially social workers armed with a badge

4. Alice Stebbins Wells is most often cited as the first sworn female police officer in the United States.

5. Female officers were generally limited to working with juvenile and female offenders.

6. Historically, criminal justice professions were viewed as "man's job".

7. Even in times of war policewomen's duties remained limited.

8. In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice advocated for narrowing the duties of policewomen.

9. Opportunities for advancement remain limited for female police officers.

10. Older white male officers are the most likely to accept having female officers within their department.

11. Female officers are more likely than male officers to be involved in corruption.

12. The workforce of corrections has been largely male and white.

13. Historically, women working in male prisons could not supervise male offenders.

14. Many female officers argued that their feminine traits did not serve them well on the job.

15. Female correctional officers are more likely to emphasize the "law enforcer" aspect of the job.

Essay

1. Explain the male inmate preference.

2. Explain the barriers associated with the most masculine of all policing environments, SWAT.

3. Discuss the unique traits that females contribute to the criminal justice professions of policing and corrections.

4. Choose one case discussed in the text and explain how it has impacted women’s role in policing.

5. Explain the negative perceptions of corrections.