Wolfe Test Questions & Answers Ch.8 Visual Motion Perception

Chapter 8: Visual Motion Perception

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 01

1. _______ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.1 Define the motion aftereffect.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Illusory motion

b. Motion aftereffect

c. Neural circuit

d. Apparent motion

e. Aperture problem

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 02

2. Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd of people, the people seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.1 Define the motion aftereffect.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Akinetopsia

b. Tau

c. Focus of expansion

d. Vergence eye movements

e. Motion aftereffect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 03

3. That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.2 Explain how interocular transfer can be used to localize the motion aftereffect.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye.

b. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect.

c. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect.

d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.

e. The motion aftereffect occurs at the level of the retina.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 04

4. Imagine that you adapted to a motion stimulus with one eye and then switched to the other eye and did not experience a motion aftereffect in that eye. This lack of interocular transfer implies that the locus of the motion aftereffect is

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.2 Explain how interocular transfer can be used to localize the motion aftereffect.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. before V1.

b. V1 or later.

c. V2 or later.

d. in V5/MT.

e. definitely in the retina.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 05

5. Interocular transfer is the transfer of

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.2 Explain how interocular transfer can be used to localize the motion aftereffect.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. light from one eye to the other.

b. an effect from one eye to the other.

c. focus from one eye to the other.

d. electrical signals from both eyes to the brain.

e. electrical signals from the brain to both eyes.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 06

6. Which brain region is most specialized for motion processing?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.3 Describe the brain areas involved in processing motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Primary visual cortex (area V1)

b. Optic chiasm

c. Middle temporal area (area V5/MT)

d. Frontal lobe

e. Lingual gyrus (area V3)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 07

7. _______ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.3 Describe the brain areas involved in processing motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Akinetopsia

b. Motion agnosia

c. Motion blindness

d. Prosopagnosia

e. Hyperopia

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 08

8. Damage to area MT/V5 can result in this neurological disorder, in which you no longer perceive motion.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.3 Describe the brain areas involved in processing motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Object agnosia

b. Motion agnosia

c. Prosopagnosia

d. Akinetopsia

e. Achromatopsia

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 09

9. Refer to the figure.

What does D represent?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.1 Explain how neurons could be connected together to create a motion detection circuit.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Direction

b. Disparity

c. Delay

d. Difference

e. Distractor

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 10

10. Refer to the figure.

The M unit would best respond to a(n) _______ direction of motion.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.1 Explain how neurons could be connected together to create a motion detection circuit.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. upward

b. downward

c. leftward

d. rightward

e. diagonal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 11

11. If you want a motion detector circuit to respond to faster object motions, which changes should you make to the circuit?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.1 Explain how neurons could be connected together to create a motion detection circuit.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. Reduce the distance between the detectors and/or decrease the time delay.

b. Increase the distance between the detectors and/or decrease the time delay.

c. Reduce the distance between the detectors and/or increase the time delay.

d. Increase the distance between the detectors and/or increase the time delay.

e. Reduce the distance between the detectors and/or change which neurotransmitter they release.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 12

12. The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.2 Define apparent motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. second-order motion.

b. motion aftereffect.

c. kinetic motion.

d. aperture motion.

e. apparent motion.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 13

13. The marquee outside of a theater has lights that blink on and off in rapid succession, leading to the impression that the lights are moving around the marquee. This is an example of which type of motion?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.2 Define apparent motion.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Second-order motion

b. Motion aftereffect

c. Apparent motion

d. Aperture motion

e. Kinetic motion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 14

14. What is the “aperture problem”?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.3 Explain what the aperture problem reveals about local and global motion perception.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

a. We cannot perceive motion seen through apertures.

b. We cannot perceive forms seen through apertures.

c. Global edge motion seen through several apertures is ambiguous.

d. Local edge motion seen through a single aperture is ambiguous.

e. We perceive all motion seen through an aperture as horizontal motion.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 15

15. The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in Frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in Frame 1 is known as the _______ problem.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.4 Describe the correspondence problem for motion detection.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. aperture

b. correspondence

c. temporal lobe

d. apparent motion

e. disambiguation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 16

16. _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.5 Describe second order motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Anomalous motion

b. First-order motion

c. Second-order motion

d. Interocular motion

e. Motion aftereffect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 17

17. A _______-defined object is one that is delineated by differences in reflected light.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.5 Describe second order motion.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. contrast

b. texture

c. luminance

d. color

e. hue

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 18

18. _______ is motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.5 Describe second order motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Anomalous motion

b. First-order motion

c. Motion aftereffect

d. Interocular motion

e. Second-order motion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 19

19. In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer’s task is to

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. determine whether or not motion is observed.

b. experience a motion aftereffect.

c. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.

d. trace moving dots.

e. perceive the dots as a moving person.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 20

20. Suppose you are in a snowstorm and can tell which way the wind is blowing by what percentage of snowflakes are moving in the same direction. What type of motion perception is this most analogous to?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Apparent motion

b. Motion aftereffect

c. Second-order motion

d. Correlated-dot motion

e. Multiple aperture motion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 21

21. The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. the optic flow field.

b. tau.

c. sigma.

d. the focus of expansion.

e. the optic array.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 22

22. _______ describes the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Biological motion

b. First-order motion

c. Optic flow

d. Second-order motion

e. Apparent motion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 23

23. Refer to the figure.

This is an example of _______, which is the changing angular position of points in an image that one experiences as they move through the world.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. an optic flow field

b. a positional change

c. an optic array

d. motion perspective

e. tau

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 24

24. When space ships in Star Wars jump to light speed and the stars seem to stream outward from the center of the screen, giving the sense of forward motion, which kind of a stimulus is that?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Apparent motion

b. Optic flow

c. Tau

d. Biological motion

e. Correlated-dot motion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 25

25. The “focus of expansion” informs you of the direction

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. in which you are looking.

b. in which you are moving.

c. from which you came.

d. of the largest object in your visual field.

e. of the smallest object in your visual field.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 26

26. A field of globally moving dots can make stationary targets in the periphery seem to disappear in a phenomenon known as

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.2 Explain the concepts of time to collision and tau.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. motion aftereffect.

b. motion-induced sensitivity.

c. motion-induced blindness.

d. saccadic suppression.

e. correlated dot motion.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 27

27. What does tau tell you?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.2 Explain the concepts of time to collision and tau.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Time to collision

b. An object’s size on the retina

c. An object’s rate of optical shrinkage

d. The speed of an object

e. Which direction you are heading

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 28

28. The motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called _______ motion.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.3 Define biological motion.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. apparent

b. induced

c. real

d. biological

e. ambiguous

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 29

29. Motion capture in movies, in which points of light on each joint of the body allow computers to register the motion of actors, is which kind of motion?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.3 Define biological motion.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Apparent motion

b. Biological motion

c. Optic flow

d. Correlated-dot motion

e. Tau

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 30

30. When fixating a central target, stationary targets in the periphery will seem to disappear when there is a global moving pattern superimposed. This is known as the phenomenon of

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.4 Describe the phenomenon of motion-induced blindness.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. apparent motion.

b. biological motion.

c. motion-induced blindness.

d. akinetopsia.

e. temporary motion autokinesis.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 31

31. During smooth pursuit, the eyes move

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. steadily, to follow a moving object.

b. rapidly, while jumping from one object to the next.

c. independently.

d. with the head.

e. to the smoothest part of an object.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 32

32. When you watch a bicyclist ride down the street, which kind of eye movement are you using?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Saccade

b. Convergent

c. Divergent

d. Smooth pursuit

e. Reflexive

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 33

33. Which of the following is not a type of eye movement?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Vergence

b. Saccade

c. Rapid pursuit

d. Smooth pursuit

e. Reflexive

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 34

34. The _______ of the brain is important for initiating and guiding eye movements.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. lateral rectus

b. caudal midbrain

c. pons

d. superior colliculus

e. primary visual cortex

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 35

35. Refer to the figure.

The image on the right illustrates

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. the role of the comparator.

b. saccadic suppression.

c. a pattern of eye movements.

d. the phenomenon known as vergence.

e. points of binocular disparity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 36

36. A(n) _______ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. tracking

b. saccade

c. smooth pursuit

d. scan

e. adapting

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 37

37. To look at the tip of your nose, which kind of eye movement must you make?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Saccade

b. Smooth pursuit

c. Rapid pursuit

d. Reflexive

e. Vergence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 38

38. This eye movement turns the eyes inward or outward to help you focus on an object.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Smooth pursuit

b. Saccade

c. Vergence

d. Reflexive

e. Accommodation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 39

39. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an example of a _______ eye movement.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. saccadic

b. smooth pursuit

c. vergence

d. reflexive

e. microsaccadic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 40

40. A movement of the eye that is automatic and involuntary is called

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. vergence.

b. a saccade.

c. rapid pursuit movement.

d. smooth pursuit movement.

e. reflexive movement.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 41

41. Which type of eye movements do we make while reading a book?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Saccadic

b. Convergent

c. Smooth pursuit

d. Reflexive

e. Divergent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 42

42. If you hear a loud noise and rapidly shift your eyes to point in the direction of where the noise came from, which kind of eye movement are you making?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Reflexive

b. Convergent

c. Divergent

d. Smooth pursuit

e. Saccade

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 43

43. The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements is called

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.2 Describe saccadic suppression.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. attentional blink.

b. vigilance decrement.

c. saccadic enhancement.

d. saccadic suppression.

e. saccadic blindness.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 44

44. When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a(n) _______ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.2 Describe saccadic suppression.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. reduction of visual

b. increase of visual

c. acceleration of motion

d. increase of motion

e. increase of color

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 45

45. An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.3 Explain the concept of the comparator and why it is needed for motion perception.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. a comparator.

b. the superior colliculus.

c. the caudal midbrain.

d. the parietal lobe.

e. the cerebellum.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 46

46. The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.3 Explain the concept of the comparator and why it is needed for motion perception.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. plan and execute vergence

b. plan and execute smooth pursuit

c. plan and execute saccadic

d. compare saccades with smooth pursuit

e. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 47

47. Receptive field updating occurs when receptive fields transiently remap towards the point of fixation and

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.4 Describe how some visual receptive fields transiently remap during eye movements.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. increase their response at the current point of fixation.

b. become insensitive to new stimuli during a saccade.

c. neurons shift their receptive fields just before a saccade.

d. neurons shift their receptive fields just after a saccade.

e. neurons maintain the same receptive fields as they had before the saccade.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 48

48. Which statement about the development of motion perception in humans is false?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.5 Development of Motion Perception

Learning Objective: 8.5.1 Describe the developmental milestones in motion perception.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Reflexive eye movements to moving targets are present in newborns.

b. V1 neurons in newborns have adult-like sensitivity.

c. Sensitivity to global motion matures at about 3–4 years of age.

d. Sensitivity to visual motion is fully developed at birth.

e. Sensitivity to motion-defined form and biological motion takes more than three years to develop.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 49

49. The development of motion perception may be impaired by which of the following?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 8.5 Development of Motion Perception

Learning Objective: 8.5.2 Describe what can cause abnormal motion perception development.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Poor nutrition

b. Congenital cataracts

c. Too much TV watching

d. Extremely bright environments

e. Parental interference

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 50

50. What is apparent motion?

Feedback: Apparent motion is the illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession. All television, movies, and computers use apparent motion in the sense that a series of static frames are presented in rapid succession and the visual system perceives the stimuli in the frames as moving.

Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.2 Define apparent motion.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 51

51. What is the difference between first-order and second-order motion?

Feedback: First-order motion is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance and is the type of motion perception we normally experience. Second-order motion is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not luminance. Nothing actually moves in second-order motion displays, which makes them similar to apparent motion displays in that sense. Neurological patients with damage to the visual system have shown impairments to first-order motion processing with spared second-order motion perception or the opposite, with impairment to second-order motion processing and intact first-order motion perception. This constitutes a double-dissociation, which is strong evidence for two separate motion systems.

Textbook Reference: 8.2 Computation of Visual Motion

Learning Objective: 8.2.5 Describe second-order motion.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 52

52. What is the optic flow and how do we use it to navigate in the world?

Feedback: Optic flow is the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world. Points in the optic array move outward as we move forward in the world. The location from which the points spread out is called the focus of expansion and it indicates the current direction of heading. We rely on optic flow information when moving to register our current heading direction and our rate of travel.

Textbook Reference: 8.3 Using Motion Information

Learning Objective: 8.3.1 Explain the concepts of optic array, optic flow, and focus of expansion.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 53

53. What is the difference between smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements?

Feedback: A smooth pursuit eye movement is a voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to track an object as it travels across the visual field. A saccadic eye movement is a rapid change in fixation from one object or location to another and may be voluntary or involuntary.

Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.1 List the different types of eye movements and their characteristics.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 54

54. What is a motion aftereffect and what does it tell us about how the brain processes motion stimuli?

Feedback: A motion aftereffect is the illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. For example, in the “waterfall illusion,” one watches a waterfall for a few moments and then looks away at a stationary stimulus. The stationary stimulus will seem to be moving upwards even though it is not. The explanation for the motion aftereffect is that neurons responding to the direction of motion in the stimulus first being observed become fatigued over time and thus respond weakly afterwards. Since motion is processed in an opponent-process system, weakened responses to motion in one direction will create the illusion of motion in the opposite direction. Importantly, motion aftereffects exhibit interocular transfer, meaning that you could look at a motion stimulus with one eye, close that eye, and look at a stationary object with the other eye and the motion aftereffect would still occur. The implication of interocular transfer is that motion processing occurs in a part of the brain after information from the two eyes is combined. This implies primary visual cortex or later. In fact, motion processing seems to occur in the middle temporal (MT) lobe, downstream from primary visual cortex.

Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.2 Explain how interocular transfer can be used to localize the motion aftereffect.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 55

55. Why is the middle temporal area (MT) important for motion perception, and how has it been studied?

Feedback: MT appears to be the area of brain where motion information is specifically processed. The vast majority of cells in MT respond to motion of a particular direction but they do not have selective responses to variations in form or color. Cells in MT have been studied using Newsome and Pare’s correlated-dot motion paradigm in which a percentage of dots in a display move in one direction while the rest of the dots move in random directions. Observers are tested to determine what percentage of dots moving in a particular direction is needed for that direction of motion to be reliably detected. When monkeys were trained to perform this task, they could do it with only 2–3% of the dots moving in the same direction. Later, their MT was lesioned and it took them 10 times as many dots moving in a particular direction for them to be able to perceive the direction of motion.

Textbook Reference: 8.1 Motion Aftereffects

Learning Objective: 8.1.3 Describe the brain areas involved in processing motion.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 08 Question 56

56. What is the comparator and what role does it play in eye movements and motion perception?

Feedback: Eye movements cause images on the retina to move, which could make it difficult to tell the difference between objects that shift positions on the retina because they are actually moving in a scene versus objects that only appear to move due to eye movements. Without knowledge of which eye movements were planned and executed, the visual system would have a difficult time interpreting object motion in a scene. The comparator is an area of the visual system that receives one copy of the command issued by the motor system when the eyes move (the other copy goes to the eye muscles). The comparator compares the image motion signal with the eye motion signal and can compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement.

Textbook Reference: 8.4 Eye Movements

Learning Objective: 8.4.3 Explain the concept of the comparator and why it is needed for motion perception.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing