Attention And Scene Perception Verified Test Bank Chapter 7

Chapter 7: Attention and Scene Perception

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 01

1. Attention is generally thought of as

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.0 Introduction

Learning Objective: 7.0.1 Define attention.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. consisting of a single locus in the brain.

b. consisting of a family of selection mechanisms.

c. consisting of a big filter.

d. the perception of many small objects.

e. the power to focus on two things at once.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 02

2. There is more information in the world than we can process at once. What do you call processing some information at the expense of other information?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.0 Introduction

Learning Objective: 7.0.1 Define attention.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Sensation

b. Perception

c. Attention

d. Recognition

e. Memory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 03

3. _______ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.0 Introduction

Learning Objective: 7.0.2 Describe the varieties of attention.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Covert

b. Overt

c. Divided

d. Selective

e. Sustained

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 04

4. When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.1 Describe the Posner cueing task and how response times change when a location cue is valid or invalid.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.

b. time before the stimulus appears.

c. time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next.

d. total time it takes for a subject to complete the experiment.

e. total number of correct trials.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 05

5. A _______ is a stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus might be.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.1 Describe the Posner cueing task and how response times change when a location cue is valid or invalid.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. probe

b. set

c. cue

d. distractor

e. target

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 06

6. When you watch TV you can determine the length of a commercial break by measuring the time the commercials begin until your TV show resumes. What are you measuring?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.1 Describe the Posner cueing task and how response times change when a location cue is valid or invalid.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Set size

b. Stimulus onset asynchrony

c. Reaction time

d. Inhibition of return

e. Search slope

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 07

7. SOA refers to

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.1 Describe the Posner cueing task and how response times change when a location cue is valid or invalid.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. stimulus onset asynchrony.

b. stimulus of action.

c. switching of attention.

d. sets of asynchronies.

e. signs of optimal attention.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 08

8. This is the amount of time that passes between the appearance of one stimulus to the appearance of a second stimulus.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.1 Describe the Posner cueing task and how response times change when a location cue is valid or invalid.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Stimulus Duration (SD)

b. Interstimulus Interval (ISI)

c. Response Time (RT)

d. Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)

e. 100 ms

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 09

9. The _______ is the period of time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.1 Describe the Posner cueing task and how response times change when a location cue is valid or invalid.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. inter-stimulus interval

b. lag

c. stimulus delay interval

d. duration

e. stimulus onset asynchrony

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 10

10. Suppose you are at a party, standing by yourself for a moment. The group next to you is having an interesting conversation, full of gossip, and you are listening in. If you do not give any external signs that you are paying attention to their conversation, what kind of attention are you using?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.2 Summarize the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention cues.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Divided

b. Sustained

c. Overt

d. Covert

e. Internal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 11

11. In directing attention, an _______ cue is located out at the desired final location of attention.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.2 Summarize the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention cues.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. extraordinary

b. endemic

c. exotic

d. endogenous

e. exogenous

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 12

12. In directing attention, an _______ cue is located in or near the current location of attention.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.2 Summarize the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention cues.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. extraordinary

b. endemic

c. exotic

d. endogenous

e. exogenous

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 13

13. In a probe detection experiment, an invalid cue is a

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.2 Summarize the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention cues.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. cue that appears at the wrong time.

b. wrong choice by the subject.

c. cue that signals the wrong location of the target.

d. cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time.

e. cue that does not appear.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 14

14. According to the _______ theory, attention moves from point to point.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.3 Describe the “spotlight” metaphor of attention.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. visual search

b. spotlight of attention

c. zoom lens

d. selective attention

e. flashlight attention

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 15

15. Suppose one evening you watch a beautiful sunset and take a photograph of it. Later, when you look at the picture, the sunset appears much smaller in the scene than you remember it. What theory of attention explains this discrepancy?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.1 Selection in Space

Learning Objective: 7.1.3 Describe the “spotlight” metaphor of attention.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Divided attention

b. Spotlight of attention

c. Zoom lens of attention

d. Selective attention

e. Sustained attention

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 16

16. Looking around a room and trying to find the coffee mug that you misplaced is an example of

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.1 Describe the visual search paradigm and how search efficiency is measured.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. visual search.

b. inhibition of return.

c. the RSVP paradigm.

d. divided attention.

e. depth perception.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 17

17. In visual search studies, a _______ is any stimulus other than the target.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.1 Describe the visual search paradigm and how search efficiency is measured.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. set item

b. display item

c. cued object

d. distractor

e. filler

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 18

18. Suppose you are picking up your friend from the airport. You watch people exit from the terminal while you search for your friend. In terms of visual search, your friend is the _______ and all the other people are _______.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.1 Describe the visual search paradigm and how search efficiency is measured.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. stimulus; elements

b. distractor; targets

c. target; distractors

d. element; stimuli

e. stimulus; distractors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 19

19. The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.1 Describe the visual search paradigm and how search efficiency is measured.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. parameter of the experiment.

b. experimental display.

c. set size.

d. count.

e. complexity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 20

20. If you look for a red delicious apple among green granny smith apples and red tomatoes, what kind of visual search are you conducting?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Feature

b. Conjunction

c. Spatial configuration

d. Pop-out

e. Non-selective

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 21

21. Refer to the figure.

What types of search tasks are shown in the figure, from left to right?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Conjunction; spatial configuration; feature

b. Conjunction; feature; spatial configuration

c. Feature; conjunction; spatial configuration

d. Feature; spatial configuration; conjunction

e. Spatial configuration; conjunction; feature

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 22

22. If you search for a yellow square among a bunch of blue squares, what is your RT × set size slope, approximately?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. 0 ms/item

b. 10 ms/item

c. 20 ms/item

d. 30 ms/item

e. 40 ms/item

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 23

23. In an “efficient” search, the slope of the function relating _______ time to set size is about 0 ms/item.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. total

b. reaction

c. item display

d. subject’s rest

e. accuracy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 24

24. In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. feature search

b. cueing

c. visual search

d. reaction time

e. conjunction search

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 25

25. You’re searching your bedroom for your lucky neon pink shirt, which is the only neon pink thing you own. What kind of search is that?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Spatial configuration search

b. Conjunction search

c. Feature search

d. Scene-based guidance

e. Serial search

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 26

26. _______ refers to the vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Salience

b. Uniqueness

c. Brightness

d. Intensity

e. Vibrancy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 27

27. Your lucky neon yellow shirt should be easy to find in your bedroom because its color is bright and distinct compared to your other clothing items. In other words, your neon yellow shirt has high

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. salience

b. conspicuity

c. sentimental value

d. feature strength

e. intensity value

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 28

28. In a(n) _______ search, multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. multidimensional

b. inefficient

c. spatial configuration

d. serial

e. parallel

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 29

29. A _______ search proceeds from item to item, ending when the target is found.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. looping

b. speed

c. real-world conjunction

d. serial self-terminating

e. feature

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 30

30. A _______ search is a search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (e.g., a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors).

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. salient

b. spatial configuration

c. serial self-terminating

d. feature

e. conjunction

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 31

31. A _______ search is one in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target item's basic features (e.g., its color).

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.3 Describe the idea of guidance in visual search.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. spatial configuration

b. serial self-terminating

c. guided

d. salient

e. stimulus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 32

32. If you are searching for your car keys and you restrict your attention to horizontal surfaces near the front door, you are using

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.3 Describe the idea of guidance in visual search.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. scene-based guidance.

b. a serial self-terminating search.

c. a feature search.

d. a conjunction search.

e. spatial configuration.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 33

33. According to Treisman’s feature integration theory,

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.4 Describe feature integration theory and the binding problem.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. visual search depends on the construction of geons.

b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.

c. parallel processing is impossible.

d. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention.

e. all feature processing is serial and self-terminating.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 34

34. _______ stage processing of a stimulus occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.4 Describe feature integration theory and the binding problem.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Search

b. Sensory registry

c. Attentive

d. Preparation

e. Preattentive

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 35

35. The _______ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.4 Describe feature integration theory and the binding problem.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. conjunction

b. correspondence

c. connection

d. binding

e. unification

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 36

36. Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups, is referred to as a(n)

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.4 Describe feature integration theory and the binding problem.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. visual search illusion.

b. illusory conjunction.

c. erroneous feature integration.

d. perceptual illusion.

e. perceptual fallacy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 37

37. Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.3 Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink

Learning Objective: 7.3.1 Describe the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Spatiotemporal attention probe (STAP)

b. Reaction time (RT) analysis

c. Repetition blindness (RB)

d. Attentional blink (AB)

e. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 38

38. The _______ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.3 Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink

Learning Objective: 7.3.2 Explain the attentional blink phenomenon.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. attentional blink

b. spotlight challenge

c. illusory conjunction

d. stimulus processing difficulty

e. visual search illusion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 39

39. Research suggests that you could reduce the magnitude of your attentional blink by

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.3 Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink

Learning Objective: 7.3.2 Explain the attentional blink phenomenon.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. studying perception.

b. meditating.

c. playing Tetris.

d. exercising.

e. playing action video games.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 40

40. Refer to the figure.

The figure depicts an attention phenomenon known as the

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.3 Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink

Learning Objective: 7.3.2 Explain the attentional blink phenomenon.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. illusory conjunction.

b. attentional blink.

c. RSVP paradigm.

d. binding problem.

e. search performance deficit.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 41

41. Which of the following is not a way that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention

Learning Objective: 7.4.1 Summarize the ways in which attention might affect neural activity.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Enhancement only

b. Sharper tuning only

c. Altered tuning only

d. Neurotransmitter change

e. Increased firing rate for attended stimuli

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 42

42. The _______ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention

Learning Objective: 7.4.1 Summarize the ways in which attention might affect neural activity.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. reticular face formation (RFF)

b. striate cortex (SC)

c. hippocampal face analyzer (HFA)

d. fusiform face area (FFA)

e. temporal face area (TFA)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 43

43. The _______ is the brain area that responds preferentially to places in fMRI studies.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention

Learning Objective: 7.4.1 Summarize the ways in which attention might affect neural activity.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. temporal place area (TPA)

b. striate cortex (SC)

c. parahippocampal place area (PPA)

d. fusiform place area (FPA)

e. parietal location region (PLR)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 44

44. During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might have a _______ response.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention

Learning Objective: 7.4.2 Describe how individual neurons may implement attention through enhancement, sharper tuning, or altered tuning.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. bigger

b. smaller

c. slower

d. surprising

e. delayed

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 45

45. Suppose you are looking at an image of a face superimposed on a house. What would we expect to happen in terms of neural activity if you are attending to the house?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention

Learning Objective: 7.4.2 Describe how individual neurons may implement attention through enhancement, sharper tuning, or altered tuning.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. The PPA becomes less active.

b. The PPA becomes more active.

c. The FFA becomes less active.

d. The FFA becomes more active.

e. Both the FFA and PPA become less active.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 46

46. Patients with _______ damage have problems directing attention to objects and places on their left.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.1 Describe the phenomenon of attentional neglect that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. right parietal lobe

b. left parietal lobe

c. right hippocampal

d. left hippocampal

e. right temporal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 47

47. If a male patient with right parietal lobe damage were to shave their face, what might happen?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.1 Describe the phenomenon of attentional neglect that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. They might shave the top half of their face but not the bottom.

b. They might shave the bottom half of their face but not the top.

c. They might shave the left side of their face but not their right.

d. They might shave the right side of their face but not their left.

e. They would shave their face with their left hand only.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 48

48. The “line cancellation test” is used to assess

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.1 Describe the phenomenon of attentional neglect that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. visual field defects.

b. memory problems.

c. neglect.

d. occipital lobe damage.

e. temporal lobe damage.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 49

49. Refer to the figure.

This figure depicts what can happen when a patient with _______ tries to copy a drawing.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.1 Describe the phenomenon of attentional neglect that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. neglect

b. scotoma

c. a lesioned left temporal lobe

d. a lesioned left parietal lobe

e. a lesioned right temporal lobe

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 50

50. _______ is a common childhood disorder that can continue into adulthood and has symptoms such as difficulty focusing attention, as well as problems with controlling behavior.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.1 Describe the phenomenon of attentional neglect that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Inattentional blindness

b. Dyslexia

c. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

d. Simultanagnosia

e. Prosopagnosia

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 51

51. The phenomenon of _______ refers to the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.2 Describe the phenomenon of attentional extinction that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. lateralized neglect

b. exhaustion

c. lateral prioritization

d. visual ignorance

e. extinction

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 52

52. The average and distribution of properties, like orientation or color, over a set of objects or a region in a scene are called the _______ of the scene and is/are computed by the _______ pathway.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.1 Describe the types of visual information encoded as ensemble statistics in the nonselective pathway.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. ensemble statistics; selective

b. ensemble statistics; nonselective

c. guiding features; selective

d. guiding features; nonselective

e. layout; selective

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 53

53. Suppose you go to a sporting event in a large stadium. At a glance, you can tell that there are more people rooting for the home team than the away team, based on the distribution of the two teams’ colors in the stands. What aspects of attention support this rapid assessment?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.1 Describe the types of visual information encoded as ensemble statistics in the nonselective pathway.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Guided search from the selective pathway

b. Guided search from the nonselective pathway

c. Ensemble statistics from the selective pathway

d. Ensemble statistics from the nonselective pathway

e. Sustained attention from the selective pathway

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 54

54. _______ describes the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.1 Describe the types of visual information encoded as ensemble statistics in the nonselective pathway.

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

a. Spatial organization

b. Physical setting

c. Physical organization

d. Setting

e. Spatial layout

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 55

55. Change blindness is a failure to

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.2 Describe the phenomenon of change blindness.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. pay attention to an ever-changing part of the visual field.

b. notice a change between two scenes.

c. notice changes in the right side of the visual field due to left hemisphere damage.

d. notice anything constant in a scene and only attend to the changes.

e. notice changes in the left side of the visual field due to right hemisphere damage.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 56

56. _______ refers to the failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.3 Describe the phenomenon of inattentional blindness.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

a. Simultagnosia

b. Extinction

c. Hemifield neglect

d. Inattentional blindness

e. Change blindness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 57

57. Suppose you lose your keys. You look everywhere and can’t find them until you notice them on the table right in front of you, clearly within view the whole time. What phenomenon have you just experienced?

Feedback: Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.3 Describe the phenomenon of inattentional blindness.

Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

a. Inattentional blindness

b. Hemifield neglect

c. Extinction

d. Simultagnosia

e. Change blindness

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 58

58. Define selective attention and give at least one example of it.

Feedback: Selective attention is the form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli. It implies the focusing of mental energy on some stimuli and withdrawing of attention from others. Some examples of selective attention include reading a book in a noisy room, concentrating while studying, and paying attention to the road while driving.

Textbook Reference: 7.0 Introduction

Learning Objective: 7.0.2 Describe the varieties of attention.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 59

59. What makes a visual search easy?

Feedback: Visual search is the process of locating a target item among distractor items. If the target item contains a unique feature that distinguishes it from the distractor items, then it will be very easy to find. When a target is easy to find, the slope of reaction time  set size will be flat, meaning that reaction time does not increase as more items are added to the search display.

Textbook Reference: 7.2 Visual Search

Learning Objective: 7.2.2 Explain why feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration searches differ in their search efficiency.

Bloom’s Level: 5. Evaluating

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 60

60. What are ensemble statistics?

Feedback: Ensemble statistics are rapidly extracted representations of visual scenes that include the average and distribution of properties like orientation or color over a set of objects or a region of space. Ensemble statistics represent knowledge about the properties of a group of objects rather than individual objects themselves.

Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.1 Describe the types of visual information encoded as ensemble statistics in the nonselective pathway.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 61

61. What is change blindness?

Feedback: Change blindness is the failure to notice a change between two scenes. If the difference between the two scenes isn’t one that alters the gist or meaning of the scene, quite large changes can pass unnoticed. Change blindness indicates that our mental representations of scenes are a lot less detailed than they seem. We think we see or are aware of more of a scene than we really are.

Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.2 Describe the phenomenon of change blindness.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 62

62. Describe the three ways that neurons might change their responses as the result of attention.

Feedback: They might 1) enhance neural activity for attended stimuli; 2) sharpen the tuning of the neuron around a dimension of interest; or 3) alter the tuning of the neuron toward the dimension of interest. With regard to enhanced neural activity, attending to a stimulus might increase the overall activation level of neurons that process the stimulus across the board. Thus, any neurons that are activated by the stimulus of interest would respond even more vigorously than they would otherwise. Alternatively, the notion of sharper tuning suggests that the receptive field properties of a neuron might respond more precisely to the dimension of interest. For example, an orientation sensitive cell might respond to vertical lines and to lines ±20 degrees from vertical, but if attention is being paid to vertical stimuli then the neuron might sharpen its tuning and only respond to lines ±10 degrees from vertical. Finally, neurons might alter their tuning towards attended stimuli by shifting their receptive fields towards the location of the attended stimulus or changing the sort of stimuli that they respond to. For example, a neuron that is normally tuned to respond best to tilted lines 10 degrees from vertical might alter its tuning and respond best to perfectly vertical lines if a vertical line was being attended to.

Textbook Reference: 7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention

Learning Objective: 7.4.2 Describe how individual neurons may implement attention through enhancement, sharper tuning, or altered tuning.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 63

63. What causes visual field neglect and what are some of its symptoms?

Feedback: Visual neglect is a type of visual-field defect and is caused by damage to the right parietal lobe, which creates problems for the patient in the contralesional field. Patients who exhibit neglect tend to ignore the entire left half of the visual field even though they are not technically blind in that field. In the line cancelation task, a neglect patient might cancel of the lines on the right side of the paper and completely ignore all of the lines on the left side. When copying a drawing, a neglect patient will tend to copy the right side of the object and leave the left side blank. When eating, a neglect patient might eat everything on the right side of the plate and leave the left side untouched. Male neglect patients will shave only the right side their face (because they were only paying attention to the right side of the face in the mirror).

Textbook Reference: 7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention

Learning Objective: 7.5.1 Describe the phenomenon of attentional neglect that can result from parietal lobe damage.

Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 07 Question 64

64. What are the two pathways to scene perception?

Feedback: There is both a selective and nonselective pathway for scene perception. The selective pathway involves the allocation of attention to one or a few objects at a time and is governed by the attentional bottleneck. Thus, there is selective processing of objects in the selective pathway, meaning that it is responsible for visual search, binding, and the existence of phenomena such as the attentional blink, change blindness, and inattentional blindness. The nonselective pathway, on the other hand, processes visual scenes holistically, encoding scene gist, spatial layout, and ensemble statistics very quickly. The representations in the nonselective pathway are generated as a whole and do not include descriptions of individual objects within the scene. The nonselective pathway has connections with the selective pathway and can, for instance, guide visual search for particular objects in a scene by helping the observer restrict attention to particular locations in the scene.

Textbook Reference: 7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes

Learning Objective: 7.6.1 Describe the types of visual information encoded as ensemble statistics in the nonselective pathway.

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding