Verified Test Bank Nervous System Mader Ch.17

Inquiry Into Life, 16e, Mader

Chapter 17 Nervous System

1) Dendrites

A) may be several feet in length.

B) are always myelinated.

C) are found only in the CNS.

D) are solely responsible for nervous conduction.

E) carry impulses toward a cell body.

2) In the axon, the nerve impulses travel

A) toward the cell body.

B) away from the cell body.

C) bidirectionally toward and away from the cell body.

D) away from the synapse.

E) toward the dendrites.

3) The sodium-potassium pump is primarily responsible for the

A) resting potential.

B) action potential.

C) excretion of salts.

D) contraction of muscle fibers.

E) maintenance of isotonic water balance.

4) A nerve impulse is caused by

A) the movement of a sodium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip.

B) the movement of a potassium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip.

C) the movement of sodium ions from a dendrite to an axon tip and the movement of potassium ions from the an axon tip to a dendrite.

D) a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.

E) a change in the difference in sugar molecules on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane that opens adjacent channels.

5) The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron is called

A) repolarization.

B) inhibition.

C) synapse.

D) synaptic integration.

E) sympathetic response.

6) In an action potential, depolarization occurs when

A) sodium ions move to the inside of the axon.

B) sodium ions move to the outside of the axon.

C) potassium ions move to the inside of the axon.

D) potassium ions move to the outside of the axon.

E) chlorine ions move to the outside of the axon.

7) An action potential includes

A) depolarization only.

B) repolarization only.

C) depolarization and repolarization.

D) resting potential and depolarization.

E) resting potential and repolarization.

8) The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane is

A) acetylcholinesterase.

B) monoamine oxidase.

C) GABA.

D) lipase.

E) maltase.

9) The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called

A) cerebrospinal membranes.

B) meninges.

C) ventricles.

D) epithelium.

E) gray matter.

10) The interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid in the brain are known as

A) meninges.

B) ventricles.

C) corpus callosum.

D) insula.

E) ganglia.

11) The primary functions of the spinal cord involve

A) intelligence and memory.

B) speech, taste, smell, vision, and hearing.

C) reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.

D) controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance.

E) local control and decision making for local anatomy.

12) Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration?

A) medulla oblongata

B) hypothalamus

C) cerebellum

D) cerebrum

E) pons

13) Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?

A) hypothalamus

B) cerebellum

C) thalamus

D) limbic system

E) basal nuclei

14) Consciousness is best associated with the

A) whole brain.

B) frontal lobe only.

C) cerebral cortex.

D) whole central nervous system.

E) cerebellum.

15) Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?

A) frontal

B) parietal

C) temporal

D) occipital

E) insular

16) The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans.

17) What are the two parts of the diencephalon?

A) the cerebellum and the cerebrum

B) the hypothalamus and the thalamus

C) the midbrain and the pons

D) the third and fourth ventricles

E) the medulla oblongata and the brain stem

18) Language is dependent on

A) memory.

B) the thalamus.

C) Broca's area.

D) Wernicke's area.

E) All of the answers are areas of the brain involved in language.

19) Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe?

A) ganglia

B) medulla

C) corpus callosum

D) hippocampus

E) occipital area

20) A nerve is

A) a neuron.

B) composed of sensory axons and motor dendrites.

C) composed of the long fibers of axons.

D) a part of the central nervous system.

E) any cell located in the brain or spinal region.

21) A reflex

A) is an automatic, involuntary response.

B) does not require the central nervous system.

C) is normally controlled consciously.

D) has no protective value.

E) involves only sensory neurons.

22) Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS?

A) sensory neuron

B) receptor

C) interneuron

D) motor neuron

E) effector

23) In a reflex arc, nerve impulses are carried to the effector by a(n)

A) interneuron.

B) sensory neuron.

C) receptor.

D) motor neuron.

E) either the sensory neuron or the interneuron.

24) In a reflex arc, which of the following resides completely within the spinal column?

A) interneurons

B) sensory neurons

C) receptors

D) motor neurons

E) effectors

25) Heroin binds to receptors on neurons that travel from the spinal cord to the region of the brain that feels pleasure. These receptors are normally meant for

A) epinephrine.

B) norepinephrine.

C) dopamine.

D) endorphins.

E) acetylcholine.

26) A stroke results from a disruption of the blood supply to the brain.

27) Both meningitis and kuru involve infectious agents.

28) Patients with myasthenia gravis generally do not respond well to immunosuppressive drugs.

29) Which description best fits the central nervous system (CNS)?

A) consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body

B) consists of the brain and spinal cord, connecting the muscles and the brain

C) consists of the spinal cord, located in the midline of the body

D) consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the edges of the body

E) transmits sensory impulses to the PNS and motor impulses to the brain

30) Which disease is associated with mild tremors in one or more limbs, abnormally high levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid, and onset between the ages of 40 and 60?

A) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

B) Guillain-Barre syndrome

C) myasthenia gravis

D) multiple sclerosis

E) Parkinson disease

31) Which types of cells are found only in the central nervous system?

A) interneurons

B) sensory neurons

C) motor neurons

D) interneurons and sensory neurons

E) interneurons and motor neurons

32) Which description best fits the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A) nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands

B) nerves that carries motor commands to the CNS and sensory messages to the muscles and glands

C) consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body

D) consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the peripheral aspect of the body

E) None of the answer choices is a description of the peripheral nervous system.

33) Which structures are associated with the limbic system?

A) cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

B) cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and spinal cord

C) cerebral lobes, peripheral nerves, and diencephalon

D) cerebellum, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

E) spinal cord, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

34) Which body part is associated with only the primary somatosensory area?

A) genitals

B) pharynx

C) tongue

D) face

E) thumb

35) Which structure communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain and is involved in learning and memory?

A) hippocampus

B) amygdala

C) pineal gland

D) thalamus

E) hypothalamus

36) What is the definition of learning?

A) ability to retain and utilize past memories

B) ability to hold a thought in mind or recall events from the past

C) ability to forget unfavorable experiences

D) ability to store information

E) ability to retain and form memories

37) Which type of memory is associated with specific facts, persons, and events?

A) episodic

B) skill

C) semantic

D) short term

E) All of the answer choices are associated with specific facts, persons, and events.

38) In a medical study involving a physicist suffering from a herpesvirus, it was discovered that which structure was involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories?

A) hippocampus

B) diencephalon

C) amygdala

D) brain stem

E) cerebellum

39) Which of the following drugs is a powerful CNS stimulant?

A) methamphetamine

B) heroin

C) marijuana

D) alcohol

E) All of the answer choices are powerful CNS stimulants.

40) What gives nerves their white, glistening appearance?

A) lack of pigment

B) sodium ions

C) collagen fibers

D) myelin sheaths

E) cartilage

41) Myelinated axons that run together in bundles in the CNS are

A) ventricles.

B) meninges.

C) cortices.

D) tracts.

E) ganglia.

42) Which of the following produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A) sodium-potassium pumps

B) Schwann cells

C) myelin

D) nodes of Ranvier

E) oligodendrocytes

43) Myelin decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

44) Since the membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+,

A) there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside.

B) there are always more negative ions outside the membrane than inside.

C) the outside of the membrane is always negative.

D) the outside of the membrane is always neutral.

E) there really is never a resting potential.

45) The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is

A) a weak stimulus produces a weak action potential, while a strong stimulus produces a strong action potential.

B) a weak stimulus only opens sodium gates, while a strong stimulus opens both sodium and potassium gates.

C) an intense stimulus can cause an axon to start an axon potential more often in a given time interval than a weak stimulus.

D) a weak stimulus, unlike a strong stimulus, will not require repolarization.

E) an intense stimulus causes more sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.

46) Which statement is true about the development of an action potential?

A) Depolarization continues until a potential of +15 mV is reached.

B) It requires three types of gated channels.

C) The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV.

D) Depolarization occurs when sodium gates open and allow sodium ions to enter the axon.

E) Potassium gates open before the sodium gates and allow potassium ions to leave the axon.

47) Saltatory conduction occurs when

A) sodium levels are highest on the outside of the axonal membrane.

B) sodium gates open.

C) resting potential fails to be reset.

D) neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft.

E) an action potential jumps from node to node.

48) In order for transmission across the synapse to occur

A) synaptic vesicles fuse with the postsynaptic membrane.

B) neurotransmitters are released from the postsynaptic membrane.

C) synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane.

D) neurotransmitters are actively transported from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane.

E) the postsynaptic membrane must be in the refractory period.

49) Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is dependent on

A) the presence of calcium ions.

B) a neurotransmitter.

C) a synaptic cleft.

D) a presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane.

E) All of the answer choices are requirements for the transmission of a nerve impulse.

50) The main function of the cerebrospinal fluid is

A) to provide saltatory transmission.

B) to provide nutrients for the neurons.

C) defense of the nervous system against pathogens.

D) to produce gray matter.

E) to cushion and protect the central nervous system.

51) Which of the following is correctly associated?

A) midbrain—coordinates smooth and coordinated motions

B) cerebellum—reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

C) cerebrum—reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

D) pons—regulates breathing rate

E) thalamus—regulates heartbeat and blood pressure

52) An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the

A) medulla.

B) thalamus.

C) hypothalamus.

D) cerebellum.

E) cerebrum.

53) Which of the following is true about the cerebrum?

A) It is the largest part of the human brain.

B) It is covered by a thin gray layer.

C) The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum.

D) Association areas integrate information from different lobes.

E) All of the answer choices are true statements about the cerebrum.

54) The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes called the

A) ventricles.

B) diencephalon.

C) ganglia.

D) amygdala.

E) meninges.

55) Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

A) maintaining posture and balance

B) learning and memory

C) language and speech

D) receiving and relaying sensory input

E) commanding voluntary motor responses

56) When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated?

A) hypothalamus

B) pons

C) reticular activating system

D) limbic system

E) thalamus

57) The limbic system is a separate part of the brain located behind the cerebellum on top of the brain stem.

58) People claim that once you have learned to ride a bicycle you can always ride a bicycle, even if you haven't ridden for a long time. What type of memory is associated with this?

A) short-term memory

B) episodic memory

C) semantic memory

D) long-term memory

E) skill memory

59) Which of the following describes semantic memory?

A) ability to perform difficult motor activities

B) being able to recall telephone numbers

C) brief or temporary recall of recent events

D) ideas, concepts, and meanings

E) remembering persons or events

60) Spinal nerves contain

A) only sensory fibers.

B) only motor fibers.

C) both sensory and motor fibers.

D) only parasympathetic fibers.

E) only ganglia.

61) Which of these is/are true of the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.

A) It regulates the activity of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands.

B) It is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

C) It is composed only of fibers that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body.

D) It utilizes two motor neurons that synapse at a ganglion.

E) It functions in both a voluntary and involuntary manner.

62) Most illicit drugs affect the action of the brain by interfering with the Na+-K+ pump and nerve impulses.

63) Nicotine is not considered a drug because it does not affect the body physically.

64) Which of the following is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A) gradual death of brain cells due to calcium influx

B) damage to myelin impairs normal coordination of impulses

C) synaptic uptake of dopamine is inhibited

D) degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain

E) excessive excitatory signals from the motor cortex

65) The brains of Alzheimer disease patients show no abnormalities postmortem.

66) Which limbic structure allows us to respond to and display anger and also prompts the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream?

A) amygdala

B) hippocampus

C) cerebellum

D) cerebrum

E) pons

67) Which brain structure acts as a conduit for sending messages to long-term memory and retrieving them?

A) hippocampus

B) amygdala

C) pons

D) brain stem

E) cerebellum

68) Which of the following is a long-term effect of heroin use?

A) The body decreases the production of endorphins.

B) The body increases the production of endorphins.

C) a decrease in dopamine production

D) a release of excess dopamine

E) All of the answer choices are long-term side effects of heroin use.

69) What are the potential effects of heavy marijuana usage?

A) hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion, and other psychotic symptoms

B) a decrease in dopamine production

C) a decrease in the natural production of endorphins

D) the release of excess dopamine production

E) All of the answer choices are potential effects of heavy marijuana usage.

70) What are the long-term consequences associated with the use of cocaine?

A) a decrease in dopamine production

B) a decrease in the natural production of endorphins

C) the release of excess dopamine

D) hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion, and other psychotic symptoms

E) All of the answer choices are consequences associated with the use of cocaine.

71) Carpal tunnel syndrome results in damage to the median nerve, resulting in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness. This indicates that

A) the nerve contained sensory neurons.

B) the nerve contained motor neurons.

C) the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons.

D) the damage was to a central body in a ganglion.

E) the damage was to the spinal cord interneuron.

72) How fast a person can type or play the piano is ultimately limited by the number of impulses a person can send to their finger muscles per second. This in turn is limited by

A) primarily the type of muscle.

B) whether the signal is pain, sound, motor, etc.

C) the magnitude or strength of the nerve impulse.

D) the number of neurons and synapses involved.

E) the speed with which sodium ions can be pumped out of the axon.

73) The likely effect on a neuron of 2 excitatory signals and 20 inhibitory signals is

A) transmission of a nerve impulse.

B) transmission of a nerve impulse, releasing excitatory neurotransmitters at the next synapse.

C) transmission of a nerve impulse, releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters at the next synapse.

D) prohibiting the axon from firing at all.

E) confused integration.

74) You spray an insect with common insecticide that destroys the ability of acetylcholinesterase to recycle acetylcholine. What effect will this have on the insect?

A) The pesticide would kill the insects neurons.

B) The lack of recycled acetylcholine would slow the metabolism of the insect.

C) The insect would be unable to move due to a lack of nerve impulses.

D) The insect would run out of acetylcholine and become paralyzed.

E) The insect would lose control of body functions due to nerve impulses flowing continuously.

75) When the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is cut

A) the organism is killed.

B) incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost.

C) outgoing motor nerve impulses are lost.

D) incoming motor nerve impulses are lost.

E) impulses will cross over to the other side of the body.

76) When anyone severs his spinal cord, they suffer a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary control.

77) Damage to your cerebellum could result in difficulties participating in activities like playing an instrument, or playing soccer.

78) Certain people have an inability to speak due to brain damage. The most likely area of the brain that has been damaged is

A) Broca's area.

B) the meninges.

C) the ventricles.

D) the amygdala.

E) the limbic system.

79) Which amino acid, in mice, was discovered to play a role in memory?

A) glutamate

B) valine

C) serine

D) histidine

E) methionine

80) Which is the correct arrangement of tissues from outermost to innermost?

A) meninges → vertebrae → spinal cord → central canal

B) meninges → spinal cord → vertebrae → central canal

C) vertebrae → meninges → spinal cord → central canal

D) meninges → vertebrae → central canal → spinal cord

E) vertebrae → meninges → central canal → spinal cord

81) Jeremy has developed a problem with regulating his waking/sleeping cycle and regulating his body temperature. Doctors suspect he may have a brain lesion. This lesion is probably located in the

A) cerebellum.

B) prefrontal area of the cerebrum.

C) Broca's area of the cerebrum.

D) pons.

E) hypothalamus.

82) One group of drugs retards heart rate, promotes digestion, contracts the eye pupil, etc. The other group has the opposite effect. These drugs are affecting the

A) motor and sensory nerves.

B) cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively.

C) central and peripheral nervous systems.

D) neurostimulatory and neuroinhibitory synapses.

E) sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

83) Which is a combination of physiological and psychological dependence?

A) tolerance and withdrawal

B) increasing the dosage of a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs

C) seizures and craving for cocaine

D) the rush of cocaine and the hallucinations of marijuana

E) a cocaine binge and a nicotine craving

84) Which of the following describes a way that drugs can affect the brain?

A) Drugs cause neurotransmitters to leak out of a synaptic vesicle into the axon terminal.

B) Drugs promote the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

C) Drugs block the enzyme that causes breakdown of the neurotransmitter.

D) Drugs mimic the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to the receptor.

E) All of the answer choices describe ways that drugs can affect the brain.

85) Generally, nerve impulses do not move "backward" along a series of neurons. What is the reason for this?

A) There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards.

B) Once the signal has passed, the nerves separate from each other so it cannot go backwards.

C) At the synapse, the presynaptic membrane has receptors, ensuring the transmission only goes one way.

D) Once the sodium channels open, they cannot be closed.

E) The resting potential of the neuron prevents it from conducting an impulse.

86) Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via

A) active transport and always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

B) active transport and always excite the postsynaptic neuron.

C) passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

D) passive diffusion and always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

E) passive diffusion and always excite the postsynaptic neuron.

87) Why does the primary somatosensory area have a larger section dedicated to the fingers and hand, than to the feet and toes?

A) We take in more sensory information with our fingers and hands..

B) The fingers and hand are above the spinal cord termination, while the feet and toes are below it.

C) The feet and toes require more motor area so they get less somatosensory area.

D) The feet and toes are not innervated.

E) The fingers and hand do not have motor area sections, so they are controlled by the somatosensory area.

88) Administration of norepinephrine would

A) dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood.

B) slow heartbeat.

C) stimulate the digestive system to supply more sugar to the blood.

D) cause the pupil of the eye to contract.

E) promote an overall relaxed state.

89) Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases?

A) In both cases, the patient slowly loses memory and slowly drifts into inactivity.

B) In both cases, the patient becomes increasingly excited and overstimulated.

C) Patients with Alzheimer disease produce too much beta amyloid, while those with Parkinson produce too little dopamine.

D) Patients with Alzheimer disease produce too little beta amyloid, while those with Parkinson disease produce too little dopamine.

E) Patients with Alzheimer disease produce too much beta amyloid, while those with Parkinson disease produce too much dopamine.

90) Explain the transmission across a synapse from one neuron to another.

91) List and compare the three classes of neurons.

92) Explain why a blow to the base of the skull, damaging the medulla oblongata, can result in death.