Verified Test Bank Foreign Policy Bureaucracy NSC Ch7

Test Bank

Chapter 7: Managing the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy: The National Security Council System

Multiple Choice

1. According to President Dwight Eisenhower, what takes place at the top of the policy hill?

a. options are considered and decisions are made

b. information is gathered and weighed

c. decisions are implemented and monitored

d. evaluation and problem identification

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizing and Managing the Policy Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Presidents set goals and promote policies that reflect ______.

a. the agenda of Congress

b. their agenda

c. the agenda of the American public

d. the agenda of their international allies

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The President’s Orientation, Agenda, and Level of Involvement

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. According to Richard Neustadt (1960), unless the president is willing and able to make hard choices, he or she is more likely to act as a ______ than a leader.

a. secretary

b. pawn

c. clerk

d. follower

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organization of the Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. When presidents rely on cabinet government as their principal means of managing the bureaucracy, they often allow the ______ to act as the lead agency.

a. Department of State

b. Department of Defense

c. Department of Homeland Security

d. Department of Justice

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organization of the Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following presidents embraced the State Department-centered approach?

a. President Bush

b. President Reagan

c. President Obama

d. President Trump

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organization of the Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. In which of the following approaches is staff more likely to be responsive to the president?

a. State Department-centered approach

b. Bush-Scowcroft approach

c. White House-centered NSC system approach

d. White House-centered approach

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organization of the Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Today, the National Security Council is ______.

a. an advisory body

b. a decision making council

c. a pro forma ceremonial part of the NSC system

d. the most important council in the bureaucracy

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The National Security Council System

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The NSC was created for which of the following purposes?

a. to advise the president

b. to centralize the intelligence community

c. to collect and analyze data

d. to ensure that the homeland remains secure

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Origins of the NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The original statutory members of the NSC included ______.

a. the secretary of homeland security

b. the secretary of state

c. the vice president

d. the head of the Marines

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Origins of the NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following individuals was added to the NSC after the Congress amended the National Security Act in 1949?

a. the secretary of defense

b. the secretary of the Navy

c. the chairman of the National Security Resource Board

d. the vice president

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Origins of the NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The purpose of the National Security Act was to ______ the national security process.

a. centralize

b. decentralize

c. rationalize

d. sensitize

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Origins of the NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. President Roosevelt was known for relying on an ad hoc ______ style.

a. managerial

b. personal

c. activist

d. undisciplined

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Origins of the NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The NSC-68 memorandum provide the justification of the policy of ______.

a. containment

b. detente

c. perestroika

d. glasnost

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing Patterns in the NSC

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The role of the national security adviser was thrust into prominence during the ______ administration.

a. Eisenhower

b. Nixon

c. Truman

d. Reagan

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changing Patterns in the NSC

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Under which of the following presidents was the NSC used as an advisory body with a staff to support their reliance on cabinet secretaries and their departments?

a. Nixon

b. Johnson

c. Truman

d. Kennedy

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Evolving Nature and Role of The NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Under President ______, the NSC Council was eclipsed, and the traditional role of the cabinet was challenged by the rise of the national security advisor and staff.

a. Nixon

b. Eisenhower

c. Truman

d. Kennedy

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Evolving Nature and Role of The NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. In which of the following administrations did the national security advisor and staff became ascendant in the policymaking process?

a. Nixon

b. Eisenhower

c. Truman

d. Kennedy

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Evolving Nature and Role of The NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. During the 1950s, the ______ remained the chief foreign policy spokesperson and advisor to the president.

a. secretary of defense

b. secretary of state

c. vice president

d. national security advisor

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Early NSC as Advisory Body, 1947–1960

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The NSC staff tripled in size and became the major vehicle for coordinating the information and advice provided to the president by the national security departments and agencies during the ______.

a. Nixon administration

b. Johnson administration

c. Truman administration

d. Eisenhower administration

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Early NSC as Advisory Body, 1947–1960

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The NSC began to decline as an advisory body beginning with the ______ administration.

a. Truman

b. Eisenhower

c. Kennedy

d. Nixon

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rise of the NSC Adviser and Staff, 1961–1968

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. President Kennedy’s management style was considered ______.

a. managerial

b. personal

c. adversarial

d. undisciplined

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rise of the NSC Adviser and Staff, 1961–1968

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which of the following president’s management strategy was to use the White House to control or circumvent the bureaucracy?

a. President Truman

b. President Eisenhower

c. President Kennedy

d. President Nixon

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. According to the authors, President Nixon was very distrustful of the ______.

a. legislature

b. American public

c. bureaucracy

d. policymaking process

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. President Nixon was more likely to ______.

a. attend every meeting

b. consider the opinions of the entire NSC

c. consult with every advisory and agency head

d. consider the products of the committees by himself

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. What was typically included in national security study memoranda (NSSM)?

a. the issues to be addressed

b. the items to place on the foreign policy agenda

c. instructions on the policy implementation

d. the recommendations for the president

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The national security decision memoranda (NSDM) would include which of the following?

a. the issue to be addressed

b. the agencies involved

c. the presented deadlines for agency submission of policy recommendations

d. the instructions for the policy’s implementation

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. What symbolized Henry Kissinger’s power?

a. his knowledge of foreign policy

b. his movement from the basement of the White House to an office on the main floor

c. his salary increases

d. his relationship with the other NSC members

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Under Henry Kissinger, the policy process became ______.

a. centralized

b. chaotic

c. simple

d. decentralized

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Which of the following was established to develop policy at the secretarial level on issues for which one department had been designated as the lead agency by the president?

a. the NSC Deputes Committee (DC)

b. the NSC Principals Committee (PC)

c. the Special Coordinating Committee (SCC)

d. the Policy Review Committee (PRC)

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. The ______ was established to deal with cross-cutting issues, such as arms control and crisis management.

a. the NSC Deputes Committee (DC)

b. the NSC Principals Committee (PC)

c. the Special Coordinating Committee (SCC)

d. the Policy Review Committee (PRC)

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant, 1969–1988

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Who was at the bottom of President H. W. Bush’s three-tiered formal interagency policy process?

a. the deputy national security advisor

b. the Principals Committee

c. the Deputies Committee

d. the interagency working groups

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: George H. W. Bush’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The working group committees did most of the work to ______ policy at a higher-level consideration.

a. implement

b. evaluate

c. analyze

d. formulate

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: George H. W. Bush’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which of the following committees served as the White House-led center for considering all national security questions?

a. working group

b. principals committee

c. deputies committee

d. policy review committee

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: George H. W. Bush’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Which of the following committees reviewed all work from the coordinating committees?

a. working group

b. principals committee

c. deputies committee

d. policy review committee

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: George H. W. Bush’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which of the following presidents created the National Economic Council, modeled after the NSC?

a. President Bush

b. President Clinton

c. President Obama

d. President H. W. Bush

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bill Clinton’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which of the following presidents deviated from the consensus approach?

a. President Obama

b. President Clinton

c. President Bush

d. President Trump

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The NSC System and Presidential Management in Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. According to the authors, Donald Rumsfeld favored ______.

a. nationalism

b. collectivism

c. pragmatism

d. realism

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: George H. W. Bush’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Initially, President Bush adopted a/an ______ style.

a. managerial

b. adversarial

c. personal

d. CEO

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: George H. W. Bush’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. The NSC under President Obama reflected more ______.

a. change

b. assertiveness

c. continuity

d. pragmatism

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Barack Obama’s NSC System

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. According to the authors, President Trump’s style can be considered ______.

a. structured

b. undisciplined

c. personal

d. managerial

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Trump NSC System: Correction or Confusion?

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The president’s beliefs and worldview set the general direction and foreign policy orientation for the administration.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The President’s Orientation, Agenda, and Level of Involvement

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The national security advisor is often regarded as the single most important appointment the president makes.

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The National Security Council System

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The president has come to rely increasingly on a White House–centered foreign policy process managed by the national security advisor and staff.

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC System and Presidential Management in Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The NSC was originally intended to be the major institution involved in managing the foreign policy bureaucracy.

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC System and Presidential Management in Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The NSC exists for presidential management.

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The NSC System and Presidential Management in Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Explain the policy hill.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizing and Managing the Policy Process

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What key choices do presidents have when organizing the policymaking process?

Learning Objective: 7-1: Know the importance of organization and management for the foreign policy process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organization of the Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain the significance of NSC-68.

Learning Objective: 7-2: Identify the features and components of the National Security Council system.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Changing Patterns in the NSC

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. How did President Kennedy respond to the Bay of Pigs fiasco?

Learning Objective: 7-3: Understand the key patterns in the evolution of the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Rise of the NSC Adviser and Staff, 1961–1968

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. How has there been both continuity and change in the overall making of US foreign policy?

Learning Objective: 7-4: Describe the nature and role of the national security adviser in the NSC system.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The NSC System and Presidential Management in Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard