Verified Test Bank Chapter 22 Cities And Sustainability

CHAPTER 22—CITIES AND SUSTAINABILITY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. By promoting mass transit, biking, and walking, the city of Portland has saved its residents how much in transportation costs?

2. Between 1990 and 2012, Portland reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by ____.

3. By 2050, what proportion of the world’s population is expected to live in urban areas?

4. What percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas at the present time?

5. Hypercities and megacities are merging into vast urban ____.

6. What is a trend in urban population dynamics?

7. Which of the following statements is true?

8. What is most likely to draw people to urban areas?

9. What is the first phase of urbanization, as experienced in the United States?

10. Which of the following is a characteristic of exurbs?

11. The U.S. population is shifting to the ____.

12. Which has been a major factor promoting urban sprawl in the United States?

13. What proportion of urban Americans live in the suburbs?

14. What proportion of urban Americans live in the inner city?

15. In the United States since 1920, many situations have changed because of the move to urban areas. What is one of these changes?

16. In 2012, there were ____ megacities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.

17. In 2012, there were __________ hypercities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.

18. What proportion of the world’s CO₂ emissions come from motor vehicles and industrial facilities in urban areas?

19. Sound can kill when it is at ____.

20. Between 1970 and 2010, the proportion of Mumbai residents living in slums and shantytowns grew from 17% to ____.

21. In less-developed countries, poverty is a way of life for how many people at the present time?

22. Urban populations occupy about ____ of the planet's land area, but consume about ____ of the earth's resources.

23. Which of the following is an effect of urbanization?

24. Which of the following is experienced by residents of Mexico City?

25. Permanent damage to the ears begins after prolonged exposure to ____ decibels.

26. Cities generate large amounts of heat because of factories, cars, lights, air conditioning, and dark roofs. This creates a phenomenon called ____.

27. What is true of water and water supplies associated with urban areas?

28. The most populous city in the world is ____.

29. "Fecal snow" has been observed in ____.

30. What is the effect of Mexico City’s warm, sunny climate on its pollution problems?

31. In Mexico City, the percentage of days each year in which air pollution standards are violated has fallen from 50% to ____.

32. Mexico City is working to build state-of-the-art waste processing centers that, within a few years, will process as much as ____ of the city’s solid waste through recycling and composting, while burning some of it for energy.

33. In the Netherlands, bicycles account for ____ of urban trips.

34. What percentage of Americans say they would bike to work or school if safe bike lanes and secure bike storage were available?

35. The United States has about 4.4% of the world’s people. What percentage of the world’s motor vehicles does the United States have?

36. What percentage of the residents of dispersed urban areas in the United States drive alone to work every day?

37. Motor vehicles are the world’s largest source of out- door air pollution, which causes __________ premature deaths per year in the United States.

38. If current trends continue, U.S. motorists will spend an average of ____ of their lives in traffic jams.

39. Which statement about higher gasoline taxes is true?

40. One effect of zoning in cities is that it can ____.

41. Which country has taken the strongest stand against urban sprawl?

42. Although Portland’s population increased by 38% between 1980 and 2011, its urban area expanded by only 2%. This illustrates the use of ____.

43. One approach to preserving open space, used in cities such as Toronto and Vancouver, is to surround a city with a(n) ____.

44. Which state has made the best use of urban growth boundaries?

45. What percentage of Portland is devoted to urban forests?

46. Most local government services (schools, roads, police and fire protection, welfare, and so on) depend on ____.

47. Curitiba, Brazil’s biggest challenge today, in terms of urbanization, is ____.

48. What is the pattern of development in which houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on parts of the tract and the rest, typically 30–50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and biking paths?

49. In sustainable community development, the “triple bottom line” refers to ____.

50. Urban rooftop greenhouses use as little as _____ of the water and _____ of the area occupied by conventional farms to produce similar yields.

1. A megacity or megalopolis is a city with 25 million or more people.

2. The exurbs are populated by people who used to live in the suburbs and have now moved to the central city.

3. Urban sprawl is the product of affordable land, automobiles, cheap gasoline, and little urban planning.

4. Between 1800 and 2012, the percentage of the U.S. population living in urban areas increased from 5% to 82%.

5. Urban sprawl has led to the economic deaths of many central cities.

6. Rural residents in many parts of the world tend to live longer than do urban residents.

7. Most of the world's cities have huge ecological footprints and are not self-sustaining systems.

8. Prolonged exposure to noise at 85 dbA can cause permanent hearing loss.

9. Because of urban sprawl, Americans drive about the same distance each year as all other drivers in the world, combined.

10. In the urban areas of the United States, three out of four residents drive alone to work.

11. Automobile accidents have killed more Americans than all wars in the country's history.

12. U.S. motorists will soon spend an average of five years of their lives in traffic jams.

13. Seventy-two percent of the population of Curitiba, Brazil, are transported by the city bus system on a daily basis.

14. Curitiba recycles 100% of its paper and 74% of its metal, glass, and plastic.

15. New urbanism is a concept of developing mixed-use neighborhoods within cities.

1. Since 1920 in the United States, better sanitation, clean water supplies, and medical care have reduced the incidence of ____________________.

2. Urban areas grow by natural __________ and by _______________ .

3. The United States has just __________ megacities.

4. About 70% of Americans live in cities or towns with at least ____________________ people.

5. Growth of a low-density development of the edge of cities and towns that decreases farmland or forests is referred to as ____________________.

6. Most urban areas do not benefit from ____________________ that would absorb air pollutants, give off oxygen, help cool the air, and muffle noise.

7. ____________________ pollution can affect various plant and animal species, such as endangered sea turtles and migrating birds.

8. ____________________ are the world's largest source of outdoor air pollutants.

9. The average U.S. motorist will spend ____________________ years of their life in traffic jams.

10. Transportation priorities in more sustainable cities put __________ first and __________ vehicles last.

11. ____________________ growth uses zoning laws and an array of other tools to channel growth to areas where it can cause less harm.

12. China has designated 80% of the country's ____________________ as fundamental land, with building on such land requiring approval from local and provincial governments.

13. A traditional way to preserve large blocks of open space, that has been used in New York, Chicago, and other cities is to create ___________________.

14. A(n) ____________________ is a people-oriented city, not a car-oriented city.

15. An innovative approach to urban environmental problems is the _____________ movement, in which small groups of people come together to design and live in more sustainable villages and neighborhoods.

1. Identify at least one megacity on each of the following continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and North America.

2. Identify at least one hypercity on each of the following continents: Asia, South America, and North America.

3. Of all the outputs listed, which ones may be beneficial for the environment and the urban dwellers?

4. Why do raw materials brought to cities require a great amount of resources to be converted to a final product?

5. For the city of London, England, how large is the supply area required to provide the input resources? How many earths would it take to supply everyone on the planet if we all consumed resources at the same rate as Londoners?

1. Urban sprawl is a problem in the United States. Explain what urban sprawl is and identify the major factors that have contributed to it.

2. Identify six disadvantages of urbanization and discuss two in detail.

3. Identify and discuss economic and environmental advantages of urbanization.

4. The text suggests that reducing automobile use could be done, but that it would be difficult. One way that such an approach could occur would be to introduce “full-cost pricing” by levying a tax on gasoline. Explain why this approach would be difficult in the United States. Be certain to include the three reasons cited in your text.

1. It faces strong opposition from two groups: a. those thinking they are already overtaxed; and b. transportation-related industries.

2. The scattered nature of U.S. urban areas makes people dependent upon automobiles.

3. Mass transit and alternative forms of transportation are not widely available.

PTS: 1 TOP: 22-3 How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts?

KEY: Bloom's: Understand

5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of mass transit rail lines.